Prelim Lesson 1-3
Prelim Lesson 1-3
STATISTICAL
CONCEPTS
OBJECTIVES:
• Define statistics
• Enumerate the importance and limitations of statistics
• Explain the process of statistics
• Know the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics.
LESSON 1: INTRO TO
STAT
WHAT IS STATISTICS?
✓ collection of information
✓ organization and summarization of information.
✓ information is analyzed to draw conclusions or answer specific questions
✓ results should be reported using some measure that represents how convinced we are
that our conclusions reflect reality.
HOW CAN STATISTICS HELP US?
• Statistics provides us with tools needed to convert massive data into pertinent
information that can be used in decision making.
• Statistics can provide us information that we can use to make sensible decisions.
WHAT INFORMATION IS REFERRED TO IN THE
DEFINITION?
• Data
• Data can be numerical, as in height, or nonnumerical, as in gender. In either case, data
describe characteristics of an individual
• Information
• information is stimuli that has meaning in some context for its receiver.
FIELDS OF STATISTICS
You are walking down the street and notice that a person
walking in front of you drops PHP100. Nobody seems to notice
the PHP100 except you.
Since you could keep the money without anyone knowing,
would you keep the money or return it to the owner?
SAMPLE SCENARIO OF DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
• Therefore, inferential statistics includes a level of confidence in the results. So rather than
saying that 78% of all students would return the money, we might say that we are 95%
confident that between 74% and 82% of all students would return the money. Notice how
this inferential statement includes a level of confidence (measure of reliability) in our
results.
LESSON2 : PROCESS OF STATISTICS
A research objective is presented. For each research objective, identify the population and
sample in the study
1. The Philippine Mental Health Associations contacts 1,028 teenagers who are 13 to 17
years of age and live in Antipolo City and asked whether or not they had been prescribed
medications for any mental disorders, such as depression or anxiety.
• A farmer wanted to learn about the weight of his soybean crop. He randomly sampled 100
plants and weighted the soybeans on each plant.
Descriptive statistics allow the researcher to obtain an overview of the data and can
help determine the type of statistical methods the researcher should use
DRAW CONCLUSION FROM THE INFORMATION
In this step the information collected from the sample is generalized to the
population. Inferential statistics uses methods that takes results obtained from a
sample, extends them to the population, and measures the reliability
of the result.
TAKE NOTE!
For the following statements, decide whether it belongs to the field of descriptive
statistics or inferential statistics.
A badminton player wants to know his
average score for the past 10 games.
(Descriptive Statistics)
EXAMPLE
A politician wants to determine the total number of votes his rival obtained in the
past election based on his copies of the tally sheet of electoral returns .
(Descriptive Statistics)
LESSON3: DISTINCTION BETWEEN QUALITATIVE
ANDQUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
VARIABLES
• If variables did not vary, they would be constants, and statistical inference
would not be necessary.
• Think about it this way:
If each tomato had the same weight, then knowing the weight of one tomato
would allow us to determine the weights of all tomatoes.
• However, the weights of the tomatoes vary. One goal of research is to learn the
causes of the variability so that we can learn to grow plants that yield the best
tomatoes.
VARIABLES CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO GROUPS
• It is important to know which type of scale is represented by your data since different
statistics are appropriate for different scales of measurement.
• A characteristic may be measured using nominal, ordinal, interval and ration scales.
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
• Nominal Level - They are sometimes called categorical scales or categorical data. Such a
scale classifies persons or objects into two or more categories. Whatever the basis for
classification, a person can only be in one category, and members of a given category
have a common set of characteristics.
EXAMPLE OF NOMINAL
This involves data that may be arranged in some order, but differences
between data values either cannot be determined or meaningless.
An ordinal scale not only classifies subjects but also ranks them in terms of
the degree to which they possess a characteristics of interest.
In other words, an ordinal scale puts the subjects in order from highest to
lowest, from most to least.
Although ordinal scales indicate that some subjects are higher, or lower
than others, they do not indicate how much higher or how much better.
ORIDINAL LEVEL SAMPLES
• Food Preferences
• Stage of Disease
• Social Economic Class (First, Middle, Lower)
• Severity of Pain
INTERVAL LEVEL
This is a measurement level not only classifies and orders the measurements, but it also
specifies that the distances between each interval on the scale are equivalent along the
scale from low interval to high interval.
A value of zero does not mean the absence of the quantity.
Arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction can be performed on values of the
variable.
SAMPLES IN INTERVAL LEVEL