APA Referencing:

A Guide for Ara

Institute of
Canterbury Ltd. 2021
This guide is based on the 7th edition of
the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association (2020).

Please email [email protected]

with any feedback.
 How this APA Guide works
Part 1 of this guide introduces the general “rules” about referencing and the American
Psychological Association (APA) referencing style. It explains the reference list and in-text citation,
and the principles of paraphrasing and quoting.

Part 2 provides examples of reference list entries and corresponding in-text citations for the most
common types of sources used at Ara (e.g. book, journal article, website, etc.), and an explanation
on how to cite and reference each type of source.

The best way to use this Guide

Read the general rules in Part 1, then use the Index on p. 88 in Part 2 of this Guide
to find the exact type of source that you are referencing (e.g. book, webpage, or
journal article).

The Index provides the page number in Part 2 for your specific source, where you
can see instructions on how to cite and reference it, and reference examples.

If you are using the online PDF version of this guide, you can click on the relevant
page number in the Index to be taken to that page.

Before writing your reference list

Before writing your reference list, read the information on pp. 12-13 of this Guide.
This explains how to format your reference list and provides an example reference
list.

Also, read pp. 8-10, which describe the elements you need to include in your
reference (that is, author, date, title, and source), and what to do when referencing
works with DOIs and URLs.

Need help with APA Referencing?

Ask at the Library Service Desk or online through “AskLive”, or use the APA Referencing online
resources on MyAra StudySmart.

2021 Ara Institute of Canterbury Ltd.

This work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. To view a copy of this license, visit
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

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 Table of Contents

Part 1: General Guidelines for Referencing and APA Style

What is Referencing? .................................................................................................................. 7
Why Do I Need to Reference? ..................................................................................................... 7
How Do I Reference APA Style? ................................................................................................. 7
Useful APA Referencing Web Links ............................................................................................ 7
The Reference List ........................................................................................................................ 8
The Four Elements of a Reference List Entry .............................................................................. 8
Including DOIs and URLs in Reference List Entries ..................................................................... 9
Providing Retrieval Dates With URLs ........................................................................................ 10
Including Database Sources in Reference List Entries .............................................................. 10
How to Present the Reference List ............................................................................................ 12
Example of an APA Reference List............................................................................................ 13
In-Text Citations (Works Credited in the Text) .......................................................................... 14
What is an In-Text Citation? ...................................................................................................... 14
How to Write In-Text Citations in APA Style .............................................................................. 14
Format of In-Text Citations..................................................................................................... 14
When to Use In-Text Citation ................................................................................................. 14
Include the Author and Date in Every In-Text Citation ............................................................ 15
Avoid Undercitation and Overcitation ..................................................................................... 15
More Information About Citing Sources ..................................................................................... 15
Citing a Single Source in a Paragraph ................................................................................... 15
Citing Multiple Authors Who are Stating the Same Fact or Opinion ........................................ 15
Citing Works With the Same Author and Same Date ............................................................. 15
Citing a Work With no Author ................................................................................................. 16
Abbreviating Organisational Authors ...................................................................................... 16
Using Secondary Sources (Content First Cited in Another Source) ........................................ 16
Citing Personal Communications (e.g. Email, Interviews, and Guest Speakers) .................... 17
Citing Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions of Indigenous Peoples ................................. 17
Paraphrasing ............................................................................................................................... 18
General Principles of Paraphrasing ........................................................................................... 18
Examples of In-Text Citation When Paraphrasing ..................................................................... 18
Quoting ........................................................................................................................................ 19
General Principles of Quoting .................................................................................................... 19
Accuracy of Quotations ............................................................................................................. 19
Short Quotations (Fewer Than 40 Words) ................................................................................. 19
Long Quotations (40 Words or More) ........................................................................................ 20
Direct Quotation of Material Without Page Numbers ................................................................. 20

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Style Guidelines for Academic Writing ..................................................................................... 21
Required Elements of a Student Paper ..................................................................................... 21
Capitalisation ............................................................................................................................. 21
Titles of Works and Headings Within Works........................................................................... 21
Job Titles and Positions ......................................................................................................... 21
Diseases, Disorders, Therapies, Theories, and Related Terms.............................................. 21
Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ 22
Units of Measurement ............................................................................................................ 22
Time ...................................................................................................................................... 22
Numbers.................................................................................................................................... 22
Use Numerals to State ........................................................................................................... 22
Use Words to Express ........................................................................................................... 22
Appendices ............................................................................................................................... 23

Part 2: Reference Examples

Books........................................................................................................................................... 26
The Elements of a Reference Entry for a Book .......................................................................... 26
In-Text Citations for Books ........................................................................................................ 27
Book Chapters ............................................................................................................................ 32
The Elements of a Reference Entry for a Chapter in an Edited Book......................................... 32
In-Text Citations for Book Chapters ........................................................................................... 33
Book Chapters From a Course Book or Course Site ................................................................. 33
Reference Materials (Entries in Encyclopaedias, Dictionaries) and Reference Databases ... 35
Journal Articles........................................................................................................................... 40
The Elements of a Reference Entry for a Journal Article ........................................................... 40
Magazine Articles........................................................................................................................ 45
Newspaper Articles..................................................................................................................... 47
Blogs ........................................................................................................................................... 49
Reports and Other Grey Literature ............................................................................................ 51
Reports, Booklets, Codes of Ethics, and Other Grey Literature ................................................. 51
Conference Sessions and Presentations ................................................................................... 55
Rules for Works Associated With Specific Locations .............................................................. 57
Theses and Dissertations .......................................................................................................... 57
New Zealand Legislation and Standards ................................................................................... 59
Acts, Regulations, and Bills ....................................................................................................... 59
Court Cases .............................................................................................................................. 60
New Zealand Standards ............................................................................................................ 61
Te Tiriti o Waitangi / Treaty of Waitangi ..................................................................................... 62
Social Media ................................................................................................................................ 64

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Webpages and Websites ............................................................................................................ 67
Using the “Webpages and Websites” Reference Category ........................................................ 67
Citing an Entire Website ............................................................................................................ 67
Audio-Visual (AV) Media............................................................................................................. 71
Two Formats for AV Media References: Stand-Alone Works and Part-of-a-Whole Works ......... 71
Audio Visual Works ................................................................................................................... 73
Audio Works .............................................................................................................................. 76
Visual Works ............................................................................................................................. 78
Tables and Figures ..................................................................................................................... 82
Reproducing (Reprinting or Adapting) Tables or Figures From a Published Source .................. 82
Copyright Attribution when Reproducing Tables or Figures.................................................... 82
Copyright Permission ............................................................................................................. 83
Copyright Requirements for Commercial Stock Photographs and Clip Art ............................. 83
Layout Information for Reproducing Tables and Figures ........................................................ 83
References .................................................................................................................................. 87
Index ............................................................................................................................................ 88

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 Part 1: General Guidelines for Referencing and APA Style
Part 1 of this guide introduces the general “rules” about referencing and the American
Psychological Association (APA) referencing style. It explains the reference list, in-text citation, and
the principles of paraphrasing and quoting.

What is Referencing?
Referencing is acknowledging the sources of any ideas, theories or research that you have used in
your assignment. These sources could include books, articles from journals and magazines,
websites and so on.

Why Do I Need to Reference?

• It shows the information in your assignment comes from other sources (a good thing).
• It shows that you have read widely for your assignment.
• It allows your tutor to find and check your information sources.
• It shows you have not plagiarised. Plagiarism is copying or using someone else’s words,
ideas, theories or research, and presenting them as if they were your own, without clearly
acknowledging the author(s).
• You usually get marks for accurate referencing.

How Do I Reference APA Style?

The APA style of referencing has two parts: an in-text citation and a corresponding reference list
entry. That is, each source of information that you have used in your academic writing is:
• included as an entry in your reference list, and
• acknowledged in the text of your assignment (in-text citation).
The reference list is an alphabetical reference list at the end of your assignment. Each reference
list entry provides the author, date, title, and source of the cited work, and enables readers to
identify and retrieve the work.
• See “The Reference List” on p. 8 in Part 1 of this Guide for the general guidelines for
creating reference list entries.
• See Part 2 of this APA Guide for examples of specific reference types.
The in-text citation appears within the body of your assignment and briefly identifies the specific
work you have used by its author and date of publication. This brief in-text citation gives credit to
the original author, and also directs readers to the full reference list entry in the alphabetical
reference list at the end of your assignment.
• See “In-Text Citations (Works Credited in the Text)” on p. 14 in Part 1 of this Guide for the
general guidelines for in-text citation.
• See Part 2 of this APA Guide for examples of in-text citations for specific reference types.

Useful APA Referencing Web Links

For reference information and further examples for sources, access:
• https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples
• https://apastyle.apa.org/blog

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 The Reference List
The reference list contains the full details of all the sources of information you have used in your
assignment. For example, if you used 10 different sources in your assignment, your reference list
should have each of those 10 sources listed.
Put the reference list, titled References, on a separate page at the end of your assignment. See
the “Example of an APA Reference List” on p. 13 in Part 1 of this Guide.

The Four Elements of a Reference List Entry

The four elements of a reference list entry are: author, date, title and source.
Base your reference list entry on these four elements. If you can answer these four questions, you
will be able to write a reference list entry and in-text citation for any type of print or online work,
even if this Guide does not provide a specific example that matches it.

Note. From Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) (p. 283) by The American
Psychological Association, 2020. Copyright 2020 by The American Psychological Association.

Each element answers a question:

• Author: Who are the individual(s) or groups responsible for this work?
An author may be one or more individuals, an organisation [e.g., institution, government
agency, business organisation], or a combination of individuals and organisations.
• Date: When was this work published? (e.g., year, year & month, year & month & day)
• Title: What is the name of this work?
• Source: Where can readers retrieve this work? (e.g., Publisher, DOI, URL)
(See below for information on including DOIs and URLs, and database information, into the
source element)

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Note. From Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) (p. 283) by The American
Psychological Association, 2020. Copyright 2020 by The American Psychological Association.

Including DOIs and URLs in Reference List Entries

Because so much information is available or retrieved online, most reference list entries end with
either a DOI or a URL.
• A DOI, or digital object identifier, is a unique set of letters/numbers, assigned to a specific
digital source of information to identify its content. A DOI provides a persistent link to its
location on the internet. A DOI begins with the number 10 and looks like this:
https://doi.org/10xxxxxxx. It is typically located on the first page of an article near the
copyright notice.
• A URL, or uniform resource locator, specifies the location of digital information on the
internet and is found in the address bar of your browser. URLs may begin with http:// or
https://. URLs in references should link directly to the cited work when possible. Sometimes
retrieval dates are also required: see “Providing Retrieval Dates With URLs” on p. 10 in
Part 1 of this Guide.
Check your information source carefully for a DOI.
• If the work has a DOI, add it to your reference list entry – even if you have used a print
version of the work.
• Some sources use older DOI formats. Change all older DOI formats (e.g.,
http://dx.doi.org/10xxxxxxx, doi:10xxxxxxx, or DOI:10xxxxxxx) to the current DOI format:
https://doi.org/10xxxxxxx
• If an online work has both a DOI and a URL, include only the DOI.
• If the online work has a URL, but no DOI, provide the URL in the reference (e.g., provide a
URL for a work without a DOI retrieved from a website). However, there are some

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 exceptions to this if the work comes from an academic research database or other library-
provided service. See “Including Database Sources in Reference List Entries” below.
• Present both DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks. Links should be live. Your word processing
program (e.g., MS Word) will have a default setting for live links, so use that. (Usually this is
an underlined blue font.)
• To ensure accuracy, copy and paste the DOI or URL directly into your reference list.
• Do not manually break the hyperlink. However, your word processing program may
automatically break the hyperlink or move it to a separate line – this is acceptable.
• Do not add a period (full stop) after the DOI or URL, as doing this may stop the link from
functioning.

Providing Retrieval Dates With URLs

• Many URLs are permanent links that are intended to remain unchanged or ‘stable’ for many
years. Therefore, most references do not need to include the date the online information
was retrieved. For example, you do not need to provide a retrieval date for works that have
archived versions, such as Wikipedia articles and Cochrane reviews. These archived
versions are stored on the website and have permanent links, which means your reader
can retrieve the same version of the work as you used.
• However, some online sources will intentionally change information over time. For example,
information may change on Facebook pages, some online dictionary entries, frequently
updated websites, UpToDate articles, and maps in Google Maps. So when your reader
follows the URL you provide, they may not retrieve the same version of the work as yours.
• Therefore, when you have used information from a source that is ‘not stable’, you need to
provide a retrieval date in the source element of your reference list entry. Put the retrieval
date before the URL, as below.
Retrieved November 21, 2020, from https://xxxxxxx
• If you are not sure if the work you have used is stable or not stable, add a retrieval date into
your reference list entry.

Including Database Sources in Reference List Entries

• If the work you are referencing does not have a DOI, and you have accessed it from an
academic research database or other library-provided service, most of the time you do not
need to name that database or provide a URL in the reference list entry. This is because
works from those databases are usually available elsewhere. Examples of those databases
are CINAHL, ScienceDirect, Ovid, Gale databases, Google Scholar, and most EBSCO
databases (excluding ERIC).
• Therefore, if your online work does not have a DOI, and you have accessed it from an
academic research database or other library-provided service, the reference list entry for
the online version of the work (e.g., a journal article) would look the same as the reference
list entry for a print version of the work/article.
• However, sometimes you do need to name a specific database or archive for a work
without a DOI, as the work is only available from that one place. For example, provide the
name of the database or archive, and the URL of the work, for works without DOIs retrieved
from Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the JBI databases (formerly the Joanna
Briggs Institute databases), Lippincott Procedures, ERIC, and UptoDate.
• Note: Some URLs of works retrieved from a database will not allow your reader to see the
work. This is because the URL requires a database login or is specific to the time of your
search. In this case, provide the URL of the database’s home page or login page instead.
• Rule of thumb: If the work you have used does not have a DOI, and you think it is only
available from one specific database, name the database and provide the URL of the work.
If you are not sure whether to include the name of a database in your reference entry, refer
to the examples for those reference types in Part 2 of this APA Guide, or ask a librarian.

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11
How to Present the Reference List
1. List only sources that you cited in the text. Do not include personal communications in a
reference list; they should be cited in the text only. (See p. 15.)
2. Begin the reference list on a new page, after the text of your assignment, but before the
appendices (if any).
3. The title of the reference list is References, bold but not underlined. Centre the title on the
page.
4. The title uses the same font type and font size as the text of the reference list; that is,
Times New Roman size 12, Calibri 11, Arial 11, Lucida Sans Unicode 10, Georgia 11, or
Computer Modern 10. This should also be the same font used for the rest of your text.
5. Ensure the margins are set to the default, 2.54 cm and alignment is set to left.
6. Use a hanging indent format: The first line of each entry is at the left margin, and
subsequent lines are indented. To create a hanging indent, open the paragraph or
indentation settings and set a special Hanging Indent of 1.27 cm.
7. Set line spacing to double spaced or 2.0 and chose the setting to Remove Space after
paragraphs.
8. List entries alphabetically by first author’s surname (but see note 9 below).
9. Invert all authors’ names (i.e. family name and then initials).
10. If there is no personal author or editor, alphabetise using the first letter of the organisational
author, or the first significant word in the title, ignoring words like A, An, or The.
11. Include all authors up to and including 20, using ‘&’ before the last name.
12. When there are 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors’ names, then insert three
spaced ellipsis points (. . .), and add the last author’s name.
13. References by the same author should be listed chronologically. References with no date
come first, followed by references with dates. For instance, Smith, J. (n.d.). comes before
Smith, J. (2016), which in turn comes before Smith, J. (2019).
14. When date information is missing, use the abbreviation “n.d.” for “no date”.
15. References by the same author with the same publication date are arranged alphabetically
by title (excluding A, An, or The).
16. Use italics to show publication titles (e.g. the title of the book or the journal).
17. Capitalise the first letter only of the first word of titles or subtitles of books and articles e.g.
People in organisations: An introduction to organizational behaviour.
18. Capitalise the first letter of each significant word in journal titles e.g. Journal of Nursing
Education.
19. Check your information source carefully for a DOI. See “Including DOIs and URLs in
Reference List Entries” on p. 9 in Part 1 of this Guide.

