ME302: Materials Mechanics

Fall 2018
Lecture 4
Chap. 3 Mechanical Properties of Materials
(1)

Instructor: Jaeyun Moon, Ph.D.

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Chap3. Mechanical Properties of Materials

• Chapter Objectives

 Understand how to measure the stress and strain through experiments

 Correlate the behavior of some engineering materials to the stress-strain

diagram.
Tension and Compression Test (3.1)

• The strength of material

= the material’s ability to withstand an applied load without failure

• Basic material properties are critical for design and performance

assessment
• Tension and compression testing are two of the most basic and useful
types of testing for material properties.

• Analytical information from tests are…

: compressive strength, elastic limit, elongation, modulus of
elasticity, proportional limit, strain, yield point, yield strength, and
ultimate tensile strength.

• Different materials show different behaviors: ductile vs. brittle

• Tensile test of stainless steel specimen
• Tension or compression test
: plotting the average normal stress vs. average normal strain

• Tensile specimen: ‘standard’ shape and size

 Different shapes of specimens

: bar, round shapes with different grips
(threaded shoulders, serrated grips)
 • For a tensile test, two kinds of data need to be collected(recorded).
- the applied load P : from the test machine
- the elongation : using an extensometer, a caliper or an electrical-resistance
strain gauge.

Mechanical extensometer Electrical-resistance strain gauge

Image courtesy : wikipedia

Stress-Strain Behavior (3.2~3.3)
 Stress-Strain Diagram : Conventional vs. True Stress-Strain Diagram
(1) Conventional Stress-Strain Diagram
• Nominal or engineering stress 𝑃 the applied load P
𝜎=
𝐴0 the original cross section
area A0

Assumption: the stress is constant over the cross section and throughout the gauge length

• Nominal or engineering strain

𝛿 the elongation δ
𝜖=
𝐿0 the original gauge length L0

Assumption: the strain is constant throughout the region between the gauge points.
• Typical convectional stress-strain diagram
(1) Elastic region
• a straight line of σ-ε
: the stress is proportional to the
strain
• σpl: the proportional limit
• Up to elastic limit : if the load is
removed, the specimen will still
return back to its original shape.
• Hooke’s Law
E: the modulus of elasticity
𝜎 = 𝑬𝜖 Young’s modulus
𝜖: strain
(1) (2) 𝜎: stress

(2) Yielding
• a breakdown of the material
= a permanent deformation
• σY: the yield stress or yield point
• Plastic deformation
• Perfectly plastic
: continuing to elongate without
any increase in load.
• Convectional stress-strain diagram

(3) Strain Hardening

• σu: the ultimate stress = maximum stress
• The metal has changed its crystalline
structure, after large deformations.

(4) Necking
• the cross-sectional area begins to
decrease in a localized region.
• σf: the fracture stress

(1) (2) (3) (4)

σY
Yield stress

σu
Ultimate stress

σf
Fracture stress
(2) True Stress-Strain Diagram
• Conventional stress-strain diagram

𝑃 the applied load P 𝑃 the applied load P

𝜎= 𝜎=
𝐴 the actual cross section area 𝐴0 the original cross section
A area A0

• Conventional and true σ-ε diagram are

practically identical enough in elastic
region.
• Most engineering design: σ-ε within the
elastic range
 Using conventional σ-ε diagram
 Example: Stress-strain diagram for mild steel

Definition Value Definition Value

σpl the proportional limit stress 35ksi (241MPa) εY the strain at the end of yielding 0.003 in/in
εpl the proportional limit strain 0.0012 in/in σu the ultimate stress 63ksi (434MPa)
(σY)u the upper yield stress 38ksi (262MPa) σf the fracture stress 47ksi (324MPa)
(σY)l the lower yield stress 36ksi (248MPa) εf the strain at failure 0.38 in/in
 Ductile and Brittle Materials

(1)Ductile Materials
• a large strain before the material fractured
• absorbing shock or energy
• ex. mild steel, rubber…

 Ductility For a mild steel,

𝐿𝑓 − 𝐿0
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (100%)
𝐿0

For a mild steel, 𝜖𝑓 =0.38 38%

𝐴0 − 𝐴𝑓
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (100%)
𝐴0

For a mild steel, 60%

 How to determine Yield stress (σYS) with offset method

• Offset method

- Draw a line parallel to the initial straight-

line portion of the stress-strain diagram
from a 0.2% strain (0.002 in./in.) on the ε
axis.