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Example of an APA Reference List
References

Agnew, R. (2015). Reflections on the new Scottish innovative child protection system. Aotearoa

New Zealand Social Work, 27(3), 4-13. https://doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol27iss3id7

Bote, J. (2019, December 3). Whale found dead with 100kg of trash in its stomach. Stuff.

https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/117885984/whale-found-dead-with-100kg-of-trash-in-

its-stomach

COVID-19 Public Health Response Act 2020, No. 12. (2020).

http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2020/0012/latest/LMS344134.html

Gordon, C. J. (2017). Fostering sleep. In J. Crisp, C. Douglas, G. Rebeiro, & D. Waters (Eds.),

Potter and Perry’s fundamentals of nursing (5th ed., pp. 988-1015). Elsevier Australia.

Hand hygiene NZ [Clinical procedures]. (2017, April). Lippincott Procedures. Retrieved September

24, 2020, from https://procedures.lww.com/lnp/view.do?pId=4298005&

hits=hygiene,hand,hands&a=false&ad=false

Martin, B., Bruenig, M., Wagstaff, M., & Goldenberg, M. (2017). Outdoor leadership: Theory and

practice (2nd ed.). Human Kinetics.

Mayo Clinic. (2020, January 8). Mayo Clinic minute: How 3D printing helps lung surgery [Video].

YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zH5NswR1xVw

Ministry of Health. (2019, May 8). National SUDI Prevention Programme: Needs assessment and

care planning guide. https://www.health.govt.nz/publication/national-sudi-prevention-

programme-needs-assessment-and-care-planning-guide

Murad, A. L. (2020, August 14). 5 key habits of healthy eaters. Mayo Clinic.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/5-key-

habits-of-healthy-eaters/art-20270182

Te Ahukaramū, C. R. (2005, February 8). Māori creation traditions. In Te Ara: The encyclopedia of

New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/maori-creation-

traditions

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 In-Text Citations (Works Credited in the Text)

What is an In-Text Citation?

As explained in the introduction to this Guide, the APA style of referencing has two parts: an in-text
citation, and a corresponding reference list entry at the end of your assignment. Each source of
information that you have used in your academic writing is acknowledged in the text of your
assignment as an in-text citation and included as an entry in your alphabetical reference list.
In-text citations tell the reader exactly where you found the ideas or words you have used in your
assignment. An in-text citation tells the reader who wrote those ideas originally (the author), and
when (the date). In the corresponding reference list entry, you provide the author, date, title, and
source of the cited work, and this enables readers to identify and retrieve the work.

How to Write In-Text Citations in APA Style

APA style uses the author-date format. In this format, you identify your source of information by its
author and date of publication.
• Author: Provide the surname(s) of the author(s), or the name(s) of the organisational
author(s) (e.g., institution, government agency, or business organisation).
• Date of publication: The date in the in-text citation should match the date in the reference
list entry. Use only the year in the in-text citation, even if the reference list entry contains a
more specific date (e.g., year, month, or day). For works with no date, use “n.d.” in the in-
text citation.
Format of In-Text Citations
APA has two possible formats of in-text citations:
1. The author name and publication date appear in parentheses. For example:
Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public’s perception of expert
consensus on an issue (Koehler, 2016).
2. Alternatively, the author name appears in the text of the sentence, followed immediately by
the date in parentheses. For example:
Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.
When to Use In-Text Citation
Use in-text citations when paraphrasing and quoting from your sources:
• Paraphrasing is re-writing the ideas from the original source in your own words. When
paraphrasing, provide the author surname(s) and date of publication in your in-text citation.
See “Paraphrasing” on p. 18 in Part 1 of this Guide for the principles and examples of
paraphrasing.
• Quoting is copying the exact words from the original source. When quoting, provide the
author surname(s), date of publication, and the page number(s) in your in-text citation. See
“Quoting” on pp. 19-20 in Part 1 of this Guide for the principles and examples of quoting.

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Include the Author and Date in Every In-Text Citation
If you need to repeat an in-text citation in your writing, repeat the author and date.
Critical thinking is described by Cottrell (2017) as the development of cognitive skills
such as attention, categorisation, selection and judgement. Although personal and
emotional factors can create barriers to thinking abilities, the skills to find solutions
to a wide range of challenges can be learned (Wilson, 2017). Cottrell (2017)
encourages students to develop the skills to look beneath the surface of their
subject and to engage in critical dialogue about significant theories and arguments.
Well-developed critical thinking skills can lead to good decisions about study
pathways, employment and making life choices.
Avoid Undercitation and Overcitation
If you undercite, you risk plagiarism. You are plagiarising when you do not acknowledge the author
of the ideas, words, or images that you use in your assignment. That is, you are intentionally or
unintentionally presenting these as your own work. You need to credit all sources in your writing—
even when sources cannot be retrieved (e.g. because they are personal communications; see
“Citing Personal Communications (e.g. Email, Interviews, and Guest Speakers)” on p. 17 in Part 1
of this Guide). See the online resources on MyAra StudySmart for more information about
plagiarism.
Overcitation is not necessary. If you overcite, you may distract your reader from the main content
of your writing. For example, do not repeat the same in-text citation in every sentence in a
paragraph. Instead, cite your source in the first relevant sentence, and do not repeat the same
citation in the following sentences as long as the source remains clear and unchanged.

More Information About Citing Sources

Citing a Single Source in a Paragraph
When paraphrasing information from a single source over several sentences, you only need to cite
the source in the first sentence of the paraphrase. This avoids repetition and minimises the word
count. The first citation includes the author and date.
College can be both very daunting and most rewarding. According to a recent
survey, over half of college students in the United States admitted to feeling scared
or feared they cannot possibly graduate (Betts, 2018). The survey found that
students were concerned about the risks involved in attending college, the high
cost, and if they would gain employment after graduation. In particular, some of the
students were concerned with their financial planning ability, as student loans
cannot be discharged in a bankruptcy. Therefore, it was concluded, students should
take advantage of their college's financial and career services departments because
following a lifelong dream or creating better opportunities for the future are worth
some risk and hard work.
Citing Multiple Authors Who are Stating the Same Fact or Opinion
Place the citations in alphabetical order, separating them with semicolons. This helps readers
locate the works in the alphabetical reference list.
Several studies (Ling, 2019; Patel & Tracey, 2018; Smith & Rogers, 2018) have
shown that New Zealand men prefer loud music while driving.
Citing Works With the Same Author and Same Date
• For works published in the same year by the same author(s), add the suffixes a, b, c etc. to
the date in both the in-text citation and the reference list entries (e.g., 2019a, 2019b, n.d.-a,
n.d.-b). Double the letters when the series goes beyond z; e.g., 2019aa or n.d.-aa.
• The a, b, c order is by the alphabetical order of the titles in the reference list, not by the
order they appear in your assignment.

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 The Ministry of Health (2019a) stated …
This is shown in a recent report about diabetes in New Zealand (Ministry of Health,
2019b).
Several studies (Johnson, 2019a, 2019b) suggested…
(Sifuentes, n.d.-a, n.d.-b)
Citing a Work With no Author
If there appears to be no author, first consider whether the work has been authored by an
organisation. Also, if the author is explicitly named as “Anonymous” (where the name of the author
is withheld or unknown), treat “Anonymous” as the author’s real name.
If there is no individual author, organisational author, or anonymous author, then begin the
reference entry with the work’s title and add it to the reference list. Alphabetise by the first
significant word in the title, ignoring the words The, A, and An.
Anatomy and physiology. (n.d.). Boundless. http://oer2go.org/mods/en-boundless-
static/www.boundless.com/physiology/index.html
When citing a work with no author in the text, cite the title and year of publication.
Abbreviating Organisational Authors
If a reference’s author is an organisation, the name of the organisation can sometimes be
abbreviated in the in-text citation—for example, “Christchurch City Council” can be abbreviated to
“CCC”, and “Ministry of Health” can be abbreviated to “MOH”. You do not have to abbreviate the
name of an organisational author, but you can if it is a well-known abbreviation, or if you are
repeating that citation at least three times throughout your paper.
• Provide the full name of the organisation the first time you mention it in the text, followed by
the abbreviation. How you write it depends on if you are citing the work in the text of a
sentence, or in parentheses at the end of the sentence.
• If the organisation name first appears in a citation in parentheses, include the
abbreviation in square brackets, followed by a comma and the year.
This was described in the annual report (Ministry of Health [MOH],
2019).
• If the organisation name first appears in the text of a sentence, include the
abbreviation before the year in parentheses, separated by a comma.
The Ministry of Health (MOH, 2019) described…
• Do not abbreviate the name of the organisation in the reference list entry. Provide the full
name of the organisation, as it first appeared in the source.
• If the same organisation is the author of several of your references, introduce the
abbreviation only once in the text.
The Ministry of Health (MOH, 2019) described… Also, …..(MOH, 2017).
• When naming the organisation, use the first significant word in the title, ignoring words like
A, An, or The.
Using Secondary Sources (Content First Cited in Another Source)
Sometimes you will read a work where the author has quoted or paraphrased from another work
that you have not read. If the author of your work has paraphrased or quoted another work, and
you want to cite that work, it is best to find, read, and cite the primary source, if possible.
If you cannot find the primary source, treat it as your secondary source. You will need to write a
secondary source citation, as below:

16
 • Cite the authors of both sources in the text of your assignment. For example, if you are
reading an article by Lyon, Scialfa, Cordazzo and Bubric (2014), and they refer to the
research or ideas of Rabbitt (1982), then you need to cite both Lyon et al. (2014), and
Rabbitt (1982) in the text of your assignment. You need to include the publication year of
Rabbitt, if available. For example:
Rabbitt (1982, as cited in Lyon et al., 2014) explained that . . .
or
. . . (Rabbitt, 1982, as cited in Lyon et al., 2014).
• Provide a reference list entry only for the source you have read. For example, you would
provide a reference list entry for Lyon et al. (2014), but not for Rabbitt. This is so your
reader can find the source that you used. For example:
Lyon, J., Scialfa, C., Cordazzo, S. T. D., & Bubric, K. (2014). Contextual cuing: The
effects of stimulus variation, intentionality, and aging. Canadian Journal of
Experimental Psychology, 68(2), 111-121.
https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000007
Citing Personal Communications (e.g. Email, Interviews, and Guest Speakers)
Cite any works that cannot be retrieved by readers as personal communications. Personal
communications include letters, memos, telephone conversations, e-mail, text messages, instant
messaging, private or friends-only Facebook or Twitter messages, visiting speakers in class,
unrecorded classroom lectures, and personal interviews.
• Only use a personal communication citation if you cannot find the information in any other
place. For example, if your tutor or a guest speaker taught you about a topic during a class,
you should, if possible, try to find the original research they used and cite that. However, if
the lecture was based on their original research, or they did not provide a reference for the
information, then cite the information as personal communication.
• Personal communications are not included in the reference list, as they cannot be found by
your reader.
• Cite personal communications in the text only. Provide the initials and surname of the
person you are citing, and the exact date if possible, as in the examples below.
• Although it is not an APA rule, it may be useful for your reader if you state the role of the
person you are citing, and/or the context of your communication.
The General Manager of Advanced Technologies, J. Jackson (personal
communication, March 8, 2020), believed that …
This was verified in an e-mail from the registered nurse (B. Thompson, personal
communication, May 11, 2020).
Citing Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions of Indigenous Peoples
Some traditional knowledge, oral traditions, traditional stories, or oral histories of indigenous
peoples are recoverable by readers because they have been recorded (e.g., in a video, audio,
interview transcript, book, or article). If readers can retrieve the knowledge, then cite it in the text
and include a reference list entry in the correct format for that source (e.g., as a recording on
YouTube, or as a recorded interview). However, examine published works carefully (especially
older works) to ensure that the information about indigenous peoples is accurate and appropriate
to share before citing those works.
Some traditional knowledge, oral traditions, traditional stories, or oral histories of indigenous
peoples have not been recorded. In this case, do not write a reference list entry, as readers cannot
retrieve that information. Instead, in your in-text citation provide as much detail as necessary to
describe the content and to contextualise the origin of the information. (See “Citing Personal
Communications (e.g. Email, Interviews, and Guest Speakers)” above.)

17
 Paraphrasing

General Principles of Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is re-writing the ideas from a piece of text into your own words without changing the
meaning. It is a useful strategy, as it helps you focus on key points from your source and
summarise these for your reader. Paraphrasing also allows you to compare and contrast relevant
details in various sources.
Paraphrasing is good academic writing practice. Published authors paraphrase their sources most
of the time, rather than directly quoting the sources; student authors should imitate this practice by
paraphrasing more than directly quoting.
Also, it is better to paraphrase your source rather than quoting it directly, because when you
paraphrase you can fit what you have read into the context of your writing. It also allows you to
write the information in your own writing style.
Use a professional tone when using your own words to describe a concept, idea, or research
finding. Also, consider using bias-free language when writing about topics such as age, disability,
gender, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, and socio-economic status. Information about bias-
free language can be found here: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/bias-free-
language
If the author of your source has paraphrased a published work, and you want to use that
information in your writing, it is best to find, read, and cite the primary source directly if possible. If
not, use a secondary source citation. See “Using Secondary Sources (Content First Cited in
Another Source)” on p. 16 in Part 1 of this Guide.
See the resources on MyAra StudySmart for specific strategies for paraphrasing.

Examples of In-Text Citation When Paraphrasing

Children require clear boundaries combined with warm, caring parenting to develop
in a healthy way (Brandon, 2017).
or
Brandon (2017) believed children require clear boundaries combined with warm,
caring parenting to develop in a healthy way.

Writing an academic essay requires following a process with clear logical steps
(Hopkins & Reid, 2018).
or
Hopkins and Reid (2018) suggest writing an academic essay requires following a
process with clear logical steps.
When paraphrasing, provide the author surname(s) and date of publication in your in-text citation.
“Although it is not required to provide a page or paragraph number in the citation for a paraphrase,
you may include one in addition to the author and year when it would help interested readers
locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work (e.g., a book)” (APA, 2020, p. 269).

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 Quoting

General Principles of Quoting

A direct quotation reproduces the exact words from a published work. As noted above, it is better
to paraphrase your source rather than quoting it directly.
However, there are times when using direct quotations is good practice. For example, APA (2020)
suggests using direct quotation “when reproducing an exact definition . . ., when an author has said
something memorably or succinctly, or when you want to respond to exact wording (e.g.,
something someone said)” (p. 270).
• Always acknowledge the original author of your direct quotation. Provide the author, year,
and page number of the quotation in the in-text citation.
• Use the abbreviation “p.” when your quotation comes from a single page, (e.g., p. 25). Use
the abbreviation “pp.” (e.g., pp. 34-36) when your quotation comes from multiple pages.
• If the work does not have page numbers, provide other ways your reader can locate the
quotation. See “Direct Quotation of Material Without Page Numbers” on p. 20 in part 1 of
this Guide.
• Use quotations carefully in your assignments. They should be concise and a very small
percentage of the word limit of your assignment. Your tutors may establish limits on the use
of direct quotations. Consult with them if you are concerned that you have may have too
much quoted material in your paper.
• The quote needs to be relevant and integrated smoothly into your sentence.

Accuracy of Quotations
Direct quotations must be exactly as written, and need to match the exact wording, spelling, and
punctuation of the original source, even if that source was incorrect.
• If there is any incorrect spelling, punctuation, or grammar in the source insert [sic], in italics
and square brackets, immediately after the error in the quotation (see example below). This
lets the reader know that the mistake is in the material you are quoting and is not your
mistake.
Nowak (2019) wrote that “people have an obligation to care for there [sic] pets” (p.
52).
• If you have omitted words within a quotation, indicate this by using three spaced periods or
full-stops (. . . ). Alternatively, use an ellipsis (three unspaced periods) with a space before
and after ( ... ). Use four periods or a period and an ellipsis (. …) to indicate any omission
between two sentences. When leaving out words or sentences, the meaning of the original
text must be maintained.

Short Quotations (Fewer Than 40 Words)

Add short quotations into the text and enclose them within double quotation marks. The citation
can be either at the end of the sentence (see the first example below) or the author and year can
be included in the sentence and the page number placed after the quotation (see the second
example below).
Effective teams can be difficult to describe. “High performance along one domain
does not translate to high performance along another” (Ervin, 2018, p. 470).
or
Effective teams can be difficult to describe. Ervin (2018) suggests “high
performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along
another” (p. 470).

19
Long Quotations (40 Words or More)
If a quotation contains more than 40 words, write it as a freestanding block of text, without
quotation marks. After introducing the quotation, start the quotation on a new line. Indent the block
1.27 cm (about 5 spaces, or a tab space) from the left margin. If there are additional paragraphs
within the quotation, indent the first line of each a further 1.27 cm. Double-space the entire
quotation. At the end of the block quotation, cite the quoted source and the page or paragraph
number in parentheses after the final punctuation mark. After the quotation, continue the paragraph
with the next sentence hard against the margin.
Researchers have studied how people talk to themselves:
Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. It is an experience that is
central to many people’s everyday lives, and yet it presents considerable
challenges to any effort to study it scientifically. Nevertheless, a wide range
of methodologies and approaches have combined to shed light on the
subjective experience of inner speech and its cognitive and neural
underpinnings. (Alderson-Day & Fernyhough, 2015, p. 957)
Further research has been…

Direct Quotation of Material Without Page Numbers

“To directly quote from written material that does not contain page numbers (e.g., webpages and
websites, some ebooks, etc.), provide readers with another way of locating the quoted passage.
Any of the following approaches are acceptable. Use the approach that will best help readers find
the quotation” (APA, 2020, p. 273).
Options Examples of In-Text Citation
Provide a heading or section name. (Gecht-Silver & Duncombe, 2015,
Osteoarthritic section).

If the full heading or section name is too long (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
to cite in full, provide an abbreviated heading 2017, “What Can You Do” section).
or section name in quotation marks to indicate
the abbreviation. In this example, the original
heading was “What Can You Do to Prevent
Kidney Failure?”

Provide a paragraph number (count the (Chamberlain, 2014, para. 1).

paragraphs manually if they are not
numbered).

Provide a heading or section name and a (DeAngelis, 2018, Musical Forays section,
paragraph number. para. 4).

20
 Style Guidelines for Academic Writing

Required Elements of a Student Paper

Student papers (e.g., essays, literature reviews, reports, case studies) usually include, at minimum,
a title page, page numbers, text, and a reference list. They may also have tables, figures, and
appendices. APA provides specific guidelines for how to format a student paper (e.g. line spacing,
font etc). For step-by-step guidance on formatting your assignment, see the Learning Services
resource “Formatting Your Assignment Using Microsoft Word” available from MyAra. For
guidelines on using capital letters, abbreviations, numbers, and appendices in your assignment,
see below.

Capitalisation
APA uses a “down” style, which means that you should write words in lowercase unless specifically
guided to use capitals. Always use capitals when writing words beginning a sentence and for
proper nouns (a noun that designates an individual person, place, or organization).
Titles of Works and Headings Within Works
For titles of works and headings within works (including any headings in your own writing), APA
uses two types of capitalisation: sentence case and title case.
In sentence case, most words are lowercase. In reference list entries, use sentence case for titles
of articles, books, reports, webpages and other works, even if title case was used in the original
work.
In title case, major words are capitalised. For example, capitalise the following words:
• the first word of a title or heading
• the first word of a subtitle, even if it is a minor word
• the first word after a colon
• major words, including the second part of a hyphenated word (e.g., Self-Report)
• words of four letters or more (e.g., With, Between, From)
and lowercase only minor words that are three letters or fewer (e.g., and, for, a, an, the, by).
Use title case:
• for titles of articles, books, periodicals, films, reports, and other works in your written text,
In the book, History of Pathology…
In Manpreet and Jasjeet’s (2017) article, “Data Encryption Using Different
Techniques: A Review,” the authors point out that…
• for all headings (including the title) of your own paper,
• when referring to a section or subsection of your paper (e.g. the Data Analysis section).
Job Titles and Positions
Capitalise a job title or position when it precedes a personal name, but not when it follows the
name or refers to the position in general:
• Nurse Practitioner Angela Smith
• Angela Smith, nurse practitioner
• This is important when nurses are….
Diseases, Disorders, Therapies, Theories, and Related Terms
Do not capitalise the names of diseases, disorders or other related items:
• diabetes, cancer
• immunotherapy, cataract surgery
• theory of mind, associative learning model

21
Do capitalise personal names that appear within diseases, disorders and related items:
• Alzheimer’s disease

Abbreviations
In general, use an abbreviation only if:
• It is common (e.g., kg) and if the reader is more familiar with the abbreviation than with its
complete form OR,
• It reduces your assignment word count substantially and it avoids cumbersome repetition.
If the abbreviation is likely to be unfamiliar to your reader, on its first mention write out the complete
term to be abbreviated, and include the abbreviation in parentheses, e.g., short-term memory
(STM). Subsequently, use only the abbreviation.
Units of Measurement
Always use abbreviations for units of measurement, even the first time they are used, except if
they are not accompanied by a numeric value. Do not make abbreviations for units of
measurement plural.
• Always use abbreviations for measurements: 8 cm, 12 hr, 50 kg.
• Use full words for measurements without numeric values: duration of minutes, required
kilograms, age in years.
Time
When referring to time:
“To prevent misreading, do not abbreviate the words ‘day,’ ‘week,’ ‘month,’ and ‘year,’ even
when they are accompanied by numeric values. Do abbreviate the words ‘hour,’ ‘minute,’
‘second,’ ‘millisecond,’ ‘nanosecond,’ and any other division of the second when they are
accompanied by numeric values.” (APA, 2020, p. 176)

Numbers
Use Numerals to State
• Numbers 10 and above: a 25-year-old woman, and the 12 respondents.
• Numbers that are just before a unit of measurement: a 5 mg dose, is 15 cm wide, and 9 kg
of gold.
• Numbers representing mathematical or statistical functions, including percentages:
multiplied by 6, 3 times as many, and more than 5% of the sample.
• Numbers representing time, dates, ages, exact sums of money and points on a scale: at
12:30 a.m., 1 hr 34 min, 2010, 1990s, 2-year-olds, $8.05, and scored 4 on a 7-point scale.
Exception: use words for approximate numbers of days, months and years, e.g., about fifteen
months ago.
Use Words to Express
• Zero to nine. (This is a general rule but note the above exceptions).
• Any number that begins a sentence or heading: Twelve students improved but 11 did not
improve.
• Common fractions: one fifth of the class, and two-thirds majority.
• Universally accepted usage: the Twelve Apostles, and the Five Pillars of Islam.

22
Appendices
Appendices give your reader additional detailed information that would be distracting to read in the
main body of the assignment. Common kinds of appendices include large tables, lists of words, or
a sample of a questionnaire. Appendices are commonly used in reports. Essays do not usually
have an appendix.
• Put appendices after the reference list and continue the page numbering of the entire
assignment.
• Begin each appendix on a new page.
• Each appendix has a label and a title. If you have just one appendix, label it “Appendix”. If you
have more than one appendix, label them “Appendix A”, “Appendix B”, etc. in the order
mentioned in the assignment. The title describes the content of the appendix.
• Place the label and title in bold and centred, on separate lines, at the top of the page.
• In the text of your assignment, refer to an appendix by its label (e.g., “see Appendix A”).

23
24
 Part 2: Reference Examples
Part 2 of this Guide provides reference examples and the corresponding in-text citations for the most common types of sources used at Ara (e.g.,
book, journal article, website, etc). If you are not sure how to reference correctly, ask for help at the Library Service Desk, or online through
“AskLive”. See also the APA Referencing online resources on MyAra StudySmart.
According to APA, entries in a reference list must be double spaced, as can be seen in the “Example of an APA Reference List” p. 13 in Part 1 of
this Guide. However, the following examples are not double spaced, in order to minimise the length of this guide.

Before writing your reference list

Read the information under “How to Present the Reference List” on pp. 12-13 in Part 1 of this Guide. This explains how to format
your reference list and provides an example reference list.

Also, read “The Four Elements of a Reference List Entry” and “Including DOIs and URLs in Reference List Entries” on pp. 8-9 in
Part 1 of this Guide, which describes the elements you need to include in your reference (author, date, title, and source), and what
to do when referencing works with DOIs and URLs.

Use the Index on p. 88 in Part 2 of this Guide to find the exact type of source that you are referencing (e.g. book, webpage, or
journal article). The Index provides the page number in Part 2 for your specific source, where you can see instructions on how to
cite and reference it, and reference examples. If you are using the online PDF version of this guide, you can click on the relevant
page number in the Index to be taken to that page.

Note: Online and print references are largely the same. For example, use the Books category to cite a print book or an electronic book, and follow
the relevant example.

PART 2
25
 Books
The Books category includes books that have one or more individual authors, books that have organisations as the author, edited books, ebooks,
diagnostic manuals, and religious works.

The Elements of a Reference Entry for a Book

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of the book (edition).

BOOK
Publisher. DOI or URL
Note. Adapted from Reference Guide for Journal Articles, Books, and Edited Book Chapters, by The American Psychological Association, 2020
(https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf). Copyright 2020 by The American Psychological Association.

Author, A. A. & Author, B. B.

• Write the author’s names as they are listed on the book’s title page.
• Write the last name first, followed by a comma and the initials. Leave a space between the initials.
(Year).
• Use the copyright date shown on the work’s copyright page as the date of publication in the reference.
• When information is missing, use the abbreviation n.d. for “no date”.
Title of the book (edition).
• Italicise the title. Capitalise the first word and capitalise the first word of any subtitle.
• If there is an edition or volume number, include it in parentheses, without italics. (An ‘edition’ relates to the whole number of copies of a
book or other publication printed at one time. If more than minor changes and corrections are made, then a new edition is published.)
Publisher.
• If the work is published by an imprint or division, name the imprint or division as publisher.
• If there are multiple publishers, separate them by a semicolon.
• When the author and the publisher are the same, omit the publisher from the source element.
• Do not include publisher location information.

26
 DOI or URL
• If the book has a DOI, include the DOI link in the reference after the publisher. See “Jackson, 2019” below for an example and “Including
DOIs and URLs in Reference List Entries“ on p. 9 in Part 1 of this Guide.
• If an ebook does not have a DOI and is from a research database or other library-provided service, end the book reference after the
publisher name. Do not include any database information in the reference. This includes ebook providers such as Clinical Key, O’Reilly
Ebooks, or Ovid Ebooks. The reference in this case is the same as for a print book.
• If an ebook does not have a DOI and is not from a research database or other library-provided service, provide a URL in the reference.
(See Christian & Griffiths, 2016, below.)

In-Text Citations for Books

• If paraphrasing, provide only the author-date information. See “General Principles of Paraphrasing” on p. 18 in Part 1 of this Guide.
• If quoting, place the page number at the end of the quote. See “General Principles of Quoting” on pp. 19-20 in Part 1 of this Guide.

Reference Examples: Books

Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Book with one Bishop, C. (2019). Women mean business: Colonial (Bishop, 2019). In-text citation: For details on how to
author format your in-text citations, see “In-Text
businesswomen in New Zealand. Otago
Citations (Works Credited in the Text)” on
University Press.
p. 14 in Part 1 of this Guide.
Jackson, L. M. (2019). The psychology of prejudice: (Jackson, 2019).
From attitudes to social action (2nd ed.).
American Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000168-000

27
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Book with two Christian, B., & Griffiths, T. (2016). Algorithms to live by: (Christian & Reference list: Use a comma to
authors separate an author’s initials from
The computer science of human decisions. Griffiths, 2016).
additional author names, even when
Henry Holt and Co. http://a.co/7qGBZAk
there are only two authors. Use an
Tate, J., & Knapp, A. (2019). Blockchain 2035: The (Tate & Knapp, ampersand (&) before the final author’s
2019). name: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.
digital DNA of internet 3.0. BlueShed.
In-text citation: When a work has two
authors, cite both names each time the
reference occurs in text. When using the
authors’ names in parentheses, use an
ampersand (&) instead of “and.”

Book with three Martin, B., Bruenig, M., Wagstaff, M., & Goldenberg, M. (Martin et al., 2017) Reference entry: Give surnames and
or more authors, initials for up to and including 20 authors
(2017). Outdoor leadership: Theory and practice
up to and (e.g., Author, A. A., Author, B. B., &
including 20 (2nd ed.). Human Kinetics.
Author, C. C.), using an ampersand (&)
authors
Schermerhorn, J. R., Davidson, P., Poole, D., Woods, (Schermerhorn et before the last name.

P., Simon, A., & McBarron, E. (2014). al., 2014). In-text citation: When a work has 3 to
20 authors, write only the first author’s
Management foundations and applications (2nd
name, followed by et al. (which means
Asia Pacific ed.). John Wiley and Sons. “and others”). Put a period after et al., as
shown.

28
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Book with Organisation for Economic Cooperation and (Organisation for Reference entry: Use the full name of
organisation as the organisation.
Development. (2019, June). OECD economic Economic
author (e.g. a
government surveys: New Zealand. Cooperation and When the book has been published by
agency or the organisation that wrote it, omit the
https://doi.org/10.1787/b0b94dbd-en Development,
professional publisher name in the source.
association) 2019).
In-text citation: Write the organisation’s
or name in full.
The organisation’s name can be
(Organisation for
abbreviated in further citations if it is a
Economic well-known abbreviation, or if you are
Cooperation and repeating that citation at least three times
Development throughout your paper. See instructions
in “Abbreviating Organisational Authors”
[OECD], 2019). on p. 16 in Part 1 of this Guide.
And in further If the book has a DOI, include the DOI
citations: link in the reference after the publisher.
See “Including DOIs and URLs in
(OECD, 2019).
Reference List Entries“ on p. 9 in Part 1
of this Guide.

Book with no Title of book. (Year of publication). Name of Publisher. If there appears to be no author, see
author, no editor “Citing a Work With no Author” on p. 16
URL.
in Part 1 of this Guide before writing your
Anatomy and physiology. (n.d.). Boundless. (Anatomy and reference.
http://oer2go.org/mods/en-boundless- Physiology, n.d.).
static/www.boundless.com/physiology/index.htm
l

29
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Religious works Holman Christian Standard Bible. (2020). Bible Study (Holman Christian Reference entry: If there is a publication
year for the original work, add it at the
Tools. https://www.biblestudytools.com/csb/ Standard Bible,
end of the reference entry (see Holy
2020). Bible example), and in the citation
include it with the publication year of the
Holy Bible: King James. (2016). Christian Science (Holy Bible, work you are using.
Publishing Society. (Original work published 1611/2016). “Trans.” is the abbreviation for translator.
1611) In-text citation: For conciseness, the
subtitle of the work can be omitted in the
Quran in English (T. Itani, Trans.). (2014). CreateSpace (Quran in English, citation.
Independent Publishing Platform. 2014). If quoting a religious work, specify the
chapter, verse, line or canto), not the
The Quran. (2014). Al-Quran. https://al-quran.info/ (The Quran, 2014). page numbers.

Diagnostic American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic (American Reference entry: With an online edition
manuals of a manual, provide the DOI or URL in
and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th Psychiatric
(including DSM-5 the publisher position. (For more
& ICD) ed.). https://doi.org/brfw Association, 2013). information see “Including DOIs and
URLs in Reference List Entries” on p. 9 in
World Health Organization. (2019). International (World Health Part 1 of this Guide.)
statistical classification of diseases and related Organization, In-text citation: Organisational authors
can be abbreviated in the text. See
health problems (11th ed.). https://icd.who.int/ 2019).
instructions in “Abbreviating
Organisational Authors” on p. 16 in Part 1
of this Guide.

Chapter in American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Anxiety (American Chapter DOI: If a chapter has its own
diagnostic DOI, specify it in the reference entry. (For
disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of Psychiatric
manual more information see “Including DOIs
mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/fj57 Association, 2013). and URLs in Reference List Entries” on
p. 9 in Part 1 of this Guide.)

30
 Book Chapters

The Elements of a Reference Entry for a Chapter in an Edited Book

CHAPTER IN Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of book chapter.

AN EDITED In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book
BOOK (2nd ed., pp. #-#). Publisher. DOI or URL
Note. Adapted from Reference Guide for Journal Articles, Books, and Edited Book Chapters, by The American Psychological Association, 2020
(https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf). Copyright 2020 by The American Psychological Association.

Author, A. A. & Author, B. B.

• Write the authors’ names as they are listed on the book’s title page.
• Write the last name first, followed by a comma and the initials. Leave a space between the initials.
(Year).
• Use the copyright date shown on the work’s copyright page as the date of publication in the reference.
• When information is missing, use the abbreviation n.d. for “no date”.
• Put year in parentheses followed by a period.
Title of book chapter
• Capitalise the first word of the chapter title and the first word of any subtitle.
• Do not italicise the title of the chapter.
In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.),
• An editor is a person who prepares a book for publication, usually a book with sections written by different authors.
• Write the word “In” and the initials and last name of each editor. Do not invert first and last name.
• Use “(Ed.)” for one editor or “(Eds.)” for multiple editors.

32
 Title of the book
• Capitalise the first word of the book title, and capitalise the first word of any subtitle. Italicise the book title.
(# ed., pp. #-#)
• If there is an edition or volume number, include it in parentheses, without italics. Do not put a period in between the title and the edition
information.
Publisher.
• If there are multiple publishers, separate them by a semicolon.
• When the author and the publisher are the same, omit the publisher from the source element.
• Do not include publisher location information.