- Find the stress at the intersection between

this line and the stress-strain diagram 
yield strength
(2) Brittle Materials
Gray cast iron
• Little or no yielding before failure (no necking)
• Sudden fracture
ex. gray cast iron (tension), concrete mix (tension), wood …

• Stress-strain diagram of gray cast iron in tension

ductile brittle

x Sudden fracture

- No well-defined tensile fracture stress

• Stress–strain diagram of gray cast iron in both tension and compression

tension
brittle

compression

ductile

• The stress-strain diagram of concrete mix

 Tension : brittle
 Compression : ductile
• Temperature: an important factor that can change the strength of materials

Brittle at low temperature

 Stress-strain diagram of a typical plastic as a function

of temperature

ductile at high temperature

 Typical stress-strain diagram of ductile materials and brittle materials

 Ductile Materials
• a large strain before the material
fractured
• absorbing shock or energy
• ex. mild steel, rubber…

 Brittle Materials
• little or no yielding before failure
(no necking)
• Sudden fracture
• ex. gray cast iron (tension),
concrete mix (tension), wood …
Problem 3-10
The stress–strain diagram for a metal alloy having an original diameter of 0.5 in. and a gauge
length of 2 in. is given in the figure. Determine approximately…

(1) Yield stress

(2) Strain at yield point
(3) Strain at fracture point
(4) Ultimate load the specimen support
(5) Elongation at yield point
Hooke’s Law (3.49th)

𝜎 = 𝑬𝜖 E: the modulus of elasticity

Young’s modulus
𝜎: normal stress
Linear relationship 𝜖: normal strain
between 𝜎 − 𝜖

𝜏 = 𝑮𝛾 G: the shear modulus of elasticity

modulus of rigidity
𝜏: shear stress
𝛾: shear strain
Linear relationship
between 𝜏 − 𝛾
Strain Hardening = Work hardening = Cold working
 Mechanism

(3)

(4)

(1) (2)

After strain hardening

• Higher yield point AA’
• Elastic behavior: OAO
• A greater elastic region (1)(2)
• Plastic deformation: OAA’O’ • A smaller plastic region (3)(4)
Problem 3.13
A bar having a length of 5 in. and cross-sectional
area of 0.7 in.2 is subjected to an axial force of 8000
lb. If the bar stretches 0.002 in., determine the
modulus of elasticity of the material. The material
has linear-elastic behavior.
 The stress-strain diagram for an aluminum alloy that is used for making aircraft parts
Example 3.2 is shown in Fig. 3-19. If a specimen of this material is stressed to 600MPa, determine
the permanent strain that remains in the specimen when the load is released. Also,
find the modulus of resilience both before and after the load application.
Example 3.3
An aluminum rod, shown in Fig. 3-20a, has a circular cross-section and is subjected to an axial load of
10kN. If a portion of the stress-strain diagram is shown in Fig. 3-20b, determine the approximate
elongation of the rod when the load is applied. Take Eal=70GPa.
Problem 3-30,31
The lap joint is connected together using a 1.25 in. diameter bolt.
If the bolt is made from a material having a shear stress–strain
diagram that is approximated as shown, determine
(1) the shear strain developed in the shear plane of the bolt when
P = 75 kip
(2) the permanent shear strain in the shear plane of the bolt
when the applied force P = 150 kip is removed.
Strain Energy (3.59th, 3.410th)
• Strain Energy
: the external work is stored in the material as internal
energy
W: Work
𝑊 =𝐹∙𝑠 F: Force
s: Displacement

Force 𝐹𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ∆𝐹/2 ∆𝐹 = 𝜎∆𝐴 = 𝜎(∆𝑥∆𝑦) 𝜎

𝐹𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 1/2(𝜎∆𝑥∆𝑦) ∆𝐹

Displacement 𝑠 = 𝜖∆𝑧 𝐹𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑠

Strain Energy 1 1
(Work done by ∆𝑈 = 𝜎∆𝑥∆𝑦 ∙ 𝜖∆𝑧 = 𝜎𝜖∆𝑉
External Force)
2 2
𝜖

Strain-energy density ∆𝑈 1
𝑢= = 𝜎𝜖
∆𝑉 2
Strain-energy density 1 𝜎2 E: Young’s modulus
(linear elastic materials) 𝑢=
𝜎 = 𝑬𝜖
2𝐸 σ: stress
• Modulus of Resilience
: the strain-energy density, when the stress reaches the
proportional limit.
1 1 𝜎𝑝𝑙2
𝑢 = 𝜎𝑝𝑙𝜖𝑝𝑙 =
2 2 𝐸

• Modulus of Toughness
: the entire area under the stress-strain diagram
= the maximum amount of strain energy that the material can absorb before it
fractures

Resilience and toughness are changed

by changing a carbon content in steel.
Problem
Using the stress-strain diagram of a structural
steel shown in Fig. P3.70, determine:
(a) The modulus of resilience.
(b) The approximate modulus of toughness.