DOI or URL
• If the book has a DOI, include the DOI link in the reference after the publisher. See “Including DOIs and URLs in Reference List Entries“ on
p. 9 in Part 1 of this Guide.
• If an ebook does not have a DOI and is from a research database or other library-provided service, end the book reference after the
publisher name. Do not include any database information in the reference. This includes ebook providers such as Clinical Key, O’Reilly
Ebooks, or Ovid Ebooks. The reference in this case is the same as for a print book.
• If an ebook does not have a DOI and is not from a research database or other library-provided service, provide a URL in the reference.

In-Text Citations for Book Chapters

• If paraphrasing, provide only the author-date information. See “General Principles of Paraphrasing” on p. 18 in Part 1 of this Guide.
• If quoting, place the page number at the end of the quote. See “General Principles of Quoting” on pp. 19-20 in Part 1 of this Guide.

Book Chapters From a Course Book or Course Site

Book chapters may be included in your course book or course site. Where possible, reference these resources to their original source, for your
reader to find the source—that is, as if you had found them yourself. You do not need to state that they are in the course book or on the course
site. If the reading’s original source is not identified, contact your tutor for information.

33
Reference Examples: Book Chapters
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Chapter in an Aron, L., Botella, M., & Lubart, T. (2019). Culinary arts: (Aron et al., 2019). Chapters in books retrieved from Clinical
edited book (each Key or other academic databases are
Talent and their development. In R. F. Subotnik,
chapter by referenced in the same way as a chapter
different authors) P. Olszewski-Kubilius, & F. C. Worrell (Eds.),
in a print edited book. That is, exclude
The psychology of high performance: the name of the academic database (e.g.
Developing human potential into domain-specific Clinical Key) in the reference, unless the
reference source is found only in a
talent (pp. 345–359). American Psychological
specific database.
Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000120-
Reference entry: See “Books” on p. 26
016 in Part 2 of this Guide for examples of
how to format reference list entries and
Gordon, C. J. (2017). Fostering sleep. In J. Crisp, C. (Gordon, 2017).
in-text citations for works with two
Douglas, G. Rebeiro, & D. Waters (Eds.), Potter authors, and 3-20 authors.
and Perry’s fundamentals of nursing (5th ed., If the edited book chapter has its own
pp. 988-1015). Elsevier Australia. DOI, include that DOI in the reference
after the publisher name. Otherwise,
include the book’s DOI in your reference
entry. See “Including DOIs and URLs in
Reference List Entries” on p. 9 in Part 1
of this Guide.

34
 Reference Materials (Entries in Encyclopaedias, Dictionaries) and Reference Databases
Reference materials include dictionaries and encyclopaedias—sources you consult for specific information on words or topics, or an overview of a
subject.
A. Most online reference materials are designed to be continually updated. Provide the most specific publication date possible—for example,
year, month, day; year, month; or year only. If an updated date is available and is clearly attributable to the specific content you are citing
rather than to the overall website, use that updated date in the reference. If no publication date can be found, write “n.d.”, meaning “no
date”.
B. Some reference sources archive (keep) previous entries when they are updating reference entries. If you cannot find evidence of
archiving, use “n.d.” as the year of publication, and provide a retrieval date before the URL in the source element. By including this retrieval
date, you indicate to readers that the version of the work they retrieve may be different from the version you used. See the Merriam-
Webster example below, and “Providing Retrieval Dates With URLs” on p. 10 in Part 1 of this Guide.
C. If editors are known, name them right before the name of the dictionary or encyclopaedia. If not, provide just the dictionary or
encyclopaedia name.
D. Include the page number of the title or subject heading if it is available.
E. If the work you are referencing has a URL, see “Including DOIs and URLs in Reference List Entries” on p. 9 in Part 1 of this guide.
Reference Examples: Reference Materials
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Entry in a Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date). Title or subject (Author, date) Reference entry: See notes above.
dictionary,
heading. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Specifically, see note B to help you
thesaurus, or
encyclopaedia Title of the reference material – italicised decide whether to provide a retrieval
date.
(Edition number, Volume number, page or page
In-text citation: For details on how to
range, if available). Publisher. URL (or
format your in-text citations, see “In-Text
Publisher. Retrieved month day, year, from Citations (Works Credited in the Text)” on
URL) p. 14 in Part 1 of this Guide.

35
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Entry in a Te Ahukaramū, C. R. (2005, February 8). Māori creation (Te Ahukaramū, Reference entry: see notes above.
dictionary,
traditions. In Te Ara: The encyclopedia of New 2005). In-text citation: For details on how to
thesaurus, or
encyclopaedia, Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. format your in-text citations, see “In-Text
with individual Citations (Works Credited in the Text)” on
http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/maori-creation-
author p. 14 in Part 1 of this Guide.
traditions

Samartzis, D., Shen, F. H., & Keller, T. C. (2020, (Samartzis et al.,

November 19). Arthritis. In Encyclopaedia 2020).
Britannica. Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/science/arthritis

Entry in a Name of Organisation. (Date). Exact subject heading. (Name of Reference entry: see notes above.
dictionary,
In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of the Organisation, In-text citation: For details on how to
thesaurus, or
encyclopaedia, reference material – italicised (Edition number, Date). format your in-text citations, see “In-Text
with organisation Citations (Works Credited in the Text)” on
Volume number, page or page range, if
as author p. 14 in Part 1 of this Guide.
available). Publisher. URL (or Publisher.
Retrieved month day, year, from URL)

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Tautology. In Merriam- (Merriam-Webster,

Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved September n.d.).
24, 2020, from https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/tautology

Mosby. (2017). Muscles of ventilation. In M. T. O’Toole (Mosby, 2017).

(Ed.), Mosby’s dictionary of medicine, nursing &
health professions (10th ed., p. 1175). Elsevier.

36
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Wikis (including Full title of page/article. (Posting or current revision (“Title of Important: check with your tutor
Wikipedia) whether wikis and Wikipedia are
date). In Name of wiki – italicised. URL page/article,”
acceptable sources for assignments.
posting or current This is because wikis are collaborative
web pages that anyone can write, review,
revision date).
and edit. Information is not peer
reviewed. Additionally, Wikipedia reports
Electrical engineering. (2020, August 23). In Wikipedia. (“Electrical
information from other sources, making it
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electri Engineering,” a secondary source (a source or text that
an author has used but that you have not
cal_engineering&oldid=974603470 2020).
read). Many tutors prefer that students
cite primary sources.
Psychometrics. (2014, September 9). In Psychology (“Psychometrics,”
If citing a wiki or a Wikipedia article, do
Wiki. 2014).
not cite any particular author(s), as wikis
https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Psychometrics? are collaboratively written. Start the
reference entry with the title of the
oldid=173620
page/article. Include the name of the wiki.
Cite the archived version of the page so
that readers can retrieve the version you
used (see “Providing Retrieval Dates
With URLs” on p. 10 in Part 1 of this
Guide). Access the archived version of
Wikipedia by selecting “view history” and
then the time and date of the version you
used. If a wiki does not provide
permanent links to archived versions of
the page, include the retrieval date, and
the URL for the entry.
When quoting directly, provide a page or
paragraph number. However, many
electronic sources do not provide page
numbers: if so, see “Direct Quotation of
Material Without Page Numbers” on p. 20
in Part 1 of this Guide.

37
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Joanna Briggs Acupuncture: Managing hot flashes for people with (“Acupuncture,” If there appears to be no author, see
Institute EBP “Citing a Work With no Author” on p. 16
cancer [Recommended practices]. (2020, July 2019).
Database in Part 1 of this Guide before writing your
1). Joanna Briggs Institute EBP Database.
reference.
https://joannabriggs.org/
Provide available details and the
Marin, T. S. (2019). Effectiveness of interventions to (Marin, 2019). publication type in square brackets after
the title.
prevent pre-frailty and frailty progression in older
Information in Joanna Briggs Institute
adults [Best practice information sheet]. Joanna
databases is available only in those
Briggs Institute EBP Database, 21(2), 1-5. databases. Therefore, name the
https://joannabriggs.org/ database in the reference entry. See
“Including Database Sources in
Moola, S. (2020, August 13). Smoking cessation: (Moola, 2020). Reference List Entries” on p. 10 in Part 1
Community-based interventions [Evidence of this Guide.
summary]. Joanna Briggs Institute EBP URLs of works retrieved from Joanna
Database. https://joannabriggs.org/ Briggs Institute databases will not allow
your reader to access the information you
have used, as a login is needed or the
URL is specific to the time of search.
Therefore provide the URL of the
database’s home page.
Works retrieved from Joanna Briggs
Institute databases requires a login or are
session specific, meaning readers cannot
access the information you have used.
Therefore provide the URL of the
database or login page instead of the
URL of the work.

38
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Databases: Hand hygiene NZ [Clinical procedures]. (2017, April). (“Hand Hygiene If there appears to be no author, see
Lippincott “Citing a Work With no Author” on p. 16
Lippincott Procedures. Retrieved September 24, NZ,” 2017).
Procedures, in Part 1 of this Guide before writing your
UpToDate, and 2020, from
reference.
New Zealand
https://procedures.lww.com/lnp/view.do?pId=429
Formulary Information in Lippincott Procedures,
8005&hits=hygiene,hand,hands&a=false&ad=fal UpToDate, and New Zealand Formulary
se databases is available only in those
databases. Therefore, unlike most other
Morey, M. C. (2020, July 24). Physical activity and (Morey, 2020). references, you need to name the
exercise in older adults. UpToDate. Retrieved specific database in the reference entry.
See “Including Database Sources in
August 13, 2020, from
Reference List Entries” on p. 10 in Part 1
https://www.uptodate.com of this Guide.
Thyroid and antithyroid drugs [6.2]. (2020, July 1). New (“Thyroid and Also, include a retrieval date, as these
Zealand Formulary. Retrieved October 2, 2020, antithyroid drugs,” databases change their content regularly,
and do not archive previous versions of
from 2020). the articles. See “Providing Retrieval
https://nzf.org.nz/nzf_3779?searchterm=thyroid Dates With URLs” on p. 10 in Part 1 of
%20Thyroid%20and%20antithyroid%20drugs this Guide.
If the URL requires a login or is session
specific, meaning readers cannot access
the information you have used, provide
the URL of the database or login page
instead of the URL of the work (as in the
UpToDate example).

39
 Periodicals: Journals, Magazines, Newspapers, and Blogs
Periodicals are usually published continually (i.e., periodically). Periodicals include journals, magazines, newspapers and newsletters, as well as
online platforms that publish articles, such as blogs. However, the reference list entry follows the same pattern, no matter which type of periodical
you found your information in:
Author. (Date). Title of article. Periodical information. DOI or URL
Dates: The required amount of detail in the date element of different kinds of periodicals differs. For example, provide the year only for journal
articles, but give the year, month and day (if available) for other periodicals. See examples in following pages.
Missing Information: Often online periodicals such as magazines, newspapers and blogs will publish articles without volume, issue, and/or page
numbers or article numbers. If these elements appear to be missing from the work you are citing, omit them from the reference.

Journal Articles
Journals are scholarly or professional publications. Their articles are written by academic specialists and carefully reviewed. Avoid citing just the
abstract of an article, as that is only a summary. You need to understand the full article to inform your assignment.
Journal articles may be included in your course book or course site. Where possible, reference these resources to their original source, for your
reader to find the source—that is, as if you had found them yourself. You do not need to state that they are in the course book or on the course
site. If the reading’s original source is not identified, contact your tutor for information.

The Elements of a Reference Entry for a Journal Article

Much of the information needed can be found on the first page of the journal article. If not, refer to the database or internet page that links to the
journal article.

JOURNAL Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of the article.

ARTICLE Name of the Periodical, volume(issue), #-#. DOI
Note. Adapted from Reference Guide for Journal Articles, Books, and Edited Book Chapters, by The American Psychological Association, 2020
(https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf). Copyright 2020 by The American Psychological Association.

40
 Author, A. A. & Author, B. B.
• Write the last name first, followed by a comma and the initials. Leave a space between the initials.
(Year).
• Put in parentheses with a period following the close parenthesis.
Title of the article.
• Capitalise the first word of the article title, and the first word of any subtitle. Do not italicise the title of the article.
Name of the Periodical,
• Capitalise all major words in the periodical title, and end with a comma.
• Italicise all words, but not the final comma.
volume(issue), #-#

• Italicise the volume number, but not the issue number.

• Do not put a space between volume and issue. Put the issue number in parentheses. If there is no issue, omit and follow the volume with a
comma.
• Include the page range of the article with no spaces between numbers followed by a period.
• If an article has an article number, include that number right after the issue number and do not include page numbers. Include page
numbers only in in-text citations, and only if quoting.
DOI

• If the journal article has a DOI, include the DOI link in the reference after the volume and issue information. See “Including DOIs and URLs
in Reference List Entries” and “Providing Retrieval Dates With URLs” on pp. 9-10 in Part 1 of this Guide for more information.
• If the online work you are citing does not have a DOI, and you have retrieved it from a research database or other library-provided service,
see “Including Database Sources in Reference List Entries” on p. 10 in Part 1 of this Guide.

41
Reference Examples: Journal Articles
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Journal article Agnew, R. (2015). Reflections on the new Scottish (Agnew, 2015). In-text citation: For details on how to
with one author format your in-text citations, see “In-Text
innovative child protection system. Aotearoa
Citations (Works Credited in the Text)” on
New Zealand Social Work, 27(3), 4-13.
p. 14 in Part 1 of this Guide.
https://doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol27iss3id7

Journal article Cavenagh, N. J., & Wright, L. K. (2019). The maximum, (Cavenagh & Reference list: Use a comma to
with two authors separate an author’s initials from
supremum, and spectrum for critical set sizes in Wright, 2019).
additional author names, even when
(0,1)-matrices. Journal of Combinatorial
there are only two authors. Use an
Designs, 27(8), 522-536. ampersand (&) before the final author’s
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcd.21660 name: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.
In-text citation: When a work has two
Yeung, P. H. Y., & Rodgers, V. (2017). Quality of long- (Yeung & Rodgers,
authors, cite both names each time the
term care for older people in residential settings: 2017). reference occurs in text.
Perceptions of quality of life and care For a work with no DOI, accessed from
satisfaction from residents and their family an academic research database or other
members. Nursing Praxis in New Zealand, library service, do not name that
database or provide its URL in the
33(1), 28–43. reference list entry. This is because
works from those databases are usually
available elsewhere.

42
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Journal article Japuntich, S. J., Hammett, P. J., Rogers, E. S., Fu, S., (Japuntich et al., Reference entry: Give surnames and
with 3 to 20 initials for up to and including 20 authors
& Burgess, D. J. (2020). Effectiveness of 2020).
authors (e.g., Author, A. A., Author, B. B., &
proactive tobacco cessation treatment outreach
Author, C. C.), using an ampersand (&)
among smokers with serious mental illness. before the final name.
Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 22(9),1433– In-text citation: Write only the first
1438. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa013 author’s name, followed by et al. (which
means “and others”). Put a full stop after
Yli-Huumo, J., Ko, D., Choi, S., Park, S., & Smolander, (Yli-Huumo et al., et al., as shown.
2016).
K. (2016). Where Is current research on If an article has an article number include
Blockchain technology?: A systematic review. it right after the issue number.
PLOS ONE, 11(10), Article e0163477.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163477

Journal article Adlhoch, C., Mandakova, Z., Ethelberg, S., Epstein, J., (Adlhoch et al., Reference entry: Include the first 19
with 21 or more authors’ names, then insert three spaced
Rimhanen-Finne, R., Figoni, J., Baylis, S. A., 2019).
authors points (. . .), and add the last author’s
Faber, M., Mellou, K., Murphy, N., O'Gorman, J.,
name.
Tosti, M. E., Ciccaglione, A. R., Hofhuis, A.,
In-text citation: Include just the surname
Zaaijer, H., Lange, H., de Sousa, R., Avellon, A., of the first author, followed by et al.
Sundqvist, L., . . . Ijaz, S. (2019). Standardising (which means “and others”).
surveillance of hepatitis E virus infection in the
EU/EEA: A review of national practices and
suggestions for the way forward. Journal of
Clinical Virology, 120, 63-67.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2019.09.005

43
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Editorial in a Linares, A. M. (2020). Year of the midwife [Editorial]. (Linares, 2020). Reference entry: Leave out the notation
journal [Editorial], if the word “Editorial” is
Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 31(6), 537–
already in the article title.
538. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659620959715

Articles from Amissah, E. A., Brown, J., & Harding, J. E. (2020). (Amissah et al., Reference entry: Format articles from
systematic review systematic review databases like journal
Protein supplementation of human milk for 2020).
databases articles.
promoting growth in preterm infants. Cochrane
Note about Cochrane Database of
Database of Systematic Reviews, (9), Article
Systematic Reviews and JBI
CD000433. https://doi.org/fk9t databases: Articles from these
databases are available only in those
Keeping-Burke, L., McCloskey, R., Donovan, C., (Keeping-Burke et
databases. Therefore, unlike most other
Yetman, L., & Goudreau, A. (2020). Nursing al., 2020). references, you need to name the
students' experiences with clinical placement in database in the reference entry. See
“Including Database Sources in
residential aged care facilities: A systematic
Reference List Entries” on p. 10 in Part 1
review of qualitative evidence. JBI Evidence of this Guide.
Synthesis, 18(5), 986-1018. If an article has an article number include
https://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-D-19-00122 it right after the issue number.
If the online work you are citing does not
have a DOI, and you have retrieved it
from a research database or other
library-provided service, see “Including
Database Sources in Reference List
Entries” on p. 10 in Part 1 of this Guide.

44
 Magazine Articles
Check with your tutor whether a magazine is a suitable source of information to use in your assignment.
Magazines are commercial publications that present ideas and information for general readers who are non-specialists.
(In contrast, Journals are scholarly or professional publications. Their articles are written by academic specialists and carefully reviewed).
Reference Examples: Magazine Articles
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Magazine article Author, A. A., & Author B. B. (date). Title of the article: (Author & Author, Reference entry: Give the exact date
Subtitle if there is one. Title of Magazine, volume Year). shown on the publication – Year and
month or season; or year and month and
number (issue number if available), page or page
day for weeklies.
range of the article. DOI or URL
If the work you are referencing has a
DOI or URL, see “Including DOIs and
URLs in Reference List Entries” and
“Providing Retrieval Dates With URLs”
on pp. 9-10 in Part 1 of this Guide.
For a work with no DOI, accessed from
an academic research database or other
library service, do not name that
database or provide its URL in the
reference list entry. This is because
works from those databases are usually
available elsewhere.
In-text citation: Only the year is
required, not the full date.

45
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Magazine article Hill, S. (2019, November 27). Business have been (Hill, 2019). See “Journal Articles” on p. 40 in Part 2
with individual of this Guide for examples of citing
practicing social responsibility for decades, but is
author multiple authors
that really a good thing? Newsweek.
For a work with no DOI, accessed from
https://www.newsweek.com/2019/11/29/corporate-
an academic research database or other
social-responsibility-good-bad-1473934.html library service, do not name that
database or provide its URL in the
reference list entry. This is because
Neve, J. (2019, September 13). Bigger fish to fry. The (Neve, 2019). works from those databases are usually
available elsewhere (as per Neve
Caterer, 207, 16.
example).

Magazine article Macdonald Hotels sells Rusacks and Randolph (“Macdonald If there appears to be no author, see
with no author “Citing a Work With no Author” on p. 16
properties. (2019, November 29). The Caterer, 5. Hotels,” 2019).
in Part 1 of this Guide before writing your
reference.
Reference entry: Begin the reference
with the title of the article.
In-text citation: Use the first few words
of the title, with key words in capitals, in
quotation marks. The first word of the
citation must match the first word of the
reference entry.

46
 Newspaper Articles
Reference Examples: Newspaper Articles
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Newspaper article Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year, month and day). (Author, A. A., & Reference entry: Provide the page
Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Author, B. B., numbers as used by the newspaper, e.g.
B1, or 3:1. Sometimes articles appear on
Newspaper (italicised, and all key words Year).
pages that are not continuous; in that
capitalised), page or page range of article, if case, give all page numbers, separated
any. URL with commas (e.g. B1, B3, B5-B7).

Newspaper article Collyns, D. (2019, November 29). How Peru’s potato (Collyns, 2019). If the work you are referencing has a DOI
museum could stave off world food crisis. The or URL, see “Including DOIs and URLs in
Reference List Entries” and “Providing
Guardian.
Retrieval Dates With URLs” on pp. 9-10
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/ in Part 1 of this Guide.
nov/29/how-perus-potato-museum-could-stave-
off-world-food-crisis

Hart, L. (2020, September 28). Tax sugary drinks to pay (Hart, 2020).
for better dental care. The Press, 18.

Newspaper article Bote, J. (2019, December 3). Whale found dead with (Bote, 2019). Use this format for articles published in
from news online news sources (e.g. Stuff, BBC
100kg of trash in its stomach. Stuff.
website News, CNN, Reuters).
https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/117885984/
whale-found-dead-with-100kg-of-trash-in-its-
stomach

47
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Newspaper article Call to sign wombat privacy pledge and show some ("Call to sign," If there appears to be no author, see
with no author “Citing a Work With no Author” on p. 16
selfie respect. (2019, January 19). Taranaki 2019).
in Part 1 of this Guide before writing your
Daily News, 9.
reference.
Reference entry: If there is no author,
begin the reference with the title of the
article.
In-text citation: Use the first few words
of the title, with key words in capitals, in
quotation marks. The first word of the
citation must match the first word of the
reference entry.

Special Kassenaar, L. (2009, December 11). Carbon capitalists (Kassenaar, 2009).

newspaper issue
[New Zealand Herald supplement]. The
or section
Business Herald, 12-14.

Newspaper Nice time off if you can get it [Editorial]. (2019, (“Nice Time Off,”
editorial
December 2). The Press, 16. 2019).

Letter to the Wauchop, S. (2019, December 2). Why the fear of (Wauchop, 2019).
Editor
dropping voting age? [Letter to the editor]. The
Press, 17.

48
 Blogs
Check with your tutor whether blog posts and comments are suitable sources of information to use in your assignment. They are generally not
peer reviewed, not scholarly, and not archived for a significant time.
Reference Examples: Blogs
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Blog posts Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year, month and day). See “Books“ on p. 26 in Part 2 of this
Title of post: Subtitle of post. Title of Blog. URL Guide for examples of how to format
reference list entries and in-text citations
Osborn, H. (2020, April 21). How does a disease (Osborn, 2020). for works with two authors, and 3-20
transfer from an animal to a human and back? authors.

Smithsonian Science Education Center.

https://ssec.si.edu/stemvisions-blog/how-does-
disease-transfer-animal-human-and-back

Blog post with no How to manage the most common caffeine withdrawal (“How to Manage,” Reference entry: If there is no author,
author begin the reference with the article title. If
symptoms. (n.d.). Coffee Science. n.d.).
the work has a DOI or URL, see
https://www.coffeescience.org/how-to-manage-
“Including DOIs and URLs in Reference
caffeine-withdrawal-symptoms/ List Entries” and “Providing Retrieval
Dates With URLs” on pp. 9-10 in Part 1
of this Guide.
In-text citation: Use the first few words
of the title, with key words in capitals, in
quotation marks. The first word of the
citation must match the first word of the
reference entry.

49
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Immediately after the date, provide the
Comment on a Bishop, M. (2019, December 12). If you’re interested in (Bishop, 2019).
blog post comment title if available. If there is no
the replicability of social science, you might want comment title, give up to the first 20
to join Replication Markets, a site where words of the blog comment (as shown to
researchers. [Comment on the blog post the left). Follow this information with
[Comment on the blog post “. . . “]. Give
“Building the foundation for future research the full name of the article commented
through Open data, code and protocols”]. The on.
Official PLOS Blog.
https://blogs.plos.org/plos/2019/12/building-the-
foundation-for-future-research-through-open-
data-code-and-protocols/

50
 Reports and Other Grey Literature
The category of grey (gray) literature covers works not published by commercial publishers. Grey literature includes reports, government
publications, policies and procedures, codes of ethics, press releases, policy briefs (brief reports), and so forth. In some instances, booklets and
pamphlets are also considered grey literature, as are conference-related works, and theses and dissertations. As grey literature includes such a
range of works, it is helpful if you describe the type of grey literature in square brackets after the title; however, this is optional.
If you are unsure how to classify your document, reference it using the “Reports and other Grey Literature” format, below. An example is a
document in PDF format, available as a download from a government or business web page.
Reports are part of grey literature. They often include technical information or original research findings, may be written by an individual or an
organisation, and are sometimes peer-reviewed. The many kinds of reports include government and local government reports, annual reports by
businesses, technical reports, research reports, and white papers (a type of report used in politics and business to present a policy, philosophy, or
position on a particular issue).
If the document comes from a company intranet, and you are writing for an audience with access to that resource, provide the name of the site
and its URL (use the login page URL for sites requiring login). If the audience for which are you writing does not have access to the document, cite
it as a personal communication (see “Citing Personal Communications (e.g. Email, Interviews, and Guest Speakers)” on p. 17 in Part 1 of this
Guide.

Reports, Booklets, Codes of Ethics, and Other Grey Literature

Reference Examples: Reports and Other Grey Literature
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Reports and other Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title (Author, A. A., & Reference entry: If the type of grey
Grey Literature literature, or its format, is not clear from
of report - italicised (Report Number if available). Author, B. B.,
the title, describe it in square brackets
Publisher name. DOI or URL Year). after the title to help your reader find the
document you have used. e.g. [Booklet].
Name of Organisation. (Date of publication). Title of (Name of If the format of the document is obvious,
do not add a description after the title.
report - italicised (Report Number if available). Organisation,
If the work you are referencing has a DOI
Publisher name. DOI or URL Year).
or URL, see “Including DOIs and URLs in
Reference List Entries” and “Providing
Retrieval Dates With URLs” on pp. 9-10
in Part 1 of this Guide.

51
Report – with Wood, A., & Johnson, M. (2018, June). Green (Wood & Johnson, Reference entry: The author of a report
individual or is usually an organisation, unless a
prescription patient survey: 2018 report. 2018).
organisation as specific individual is named as the
author Research New Zealand.
author. See “Books” on p. 26 in Part 1 of
https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documen this Guide for examples of how to format
ts/publications/green-prescription-patient- reference list entries and in-text citations
for reports with more than one author.
survey-2018-report.pdf
If the work has been published by the
Australian Government Productivity Commission & New (Australian author, omit the publisher name from the
Zealand Productivity Commission. (2019). Government source element. However, do include that
publisher’s name in the source element if
Growing the digital economy in Australia and Productivity
the author is one of multiple publishers.
New Zealand: Maximising opportunities for Commission & Separate multiple publishers with a semi-
SMEs. New Zealand colon.
https://www.pc.gov.au/research/completed/growi Productivity In-text citation: If the author is an
ng-digital-economy/growing-digital-economy.pdf Commission, organisation, see “Abbreviating
Organisational Authors” on p. 16 in Part 1
2019).
of this Guide.
If the report comes from a company
intranet, and you are writing for an
audience with access to that resource,
provide the name of the site and its URL
(use the login page URL for sites
requiring login). If the audience for which
are you writing does not have access to
the report, cite it as a personal
communication (see “Citing Personal
Communications (e.g. Email, Interviews,
and Guest Speakers)” on p. 17 in Part 1
of this Guide.

52
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Code of Ethics or Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers. (Aotearoa New If the work has been published by the
Code of Conduct author, omit the publisher name from the
(2019). Code of ethics 2019. Zealand
source element. However, do include that
https://anzasw.nz/wp-content/uploads/Code-of- Association of publisher’s name in the source element if
the author is one of multiple publishers.
Ethics-Adopted-30-Aug-2019.pdf Social Workers,
Separate multiple publishers with a semi-
2019). colon.
In-text citation: If the author is an
Nursing Council of New Zealand. (2012). Code of (Nursing Council of
organisation, see “Abbreviating
conduct for nurses [Booklet full]. New Zealand, Organisational Authors” on p. 16 in Part 1
of this Guide.
https://www.nursingcouncil.org.nz/Public/Nursin 2012).
Describe the type of source in square
g/Code_of_Conduct/NCNZ/nursing-
brackets after its title, to help the reader
section/Code_of_Conduct.aspx find the document. If the format of the
document is obvious, a description after
the title is not needed.

Booklets, leaflets, Baxter Healthcare. (2017, April 6). 5% glucose (AVIVA) (Baxter Healthcare, Reference entry: If the type of grey
brochures, literature, or its format, is not clear from
data sheet. New Zealand Medicines and Medical 2017).
pamphlets, the title, describe it in square brackets
guidelines, fact Devices Safety Authority.
after the title to help your reader find the
sheets and data
https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/Profs/Datasheet/5 document you have used. e.g. [Leaflet]. If
sheets, including
PDFs downloaded percentglucoseavivainf.pdf the format of the document is obvious, do
from a website not add a description after the title.
Learning Services. (n.d.). How to learn [Learning (Learning Services,
resource]. Ara Institute of Canterbury. n.d.).
https://tekete.ara.ac.nz/file/5b8da286-1aa7-
4d1b-871b-fd20632fc1ab/2/How_to_Learn.pdf

53
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Booklets, leaflets, Ministry of Health. (2019, May 8). National SUDI (Ministry of Health, If the author of the work is an
brochures, organisation, use the full name of the
Prevention Programme: Needs assessment and 2019).
pamphlets, organisation.
guidelines, fact care planning guide.
sheets and data If there appears to be no author, see
https://www.health.govt.nz/publication/national-
sheets, including “Citing a Work With no Author” on p. 16
PDFs downloaded sudi-prevention-programme-needs-assessment- of this Guide before writing your
from a website reference.
and-care-planning-guide
If the work has been published by the
Ministry of Health. (2017, June). Young Māori women (Ministry of Health,
author, omit the publisher name from the
who smoke: A journey of discovery through data 2017). source element. However, do include that
[Datasheet]. https://www.health.govt.nz/system/ publisher’s name in the source element if
files/documents/pages/mws-analytics-single- the author is one of multiple publishers,
as in the Ministry of Health (n.d.)
page-summary-june2017.pdf example. Separate multiple publishers
Nursing Council of New Zealand. (2016, September). (Nursing Council of with a semi-colon.

Competencies for registered nurses [Booklet]. New Zealand, Provide the URL for documents that are
accessed electronically. If a PDF
https://www.nursingcouncil.org.nz/Public/Nursin 2016).
document is accessible only through a
g/Scopes_of_practice/Registered_Nurse/NCNZ/ link on a specific webpage, provide the
nursing-section/Registered_nurse.aspx URL of that webpage; for example, MOH
or Nursing Council of New Zealand on
National Heart Foundation of New Zealand. (2009). (National Heart this page. See “Including DOIs and URLs
New Zealand guideline for the management of Foundation of New in Reference List Entries” on p. 9 in Part
1 of this Guide.
chronic heart failure: 2009 Update. Zealand, 2009)
https://assets.heartfoundation.org.nz/documents
/shop/heart-healthcare/non-stock-
resources/heart-failure-guideline.pdf

54
Conference Sessions and Presentations
Conference sessions and presentations include presentations of academic papers and posters, keynote addresses, and symposium contributions.
If a work of this type has been published as a journal article, or as a chapter in an edited book, reference them in that format, not as a conference
session or presentation.
• Type of contribution: If the type of contribution, or its format, is not clear from the title, describe it in square brackets after the title to help
your reader find the document you have used. e.g. [Poster presentation]. If the format of the contribution is obvious, do not add a
description after the title.
• Location: Conferences and symposiums are held in or associated with specific locations. Include the location in the source element of your
reference list entry to help retrieval. See the “Rules for Works Associated With Specific Locations” on p. 57 in Part 2 of this Guide.
Reference Examples: Conference Sessions and Presentations
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Paper Presenter, A. A., Presenter B. B., Presenter C. C., (Presenter, A. A., See “Books” on p. 26 in Part 2 of this
presentation or Guide for examples of how to format
Presenter D. D., & Presenter E. E. (Year, Month Presenter B. B., &
poster reference list entries and in-text citations
presentation and date). Title of contribution – in italics [Type Presenter C. C.,
for works with two authors, and 3-20
of contribution]. Conference name, Location. Year). authors.
DOI or URL if available If the work you are referencing has a DOI
or URL, see “Including DOIs and URLs in
Reference List Entries” and “Providing
Retrieval Dates With URLs” on pp. 9-10
in Part 1 of this Guide.

Paper Wong, W. C., Ng, H. T., Chan, R., Evain, & Ang, H. (Wong et al., See “Rules for Works Associated With
presentation Specific Locations” on p. 57 in Part 2 of
(2019, September 18-20). Going real time in 2019).
this Guide.
water conservation: Our experience [Paper
presentation]. Water New Zealand Conference &
Expo 2019. Hamilton, New Zealand.
https://www.waternz.org.nz/Attachment?Action=
Download&Attachment_id=4082

55
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Poster Busby, H. R., Chidlow, R., & Richardson, E. (2019, (Busby et al., See “Rules for Works Associated With
presentation Specific Locations” on p. 57 in Part 2 of
September 5-6). Research support, or there and 2019).
this Guide.
back again: Changes in the provision of support
to Researchers resulting from a review of Te
Tumu Herenga [Poster presentation]. University
Research Offices New Zealand Conference
2019. Auckland, New Zealand.
https://auckland.figshare.com/articles/poster/UR
ONZ_2019_Poster/9789311/1

Symposium Contributor, A. A. & Contributor, B. B. (Year, Month, and See “Rules for Works Associated With
contribution Specific Locations” on p. 57 in Part 2 of
date). Title of contribution. Title of symposium –
this Guide.
in italics, main words capitalised. Symposium
name, Location. DOI or URL if available.

Shallard, G. (2019, October 24). Shaken baby (Shallard, 2019).

syndrome. Well Child Symposium. Dunedin,
New Zealand.
https://www.immune.org.nz/sites/default/files/Co
nferences/3%20Grace%20Shallard%20Dunedin
%2024.10.2019_.pdf

56
Rules for Works Associated With Specific Locations
Conference sessions and presentations, and artworks in museums, are associated with specific locations. Include the location in the source
element of your reference list entry. This helps your reader retrieve the work.
In the source element of the reference list entry, name the city; state, province or territory if applicable; and country. Use the official state, province
or territory abbreviation if available (use Google or similar to find the abbreviation).
For example:
Wellington, New Zealand Sydney, NSW, Australia London, United Kingdom Lincolnwood, IL, United States

Theses and Dissertations

Reference Examples: Theses and Dissertations
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Theses and Author, A. A. (year.) Title of dissertation/thesis (Author, year). Published dissertations and theses can
Dissertations be retrieved from subscription
[description, Name of Institution].
databases, institutional repositories, and
Database/Archive name. URL personal websites.
Provide the publication number, if
available, as it allows a thesis to be
quickly located.
If the work you are referencing has a DOI
or URL, see “Including DOIs and URLs in
Reference List Entries” and “Providing
Retrieval Dates With URLs” on pp. 9-10
in Part 1 of this Guide.

Thesis or Danielowski, L. (2018). A content analysis of public (Danielowski,

Dissertation from
discourses on maternal health inequalities in the 2018).
a subscription
database U.S (Publication No. 13884979) [Master’s thesis,
The George Washington University]. ProQuest
Dissertations and Theses.

57
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Thesis or King, J. (2019). The experiences of Filipino-qualified (King, 2019).
Dissertation from
registered nurses transitioning to acute nursing
an institutional
repository practice within New Zealand [Master’s thesis, Ara
Institute of Canterbury]. Ara Institute of
Canterbury Thesis Collection.
https://ara.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/coll
ectionDiscovery?vid=64ARA_INST:64ARA&inst=
64ARA_INST&collectionId=8131120710004431

Pan, S. (2019). Business clustering in New Zealand: The (Pan, 2019).

creation of competitiveness in a regional cluster
and the influences of intermediaries on the
cluster competitiveness [Doctoral thesis,
Auckland University of Technology, Auckland,
New Zealand]. Tuwhera Open Access Theses &
Dissertations.
https://openrepository.aut.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/
10292/13042/PanS2.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed
=y

58
 New Zealand Legislation and Standards
Legislation is a law or body of laws. New Zealand legislation includes Acts, Regulations, and Bills. Acts are laws made by Parliament, while Bills
are proposed Acts.

Acts, Regulations, and Bills

Reference Examples: Acts, Regulations, and Bills
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Acts Harmful Digital Communications Act 2015, No. 63. (Harmful Digital Give the full name of the Act (i.e., name,
(2015). Communications date, and number) and the date the Act
commenced or was enacted (you will find
http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2015/00 Act, 2015).
that date on the Act itself). Follow this
63/latest/whole.html with the URL. See “Including DOIs and
URLs in Reference List Entries” and
“Providing Retrieval Dates With URLs” on
pp. 9-10 in Part 1 of this Guide.
If necessary, refer to an Act’s section
number(s) in your assignment text, NOT
in your citations.

Parliamentary Education (School Donations) Amendment Bill 147-3. (Education [School Parliamentary bills are proposals to either
bills pass new laws (acts) or amend existing
(2019). Donations]
laws.
http://legislation.govt.nz/bill/government/2019/01 Amendment Bill,
47/latest/whole.html 2019).

Regulations Food Regulations 2015, LI 2015/310. (2015). (Food Regulations,

http://legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/2015/0 2015).
310/24.0/DLM6684211.html

59
Court Cases
Specify the parties’ exact names as they appear on the first page of the case. For individuals, provide the surname only.
Reference Examples: Court Cases
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Court cases Name v. name, Court name Volume number (Year). The case name or title is in standard
URL type in the reference list. However, note
that it is in italics in the citation.
Garrison v. Fitzgibbon, NZFC 116 (2019). (Garrison v.
https://www.districtcourts.govt.nz/assets/secure/2 Fitzgibbon, 2019).
019-12-03/a9b9cb3e63/2019-NZFC-
or
116_Garrison-v-Fitzgibbon.pdf

Garrison v.
Fitzgibbon (2019)
______

60
New Zealand Standards
Standards are agreed specifications and regulations for products, processes, services or performance, and used by a diverse range of
organisations. New Zealand Standards can be accessed free through the Ara library databases.
Reference Examples: New Zealand Standards
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
New Zealand Title/subtitle of standard, number. (Date). URL if any (Title, year). If the work you are referencing has a
Standards URL, see “Including DOIs and URLs in
Electrical installations: Known as the Australian/New (Electrical Reference List Entries” and “Providing
Zealand Wiring Rules, AS/NZS 3000:2018. Installations, 2020). Retrieval Dates With URLs” on pp. 9-10
(2020, January). in Part 1 of this Guide.

https://shop.standards.govt.nz/catalog/3000%3A In-text citation: Give the shortened title

only.
2018%28AS%7CNZS%29/view

Land development and subdivision infrastructure, NZS (Land

4404:2010. (2010, July 5). Development and
https://shop.standards.govt.nz/catalog/4404%3A Subdivision
2010%28NZS%29/view Infrastructure,
2010).

New Zealand Nurses Organisation. (2012, July). New Zealand

Standards of professional nursing practice. Nurses
https://www.nzno.org.nz/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket Organisation
=kC5YpeNKSRk%3D&portalid=0 (NZNO, 2012)

Subsequent
citations: (NZNO,
2012).

61
Te Tiriti o Waitangi / Treaty of Waitangi
Reference Examples: Te Tiriti o Waitangi / Treaty of Waitangi
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Text of the Treaty Ministry for Culture and Heritage. (2020, June 18). According to the You are most likely to find the Treaty of
of Waitangi / Te Waitangi reproduced in a book or website
Read the Treaty: Page 1: Introduction. New English text of the
Tiriti o Waitangi that reprints, or refers to, details of the
Zealand History. Retrieved October 20, 2020, Treaty of Waitangi
Treaty. Therefore, the format of your
from https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/treaty/read- (Ministry for reference entry will depend on the source
the-treaty/english-text Culture and you are using. For example, the first
example provided here is a website, the
Heritage,
second is a booklet, and the third is a
2020), …. PDF downloaded from a website
(referenced in the format for grey
State Services Commission. (2005). All about the According to the
literature).
Treaty [Booklet]. The Treaty of Waitangi English translation
In your writing, identify the text of the
Information Programme. of the Maori text Treaty (English, Māori, or English
https://nzhistory.govt.nz/files/documents/All_abo (State Services translation of Māori version).
ut_the_Treaty.pdf Commission, 2005, In the in-text citation, include the article
Article the first), …. number if applicable. If referring to the
text that precedes the articles, write
Te Titiri o Waitangi: The Treaty of Waitangi [Te Tiriti (Te Titiri o “Preamble”.
with English translation]. (n.d.). Ministry for Waitangi: The
Culture and Heritage. Treaty of Waitangi,
https://nzhistory.govt.nz/files/documents/treaty- n.d., Preamble).
kawharu-footnotes.pdf

62
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Waitangi Tribunal Waitangi Tribunal. (1992). The Ngāi Tahu sea fisheries (Waitangi Tribunal,
report
report 1992 (Wai 27). Brooker and Friend. 1992).
https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/Documents/
WT/wt_DOC_68472628/NT%20Sea%20Fisherie
s%20W.pdf

63
 Social Media
Take care when citing social media such as Facebook posts and tweets. They are generally not peer reviewed, not scholarly, and not archived for
a significant time.
Cite only original content from social media sites. For example, if you found information on Twitter, cite that tweet. If you found information on a
Facebook page, cite that page or post. However, if you found information through social media, you do not need to mention the social media link –
cite only the original source of the content. For example, if you found information in a blog post that you found through a link on Twitter, cite only
the blog post – you do not need to mention that you found it through Twitter.
Reference Examples: Social Media
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Social Media Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. or Name of Organisation (Name, posting If only a screen name is available, use
that posted. (Year, Month Day of posting). Title date). the screen name. Do not alter any
nonstandard spelling or capitalization.
of post, up to the first 20 words [Description of
See “Including DOIs and URLs in
form]. Site name. URL
Reference List Entries” and “Providing
Retrieval Dates With URLs” on pp. 9-10
in Part 1 of this Guide.

Facebook page Environment and Conservation Organisations of NZ. (Environment and State the full name of an organisational
(n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Conservation author. Use the Facebook page title, in
this case Home, in the reference.
Retrieved September 25, 2020, from Organisations of
Provide a retrieval date to show this is a
https://www.facebook.com/econz/ NZ, n.d.).
snapshot of the content at a particular
time. Group page content is likely to be
added to, so by including this date, you
indicate to readers that the version of the
Facebook page they retrieve may be
different from the version you used.

64
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Facebook post World Health Organization. (2020, September 25). Stop (World Health Use or adapt this format when
referencing other platform or profile
tobacco use. Reduce the harmful use of alcohol. Organization,
pages from Instagram, Tumblr, LinkedIn,
Cut salt intake. Consume less sugar. Increase 2020). and so forth.
physical activity. Let's beat [Video attached] In the title, provide the content of the post
up to the first 20 words. Include a
[Status update]. Facebook.
description of any audiovisuals in
https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=361365511 brackets.
722793&extid=M5duiFVkjV6zSulj Note: Information from private or friends-
only Facebook, Twitter or Instagram
pages is NOT publicly retrievable. Thus
cite it only as personal communication
(see “Citing Personal Communications
(e.g. Email, Interviews, and Guest
Speakers)“ on p. 17 in Part 1 of this
Guide). No reference list entry is
required.

Instagram photo Christchurch City Council [@christchurchcc]. (2020, (Christchurch City State the full name of the organisation
or video that posted the photo or video.
August 11). Want a sticker to pop on the lids of Council, 2020).
your three bins so you can double check what
goes in [Photograph]. Instagram.
https://www.instagram.com/p/CDu5SP8pTIK/

Instagram Auckland Museum [@aucklandmuseum]. (n.d.). Sir Ed (Auckland As a highlight can change at any time,
highlight the retrieval date is needed (see
photos [Highlight]. Instagram. Retrieved Museum, n.d.).
“Providing Retrieval Dates With URLs” on
September 25, 2020, from
p. 10 in Part 1 of this Guide.
https://www.instagram.com/aucklandmuseum/ta
gged/

65
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Tweet Author, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month, Day of State the full name of the organisational
tweet). Tweet content, up to the first 20 words author.

[Description of audiovisuals if they are present].

Site name. URL

Gates, B. [@BillGates]. (2020, September 4). Clinical (Gates, 2020).

trials are critical to helping researchers better
understand Alzheimer's. Improving how we
identify and enroll participants in those trials
[Tweet]. Twitter.
https://twitter.com/BillGates/status/13016042667
38507777

SPCA New Zealand [@RNZSPCA]. (2020, September (SPCA New

17). SPCA has joined with SAFE in sending a Zealand, 2020).
letter to Jacinda Ardern asking her to show the
world just how [Tweet]. Twitter.
https://twitter.com/RNZSPCA/status/130634349
4496088064

66
 Webpages and Websites

Using the “Webpages and Websites” Reference Category

• Important: Only use the “Webpages and Websites” category when the work you are referencing does not fit within another reference
category.
• Before writing your reference, ask yourself, “what type of work is on this website?” Then choose the reference category that is most similar
to the work you want to reference and follow the most relevant example. It can be confusing, as many types of work can be retrieved
through a website or webpage, including periodical articles, blog posts, and booklets. They need to be referenced under their own
category.
• For example, to cite a report from a government website, follow the examples under the “Reports and Other Grey Literature” category on
p. 51 in Part 2 of this Guide. To cite a booklet downloaded from a government website, follow the examples under the “Booklets” category
under Grey Literature on p. 51 in Part 2 of this Guide. To cite a webpage from a government website, follow the examples under the
“Webpages and Websites” category on p. 67 in Part 2 of this Guide.

Citing an Entire Website

If you are generally mentioning a website, that is, not citing specific information from that website, you do not need a reference list entry or in-text
citation. Provide the name of the website in text and include the URL in parentheses. For example:
Kidspsych is a wonderful interactive website for children (http://www.kidspsych.org).

67
Reference Examples: Webpages and Websites
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Webpages Author if available – Author, A. A. & Author, B. B., or (Author, A. A. & Reference entry: The author of a
webpage may be on an “about us” or
Name of organisation. (Date posted of last Author, B. B., or
acknowledgements page.
updated). Title of the document/webpage Organisation,
Provide the most specific publication date
italicised. Website name. URL Year). possible—for example, year, month, day;
year, month; or year only. Avoid using
the webpage copyright date as it may not
be the publication date. If an updated
date is available and is clearly
attributable to the specific content you
are citing rather than to the overall
website, use that updated date in the
reference. If no publication date can be
found, write “n.d.”, meaning “no date’.
When referencing a webpage with
frequently updated content (e.g., World
Population Clock) include a retrieval date
in the source element. By including this
date, you indicate to readers that the
webpage they retrieve may be different
from the version you used. If you are not
sure if the webpage you have used is
frequently updated, add a retrieval date
into your reference entry. See “Including
DOIs and URLs in Reference List
Entries” and “Providing Retrieval Dates
With URLs” on pp. 9-10 of this Guide.
In-text citation: Webpages rarely
provide page numbers, so if quoting
directly, see “Direct Quotation of Material
Without Page Numbers” on p. 20 of this
Guide.

68
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Webpage with Murad, A. L. (2020, August 14). 5 key habits of healthy (Murad, 2020). If you cannot determine who the author
individual is, see “Citing a Work With no Author” on
eaters. Mayo Clinic.
author(s) p. 16 of this Guide before writing your
https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-
reference.
lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/5-
key-habits-of-healthy-eaters/art-20270182

Webpage with Ministry of Health. (2018, December 5). Maori health. (Ministry of Health, With organisational or government
organisation or agency websites, the organisation or
https://www.health.govt.nz/our- 2018).
agency as author agency itself is the author, unless
work/populations/maori-health
otherwise specified. If the author is an
University of Auckland Business School. (n.d.). (University of organisation or agency, see
“Abbreviating Organisational Authors” on
Reflective experience. Learning Hub. Auckland Business p. 16 of this Guide.
https://www.learninghub.ac.nz/writing/reflective- School, n.d.).
When the author name and the website
writing/ name are the same, omit the website
name from the source element.
U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). U.S. and world population (U.S. Census
Bureau, n.d.)
clock. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved
January 9, 2020, from
https://www.census.gov/popclock/

69
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Multiple World Health Organization. (2019a). 7 million people (World Health If you have used more than one webpage
webpages from from a website, create a separate
receive record levels of lifesaving TB treatment Organization,
the same website, reference entry for each webpage. Add
same year but 3 million still miss out. 2019a).
suffixes a, b, c etc. to the date e.g.
https://www.who.int/tb/en/ 2019a, 2019b, n.d.-a, n.d.-b.

World Health Organization. (2019b). Strategies for oral (World Health Use the alphabetical order of the titles in
the reference list to assign the suffixes.
disease prevention and health promotion. Organization,
Double the letters when the series goes
https://www.who.int/oral_health/strategies/en/ 2019b).
beyond z. e.g. 2019aa or n.d.-aa).
(World Health See also “Citing Works With the Same
Organization, n.d.- Author and Same Date” on p. 15 of this
a). Guide.

(World Health
Organization, n.d.-
b).

70
 Audio-Visual (AV) Media
AV media include audio-and-visual works (e.g. television broadcasts, films, streaming video), audio-only works (e.g. music, audio broadcasts),
and visual-only works (e.g. photographs, artwork, maps). The references for audio-and-visual, audio-only, and visual-only works follow the same
formats – however, they are separated into these categories below in order to help users of this APA Guide.
*Important note about audiovisual works: Use the guidelines below only if you are referring to an AV work. If you are reproducing (reprinting or
adapting) an AV work in your paper or assignment (e.g. a photograph or art work), do not use the guidelines below. Instead, you must provide a
copyright attribution (see “Tables and Figures” on p. 82 in Part 2 of this Guide).

Two Formats for AV Media References: Stand-Alone Works and Part-of-a-Whole Works
There are two different formats for AV media references: one format for if the work stands alone (e.g. films, whole TV series, music albums,
artwork, YouTube videos), and another format if the work is part of a greater whole (e.g. a TV series episode, a podcast episode, a song from an
album). For example, see the TV series and TV episode references below:
Iannucci, A., Godsick, C., & Rich, F. (Executive Producers). (2012-2019). Veep [TV series]. HBO.

Morton, L. (Writer) & Mandel, D. (Director). (2019, March 31). Iowa (Season 7, Episode 1) [TV series episode]. In A. Iannucci, C.
Godsick, & F. Rich (Executive Producers), Veep. HBO.
Use the instructions below to construct stand-alone and part-of-a-whole AV works:
Author: The author of an AV work is determined by the type of work, as in the table below. Add their contribution in parentheses immediately after
their name, e.g. (Director). See also “Books” on p. 26 in Part 2 of this guide for examples of how to format reference list entries and in-text
citations for works with more than one author.
Type of work Include as author
Film Director

TV series Executive producer(s)

TV series episode Write and director of episode

YouTube or other online streaming video Person or group who uploaded the video

Webinar Instructor

Podcast Host or executive producer

71
 Type of work Include as author
Podcast episode Host of episode

Classical music album or song Composer

Modern music album or song Recording artist

Artwork Artist

Photograph Photographer

Date: Provide the date of publication, e.g. (2020), (2019, July 21), (2013-2019). If a series is still airing, replace the second year with the word
“present”, e.g. (2017-present).
Title: Name the title of the stand-alone or part-of-a-whole work. Describe the AV work in square brackets immediately after the title—e. g. [Film],
[DVD], [TV series], [TV series episode], [Podcast].
Source: Name the publisher, and URL if appropriate (see “Including DOIs and URLs in Reference List Entries” and “Providing Retrieval Dates
With URLs” on pp. 9-10 in Part 1 of this Guide). If the publisher is the same as the author, omit the publisher name.
Source for a stand-alone work: The publisher of a stand-alone work may be a production company, label, museum name and location, or
university department and name.
Source for a part-of-a-whole work: The source details for a part-of-a-whole work begin with “In” or “On”, and provides the details of the complete
work that the part is found in. For example:
In P. P. Producer (Executive Producer), Title of TV Series. Production Company.
Morton, L. (Writer) & Mandel, D. (Director). (2019, March 31). Iowa (Season 7, Episode 1) [TV series episode]. In A. Iannucci, C.
Godsick, & F. Rich (Executive Producers), Veep. HBO.
On Title of Album. Label.
Dion, C. (2019). Imperfections [Song]. On Courage. Columbia.

72
Audio Visual Works
See the introduction to the audio-visual media section for details on constructing reference entries for audio-visual works.
Reference Examples: Audio Visual Works
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Film or video Peele, J. (Director). (2017). Get out [Film]. Blumhouse. (Peele, 2017). If the film’s director is unknown, credit
https://www.amazon.com/Get-Out-Daniel- someone in a similar role and name their
role in the author description.
Kaluuya/dp/B06Y1H48K7
If a film is in another language, include a
translation of the title in square brackets.
You do not need to state how you
watched a film (e.g. on DVD, streamed
online).

Streaming video Mayo Clinic. (2020, January 9). Mayo Clinic minute: (Mayo Clinic, The person who uploaded the video is
(including Vimeo, How 3D printing helps lung surgery [Video]. 2020). credited as the author, even if they did
not create the work. In your writing, note
& YouTube) YouTube.
the contributions of those who appear in
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zH5NswR1x the video.
Vw Integrate the speaker’s name into your
writing, e.g. “Dr Blackmon explained how
Plowden, A. (2015, December 4). The filmmaking (Plowden, 2015).
3D models can help surgeons describe a
masterclass 2015 [Video]. Vimeo. procedure to the patient (Mayo Clinic,
https://vimeo.com/147839766 2020).”

73
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Video available Bock, L. (2019, November 10). IT security foundations: (Bock, 2019). If the work is available only from a
from only a specific database or source, name the
Core concepts [Video]. LinkedIn Learning.
specific database database in the source element, and
(including https://www.linkedin.com/learning/it-security-
provide the URL of the work. See
LinkedIn Learning
foundations-core-concepts-2/prepare-for-mta- “Including DOIs and URLs in Reference
& Khan Academy)
exam-98-367?u=75768826 List Entries” and “Including Database
Sources in Reference List Entries“ on pp.
van Nieuwenhuizen, P. (n.d.). Thermoregulation in the (van 9-10 in Part 1 of this Guide.
lungs [Video]. Khan Academy. Nieuwenhuizen,
https://www.khanacademy.org/test- n.d.).
prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-respiratory-
system/v/thermoregulation-in-the-lungs

TV series Iannucci, A., Godsick, C., & Rich, F. (Executive (Iannucci et al., Provide the beginning and end dates of
Producers). (2012-2019). Veep [TV series]. 2012-2019). the series if it spans multiple years. If the
series is still airing, in the date element
HBO.
replace the second year with the word
“present”, e.g. (2017-present).

74
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
TV episode or Morton, L. (Writer) & Mandel, D. (Director). (2019, (Morton & Mandel, An episode is a part-of-a-whole work.
webisode Name the episode’s writer and director;
March 31). Iowa (Season 7, Episode 1) [TV 2019).
executive director or other role
series episode]. In A. Iannucci, C. Godsick, F. descriptions can also be used.
Rich (Executive Producers), Veep. HBO. In the source element the publisher
details begin with “In”. Provide the details
Dolbel, A. (Series Producer). (2019, August 1). Design (Dolbel, 2019). of the complete series that the episode is
found in.
junkies (Season 2, Episode 5) [TV series
If the work is available only from a
episode]. In G. Heathcote & E. White (Executive
specific database (here, eTV), name the
Producers), Design junkies. NZ On Air. eTV. database in the source element, and
provide the URL of the work. See
https://ara.etv.org.nz/tv/vod/view/166354
“Including Database Sources in
Reference List Entries” on p. 10 in Part 1
of this Guide.

TED Talk Hill, K., & Mattu, S. (2018, April). What your smart (Hill & Mattu, When the TED Talk comes from the TED
devices know (and share) about you [Video]. 2018). website, the speaker is the author.

TED Conferences. When the TED Talk is on YouTube, the

owner of the YouTube account is listed
https://www.ted.com/talks/kashmir_hill_and_sury
as the author (here, TED).
a_mattu_what_your_smart_devices_know_and_
Integrate the speaker’s name into your
share_about_you?referrer=playlist- writing, e.g. “Monica Araya discussed
the_most_popular_ted_talks_of_2018#t-5436 how cities are working towards clean air
(TED, 2020).”
TED. (2020, October 13). How cities are detoxing (TED, 2020).
transportation [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1Efv_wF5L
E

75
 Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Webinar Thiel, M. (2020, October 6). Messages from New (Thiele, 2020). Only reference recorded, retrievable
Zealand: Culture [Webinar]. Tourism New webinars. Cite unrecorded webinars as
Personal Communication (see “Citing
Zealand.
Personal Communications (e.g. Email,
https://traveltrade.newzealand.com/en/training/w Interviews, and Guest Speakers)” on p.
ebinar-recordings/ 17 in Part 1 of this Guide).

Audio Works
See the introduction to the audio-visual media section for details on constructing reference entries for audio works.
Reference Examples: Audio Works
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Radio episode Ballance, A. (Senior Producer). (2020, September 17). (Ballance, 2020). A radio episode is a part-of-a-whole
Genetic recipe book for natural products from work. List the host or executive producer
as the author. Include their role in
fungi [Radio programme episode]. In Our
parentheses. The source element begins
changing world. RNZ. with “In”. Provide the details of the
https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/ourc complete radio series.

hangingworld/audio/2018764404/genetic-recipe-
book-for-natural-products-from-fungi

Podcast Espiner, E. (Host). (2020). Getting better: A year in the (Espiner, 2020). A podcast is a stand-alone work. List the
life of a Māori medical student [Audio podcast]. host or executive producer as the author.
Include their role in parentheses.
Bird of Paradise Productions.
Omit the URL of the podcast if it is
https://www.rnz.co.nz/programmes/getting-better
unknown (e.g. accessed through an app).

76
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Podcast episode Anderson, D. (Host). (2019, November 13). Time to (Anderson, 2019). A podcast episode is a part-of-a-whole
unplug? How screen time impacts the ADHD work. Name the episode’s host as the
author.
brain (no. 271) [Audio podcast episode]. In
The source element begins with “In”
ADDitude’s ADHD experts podcast. Liberated
Provide the details of the complete
Syndication. podcast series.
https://additudemag.libsyn.com/271-time-to-
unplug-how-screen-time-impacts-the-adhd-brain

Single song or Recording artist or group. (Copyright year). Title of song In-text citation: Include track numbers or
track from an side and band numbers.
[Song] On Title of album. Label.
album
A song from an album is a part-of-a-
Dion, C. (2019). Imperfections [Song]. On Courage. (Dion, 2019).
whole work.
Columbia.
The source element begins with “On”.
Provide the details of the complete album
that the song is found in. Include a URL
only if that location is the one place the
song can be retrieved.

77
Visual Works
See the introduction to the audio-visual media section for details on constructing reference entries for visual works.
*Important note: Use the guidelines below only if you are referring to a visual work (e.g., photograph, artwork, infographic), that is, just citing it.
Do not use the formats below if you are reproducing (reprinting or adapting) a visual work. Instead, see “Tables and Figures” on p. 82 in Part 2 of
this Guide.
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Infographic Statistics New Zealand. (2019, September 23). New (Statistics New Use this format to cite (but not
Zealand population in 2018: Key data Zealand, 2019). reproduce) infographics. If you are
reproducing (reprinting or adapting) these
[Infographic].
images. See “Tables and Figures” on p.
https://www.stats.govt.nz/infographics/new- 82 in Part 2 of this Guide.
zealand-as-a-village-of-100-people-2018-
census-data

Clip art or stock GDJ. (2018). Cybernetic brain line art inverted [Clip art]. (GDJ, 2018). Use this format to cite (but not
image reproduce) clip art or stock images. If you
Openclipart.
are reproducing (reprinting or adapting)
https://openclipart.org/detail/307465/cybernetic-
these images, see “Tables and Figures”
brain-line-art-inverted on p. 82 in Part 2 of this Guide.

Artwork in Brake, B. (1960). Monsoon girl [Photograph]. Te Papa (Brake, 1960). Use this format to cite (but not
museums or on a reproduce) artworks. If you are
Tongarewa, Museum of New Zealand,
museum website reproducing (reprinting or adapting)
Wellington, New Zealand. artworks, see “Tables and Figures” on p.
“Artwork” includes
82 in Part 2 of this Guide.
paintings, https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/574919
sculptures, For artworks in specific locations, include
photographs, Wyeth, A. (1948). Christina’s world [Painting]. Museum (Wyeth, 1948). the location in the source element of your
prints, drawings, reference list entry to help retrieval. See
of Modern Art, New York, NY, United States.
and installations “Rules for Works Associated With
https://www.moma.org/collection/works/78455 Specific Locations” on p. 57 in Part 2 of
this Guide.

78
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
Artwork not Nadlinger, D. (n.d.) Single atom in an ion trap (Nadlinger, n.d.). Use this format to cite (but not
connected to a reproduce) artworks. If you are
[Photograph]. National Geographic.
museum reproducing (reprinting or adapting)
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/
‘Artwork’ includes artworks, see “Tables and Figures” on p.
paintings, 02/trapped-atom-photograph-long-exposure- 82 in Part 2 of this Guide.
sculptures,
competition-spd/ Name the artist or photographer as the
photographs,
prints, drawings, author. The source is the name of the
and installations site where the artwork was retrieved
from.

Map Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for driving from (Google, n.d.). There are no titles for dynamically
Rome, Italy, to Zurich, Switzerland]. Retrieved created maps (like Google Maps).
Therefore, describe the map in square
October 13, 2020, from
brackets, and include a retrieval date.
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Rome,+Metro
politan+City+of+Rome,+Italy/Z%C3%BCrich,+S
witzerland/@44.6220013,8.2783098,7z/data=!3
m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x132f6196f99
28ebb:0xb90f770693656e38!2m2!1d12.496365
5!2d41.9027835!1m5!1m1!1s0x47900b9749bea
219:0xe66e8df1e71fdc03!2m2!1d8.541694!2d47
.3768866!3e0

Gore District Council. (n.d.). Gore street map [Map]. (Gore District
https://goredc.govt.nz/assets/documents/maps/s Council, n.d.).
treet-map-gore.pdf

79
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
PowerPoint slides Jones, J. (2016, March 23). Guided reading: Making the (Jones, 2016). When the slides are open access
or lecture notes (available online to anyone, e.g. through
most of it [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare.
retrieved from an SlideShare or an open-access course
open-access https://www.slideshare.net/hellojenjones/guided-
website), provide the site name on which
source
reading-making-the-most-of-it they are hosted in the source element of
the reference, followed by the URL of the
Reinhart, C. (2018, Fall). 4.401/4.464 Environmental (Reinhart, 2018). slides.
technologies in buildings [PowerPoint slides].
If quoting from a PowerPoint slide, add
MIT OpenCourseWare. the slide number to the citation, e.g.
https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/architecture/4-401- (Jones, 2016, Slide 2).
environmental-technologies-in-buildings-fall-
2018/lecture-slides-1/MIT4_401F18_lec14.pdf

80
Item Full reference (in reference list) In-text citation Notes
PowerPoint slides Booth, D. (2018). The MEN system [NZ2387 Electrical (Booth, 2018). If the slides or lecture notes come from a
or lecture notes classroom website (e.g., OneNote), a
Pretrade 2020 PowerPoint slides]. Ara OneNote.
from a classroom learning management system (e.g.,
website, learning https://www.onenote.com/hrd?wdorigin=ondcaut Moodle), or a company intranet, and you
management are writing for an audience with access to
h2&wdorigin=poc
system, or that resource, provide the name of the
company intranet site and its URL. For sites requiring login
Borrie, L. (n.d.). Lecture 5: Classical antiquity: The (Borrie, n.d.).
use the homepage or login page URL.
Greeks [Contextual Studies 500 lecture notes]. However, if the audience for which are
you writing does not have access to the
Ara Moodle.
slides, cite them as a personal
https://moodle.ara.ac.nz/course/view.php?id=91 communication (see “Citing Personal
Communications (e.g. Email, Interviews,
51
and Guest Speakers)” on p. 17 in Part 1
of this Guide.)
Borrie, L. (2018). Designing the research question (Borrie, 2018).
If quoting from a PowerPoint slide, add
[PowerPoint slides]. Ara Moodle.
the slide number to the citation, e.g.
https://moodle.ara.ac.nz/course/view.php?id=10 (Borrie, 2018, Slide 6).
319#section-7 Only materials written by a tutor must
name the tutor as author.
Skills Organisation Incorporated. (2018). Learning (Skills Organisation
Note re other types of classroom or
resource: Demonstrate knowledge of earthing Incorporated, company intranet resources: For
recorded lectures, documents written by
(level 3, credits 2) [NZ2387 Electrical Pretrade 2018).
tutors, etc. available only to an audience
2020 US1204 lecture notes]. Ara OneNote. with access to that classroom resource,
reference the work using the format
https://www.onenote.com/hrd?wdorigin=ondcaut
appropriate to that work, and in the
h2&wdorigin=poc source element include the name and
URL of the classroom website or learning
management system, as above. Do the
same for reports or internal company
documents accessed from a company
intranet.

81
 Tables and Figures
Tables present information in columns and rows. They usually contain numeric data, but sometimes tables can present textual information, such
as lists of words.
Figures are any type of illustrations that are not tables. They can be graphs, diagrams, charts, posters, maps, infographics, artworks, pictures,
and photographs.
Are You Reproducing or Just Referring to a Table or Figure?
Important note: Use the guidelines below if you are reproducing (reprinting or adapting) a figure. If you are referring to a visual work (e.g.
photograph, artwork), that is, just citing it, do not use the guidelines below. Instead, see the guidelines under “Visual Works” on p. 76 in Part 2 of
this Guide.
Are You Presenting Your Own Data?
The guidelines and examples below relate to the reproduction (reprinting or adaptation) of tables/figures from a published source. If you are using
tables/figures to present your own data, refer to Chapter 7 (pp. 195-250) of the APA Publication Manual for general guidelines for tables and
figures. Also refer to “Table Tips” on APA’s blog http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/11/table-tips.html (search the page for “table”).

Reproducing (Reprinting or Adapting) Tables or Figures From a Published Source

• Reprinted material appears exactly as produced in the original source, without any modifications.
• Adapted material is where the original source has been changed to suit a new purpose.
Copyright Attribution when Reproducing Tables or Figures
When reproducing (reprinting or adapting) a table/figure from a published source, you must provide a copyright attribution below the table/figure,
instead of an in-text citation. A copyright attribution is a brief statement providing details of the source and the copyright holder and provides more
comprehensive acknowledgement of the copyright status than an author-date in-text citation. A copyright attribution is required for any type of
visual material that is reprinted or adapted from sources such as books, journal articles, reports and webpages. In addition, you need to provide a
reference entry for that source in the reference list.
A copyright attribution for the original material is written in a “Note.” (italicised) underneath the table or figure. The copyright attribution is written in
a different order to a reference entry – title, author, date of publication, source of material and copyright status. The copyright attribution comes
after any other required notes. For more information on the use of notes, refer to the APA Publication Manual (APA, 2020), p. 203 (Table Notes)
and p. 229 (Figure Notes).
• When reprinting tables/figures, use “From” in your copyright attribution.
• When adapting tables/figures, use “Adapted from” in your copyright attribution.

82
Copyright Permission
If you are writing for publication, you may need to ask copyright permission from the copyright holder to reproduce a table or figure. If you are
using tables/figures for a student assignment, no copyright permission is needed, but you need to provide a copyright attribution, using the
guidelines below.
Copyright Requirements for Commercial Stock Photographs and Clip Art
If a stock image has a Creative Commons licence or is in the public domain, you can reproduce it. Otherwise, you need to buy a licence from the
vendor (e.g., Getty Images, iStock) to be able to reproduce their images. You do not need permission to reproduce most clip art, but usually need
to provide a copyright attribution. If you have used a free clip art website, the image’s copyright status will tell you if you need to provide a
copyright attribution or citation. However, no citation, permission or copyright attribution is required when you use clip art from programmes like
Microsoft Word or PowerPoint, as you or Ara have purchased that computer program.
Layout Information for Reproducing Tables and Figures
• Insert the table/figure at the end of the paragraph (or as close as possible) to where it is first referenced in the text.
• Each table/figure should have the accompanying copyright attribution and full reference. (See Table 1 for examples.)
• Each table/figure number should be bold and numbered separately in the order in which they occur in the assignment (Table 1, Table 2
etc.).
• A title or brief description of the contents (exactly copied, or shortened, from what is written in the source) is written in italics and placed
one double-spaced line below the table/figure number.
• Use numbers to refer to tables and figures in your assignment. For example, “as shown in Table 1” or “___ (see Figure 1).”

83
Reference Examples: Tables and Figures
Item Full reference (in reference list) and notes Copyright attribution
Tables and Reference list entry: Provide a reference list entry for the From (if reprinted) or Adapted from (if adapted) “Title of Article
Figures book, journal article, report, webpage etc. where you found the of journal/magazine/blog etc,” or Title of Book(p. xx), or Title of
table/figure you have reprinted or adapted. Report(p. xx), or Title of Webpage, by A. A. Author and B. B.
Copyright attribution: A copyright attribution is used instead Author, year, source information for work [see notes column].
of an in-text citation. (DOI or URL). Copyright year by Name of Copyright Holder.
or
In the public domain.
or
Creative Commons abbreviation. Permission statement (if
sought).

84
Item Full reference (in reference list) and notes Copyright attribution
Tables and Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. (2018). Table 1
Figures
Manufacturing sector report: Key facts and findings.
Data on Total Manufacturing Sector in New Zealand
https://www.mbie.govt.nz/assets/dc900a28f7/manufactu
Total 2017
ring-report-2018-a3.pdf
Manufacturing
A copyright attribution is required for any type of visual material GDP value $23 billion (12%
that is reprinted or adapted from sources such as books, of total)
journal articles, reports and webpages.
Number of firms 21,366 (4% of
The source information of the work depends on what work the
total)
table/figure was sourced from; for example, when the source is
a book, name the Publisher; when the source is an article,
Number of 241,100 (11% of
provide Title of Periodical, Volume(Issue), p. xx; when the
employees total)
source is a webpage, name the site name.
Only include a permission statement (“Reprinted with Exports $36 billion (52%
permission.” or “Adapted with permission.”) if permission has of total)
been sought and obtained from the copyright holder. In
general, it is permissible to reprint or adapt a copyrighted Revenue $102 billion
table/figure for educational purposes, as long as you include a (2016)
copyright attribution.
Manufacturing $63,228 (2016)
See the next page for more information about tables and
wages
figures.
Research & $671 million
development (2016)
expenditure

Note. Adapted from Manufacturing sector report: Key facts and

findings by Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, 2018
(https://www.mbie.govt.nz/assets/dc900a28f7/manufacturing-report-
2018-a3.pdf). CC BY 4.0.

85
Item Full reference (in reference list) and notes Copyright attribution
Tables and Statistics New Zealand. (2019, September 23). New Zealand Figure 1
Figures
population in 2018: Key data.
New Zealand Population in 2018: Key Data
https://www.stats.govt.nz/infographics/new-zealand-as-
a-village-of-100-people-2018-census-data

Reference list entry: Reference the work where you found the
table that you have reprinted or adapted. Format the reference
list entry as appropriate to that source (e.g. book, website,
report etc). In the Table example above, the source is a report.
In the Figure example, the source is a PDF document (grey
literature).

How to refer to a table or figure in your text: In 2017, even

though manufacturing firms were only 4% of New Zealand
companies, they contributed to 12% of the country’s GDP value
(see Table 1).
or
As can be seen in Figure 1, in the five years to 2018, _____ Note. From New Zealand as a village of 100 people: Our population
by Statistics New Zealand, 2019 (https://www.stats.
govt.nz/infographics/new-zealand-as-a-village-of-100-people-2018-
census-data). CC BY 4.0.

86
 References

American Psychological Association. (n.d.-a). APA style blog. https://apastyle.apa.org/blog

American Psychological Association. (n.d.-b). Reference examples. Retrieved November 20, 2020,

from https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological

Association (7th ed.).

87
 Index

Abbreviations ............................................. 22 Charts ........................................................ 82

Diseases, Disorders, Therapies, Classroom Resources ................................ 81
Theories, and Related Terms ......... 21 Clip Art ....................................................... 78
Job Titles.............................................. 21 Copyright.............................................. 83
Organisational Authors ......................... 16 Cochrane Review....................................... 44
Time ..................................................... 22 Code of Conduct ........................................ 53
Units of Measurement .......................... 22 Code of Ethics ........................................... 53
Academic Journals..................................... 40 Comment on a Blog Post ........................... 50
Acts (Laws) ................................................ 59 Conference Paper ...................................... 55
Appendix/Appendices ................................ 23 Copyright
Articles Clip Art ................................................. 83
Journal ................................................. 40 Permission ........................................... 83
Magazine ............................................. 45 Stock Images ....................................... 83
Artworks..................................................... 78 Copyright Attribution .................................. 82
Audio Works .............................................. 76 Course Materials ........................................ 80
Podcast ................................................ 76 Court Cases ............................................... 60
Podcast Episode .................................. 77 Datasheets................................................. 53
Radio Episode ...................................... 76 Diagnostic Manuals.................................... 30
Song .................................................... 77 Chapter ................................................ 30
Track .................................................... 77 Diagrams ................................................... 82
Audio-Visual Media .................................... 71 Dictionaries ................................................ 35
Film ...................................................... 73 Dissertation
Khan Academy ..................................... 74 From a Subscription Database ............. 57
LinkedIn Learning................................. 74 From an Institutional Repository ........... 58
Part-of-a-Whole Works ......................... 71 Dissertations .............................................. 57
Stand-Alone Works .............................. 71 DOI .............................................................. 9
Streaming Video................................... 73 DOIs and URLs ............................................ 9
TED Talk .............................................. 75 Retrieval Dates .................................... 10
TV Episode .......................................... 75 Drawings .................................................... 78
TV Series ............................................. 74 DSM-V ....................................................... 30
Video Available From Single Database 74 DVDs ......................................................... 73
Webinar ............................................... 76 Ebooks....................................................... 26
Webisode ............................................. 75 Edited Book ............................................... 34
Bible........................................................... 30 Editorial in a Journal .................................. 44
Bills (Proposed Acts/Laws) ........................ 59 Email.......................................................... 17
Blogs Encyclopedias ............................................ 35
Blog Post.............................................. 49 Wikipedia ............................................. 37
Blog Post With No Author ..................... 49 Facebook
Comment ............................................. 50 Page .................................................... 64
Booklets ..................................................... 53 Post...................................................... 65
Books......................................................... 26 Factsheets ................................................. 53
Chapter in an Edited Book ................... 34 Film ............................................................ 73
Diagnostic Manuals .............................. 30 Graphs ....................................................... 82
Diagnostic Manuals, Chapter ............... 30 Gray Literature ........................................... 51
No Author, No Editor ............................ 29 Booklet ................................................. 53
One Author........................................... 27 Brochure .............................................. 53
Organisation as Author......................... 29 Conference Paper ................................ 55
Religious Works ................................... 30 Conference Sessions and Presentations
Three or More Authors ......................... 28 ....................................................... 55
Two Authors ......................................... 28 Datasheet............................................. 53
Brochures .................................................. 53 Dissertation .......................................... 57
Capitalisation ............................................. 21 Fact Sheet............................................ 53
Chapter in an Edited Book ......................... 34 Leaflet .................................................. 53

88
 Pamphlet .............................................. 53 Newspapers
Poster Presentation.............................. 56 Article ................................................... 47
Symposium Contribution ...................... 56 Article from News Website ................... 47
Thesis .................................................. 57 Editorial ................................................ 48
Guest Speakers ......................................... 17 Letter to the Editor................................ 48
Guidelines .................................................. 53 No Author ............................................. 48
Headings Within Works .............................. 21 Special Issue or Section ....................... 48
Infographic ................................................. 78 Numbers .................................................... 22
Instagram Use Numerals When ............................ 22
Highlight ............................................... 65 Use Words When ................................. 22
Post...................................................... 65 Online News Article.................................... 47
Interviews .................................................. 17 Organisational Author
In-Text Citations ......................................... 14 Books ................................................... 29
Format ................................................. 14 Webpage.............................................. 69
How Many to Use ................................. 15 Painting ...................................................... 78
No Author ............................................. 16 Pamphlets .................................................. 53
Same Author and Same Date............... 15 Paraphrasing ............................................. 18
Single Source in a Paragraph............... 15 Examples ............................................. 18
JBI PDF ........................................................... 51
Evidence Based Practice Database ..... 38 Peer-Reviewed Journals ............................ 40
Joanna Briggs Institute .............................. 38 Periodicals ................................................. 40
Journal Articles .......................................... 40 Personal Communications ......................... 17
Journals Photographs .............................................. 78
Editorial ................................................ 44 Podcast...................................................... 76
One Author........................................... 42 Poster Presentation ................................... 56
Systematic Review ............................... 44 PowerPoint ................................................ 80
Three to Twenty Authors ...................... 43 Prints ......................................................... 78
Twenty One or More Authors ............... 43 Quotations ................................................. 19
Two Authors ......................................... 42 Accuracy of .......................................... 19
Khan Academy .......................................... 74 Length .................................................. 19
Koran ......................................................... 30 Without Page Numbers ........................ 20
Laws (Acts) ................................................ 59 Quran......................................................... 30
Leaflets ...................................................... 53 Radio ......................................................... 76
Lecture Notes ............................................ 80 Reference List .............................................. 8
Legislation.................................................. 59 Database Sources................................ 10
Letter to the Editor ..................................... 48 DOIs and URLs ...................................... 9
LinkedIn Learning ...................................... 74 Elements of ............................................ 8
Lippincott Procedures ................................ 39 Example of ........................................... 13
Locations Format of.............................................. 12
Rules for Specific ................................. 57 How to Present .................................... 12
Magazine Articles....................................... 45 Reference Materials ................................... 35
Magazines Organisation as Author......................... 36
No Author ............................................. 46 Wikis .................................................... 37
Maps .......................................................... 79 Regulations ................................................ 59
Moodle PowerPoint Slides ......................... 80 Religious Works ......................................... 30
Multiple Authors Reports ...................................................... 51
Books ................................................... 28 Individual Author .................................. 52
Same Fact or Opinion .......................... 15 Organistional Author ............................ 52
Music Recordings ...................................... 71 Retrieval Dates .......................................... 10
New Zealand Formulary ............................. 39 Rules for Specific Locations ....................... 57
New Zealand Legislation ............................ 59 Sculpture ................................................... 78
Acts ...................................................... 59 Secondary Sources.................................... 16
Parliamentary Bills ............................... 59 Single Source in A Paragraph .................... 15
Regulations .......................................... 59 Social Media .............................................. 64
New Zealand Standards............................. 61 Facebook Page .................................... 64
Newsletters ................................................ 53 Facebook Post ..................................... 65

89
 Instagram Highlight .............................. 65 Tweet ......................................................... 66
Instagram Post ..................................... 65 UpToDate .................................................. 39
Tweet ................................................... 66 URL ............................................................. 9
Song .......................................................... 77 Vimeo ........................................................ 73
Speakers (Guest) ....................................... 17 Visual Works .............................................. 78
Standards .................................................. 61 Artwork................................................. 78
Stock Images ............................................. 78 Classroom Resources .......................... 81
Copyright.............................................. 83 Clip Art ................................................. 78
Streaming Video ........................................ 73 Figures ................................................. 86
Symposium Contribution ............................ 56 Infographic ........................................... 78
Systematic Review..................................... 44 Maps .................................................... 79
Tables and Figures .................................... 82 PowerPoint........................................... 80
Adapting ............................................... 82 Stock Images ....................................... 78
Copyright Attribution ............................. 82 Tables .................................................. 85
Copyright Permission ........................... 83 Waitangi Tribunal Reports.......................... 63
Reproducing v. Referring ..................... 82 Webinar ..................................................... 76
Te Tiriti o Waitangi ..................................... 62 Webpages.................................................. 67
TED Talk .................................................... 75 Individual Author(s) .............................. 69
Television .................................................. 74 Multiple From Same Year ..................... 70
Theses ....................................................... 57 Organisational Author .......................... 69
From a Subscription Database ............. 57 Website (Citing an Entire Website) ............ 67
From an Institutional Repository ........... 58 White Paper ............................................... 53
Titles of Works ........................................... 21 Wikipedia ................................................... 37
Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions ... 17 Wikis .......................................................... 37
Treaty of Waitangi ...................................... 62 YouTube .................................................... 73

90
Note. From Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) (p. 283) by The American
Psychological Association, 2020. Copyright 2020 by The American Psychological Association.

Note. From Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) (p. 283) by The American
Psychological Association, 2020. Copyright 2020 by The American Psychological Association.

91
 See
APA 7th edition key changes page

In-text citation

• When citing three or more authors, provide the first author’s family name 28
and “et al.” in the first and subsequent citations.
For example: ____ (Smith et al., 2019).

• Page numbers or paragraph numbers are only required in citations when 18

quoting but not when paraphrasing.

Reference list

• The reference list entry has been simplified into four elements: 8
Author, date, title, and source. They answer the questions who, when,
what, and where, in relation to the work being referenced.

• Name up to 20 authors in the reference list entry. 28

• Use the copyright date as the date of publication in book references. 26

• The publisher location (city, country/state) is no longer required in book 26

references.

• If there are multiple publishers, include them all in the reference entry. 26
List them in the order that they appear, separated by a semi-colon.

• When the author and the publisher are the same, omit the publisher from 26
the source element.

• “Retrieved from” is not required before URLs in most reference list 10

entries.

• URLs are hyperlinked in reference entries. 10

• Use only this DOI format: https://doi.org/10xxxxxxx 9

• There are changes to the rules about including database names in 10

reference entries.

92