Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr.

Nervana Ehab

Chapter 1

the particulate nature of matter

the 3 states of matter

Chemistry: is the study of matter
o how matter is like
o how matter behaves

Matter is a physical
substance
o Has mass
o Occupies space
o Made up of very small
particles - only seen by microscope
o 3 states of matter: Solid, Liquid, Gas

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Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr. Nervana Ehab

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Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr. Nervana Ehab

Solid Liquid Gas

Not fixed, Not fixed,
takes the takes the
Shape Fixed
shape of its shape of its
container container
Volume Fixed Fixed Not fixed
Not Not
Compressibility Compressible
compressible compressible
Loosely
Tightly
packed, not Far apart,
Arrangement packed,
regular, random
regular
random
Very little
Strong forces Less force of
Attraction forces of
of attraction attraction
attraction
Very low
High kinetic Very high
Energy kinetic
energy kinetic energy
energy
Vibrate in
Slide over Randomly
Motion fixed
each other moving
positions

Structure

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Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr. Nervana Ehab

Liquid and gas → particles collide with each other, therefore may react

Liquid reminds
me of ball pool

Gas is highly
compressible

↓ volume, particles get

closer together, more
frequent collisions with the
inside of the wall, ↑ pressure

Solid is not
compressible
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Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr. Nervana Ehab

Questions from past papers

1. June 2004, 1, Q1

2. June 2005, 1, Q1

1: A. 2: C
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Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr. Nervana Ehab

3. June 2017, 32, Q3

X: particles are regularly arranged

X: only vibrate about their fixed positions
Y: particles are irregularly and randomly arranged Page 6 of 24

Y: move slowly and slide over each other

Z: particles are randomly arranged
Z: move rapidly and freely
Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr. Nervana Ehab

the kinetic theory

Kinetic theory:
1. Particles move all the time
2. Higher temperature → faster movement
3. Heavier and bigger particles move slower.
4. A matter’s state can change by heating or cooling
5. Particles move in random motion, they change direction
when they hit (bombard) another particle

Brownian motion: random movement of particles in a fluid due to

continuous bombardment from particles surrounding it.

particles could be:

- atoms
- molecules
- ions

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Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr. Nervana Ehab

Evidence for Brownian motion:

A scientist noticed pollen

grains on water surface Dust dancing in the air
moving randomly Because air particles are
Because water particles constantly
are constantly colliding colliding with dust particles
with pollen

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Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr. Nervana Ehab

Question from past papers

4. Nov 2017, 42, Q1a

Brownian motion
Air particles bombard with dust particles causing them
to move randomly
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Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr. Nervana Ehab

Changes of state

Melting:
solid Heat liquid

Boiling:
liquid Heat gas

Condensation:
gas Cool liquid

Freezing or solidification:
liquid Cool solid

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Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr. Nervana Ehab

Melting point Boiling point

the temperature at the temperature at
which melting occurs which boiling occurs

Expansion:
solids Heat volume slightly increases

Contraction:
solids Cool volume slightly decreases

gases Heat volume greatly increases

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Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr. Nervana Ehab

Changes of state in terms of kinetic theory

Expansion
SOLID

Contraction
particles vibrate vibrations increase
all the time with heat, volume ↑

melting point
liquid

particles overcome
Fast-moving, Slow-moving, attractive forces,
further apart closer together break apart

Boiling point

At boiling point, When condensing,

gas

particles gain particles loose

enough energy energy,
to escape,
get closer together,
forming gas formingPage
liquid
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Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr. Nervana Ehab

Evaporation: liquid Heat gas

Evaporation Boiling
Slow Rapid
Occurs at all temperatures (b/w
melting and boiling point) Occurs only at boiling point
faster at higher temperatures
Occurs only at the surface of
the liquid.
Occurs throughout the liquid
Therefore, rate of evaporation ↑
as surface area ↑
Occurs when particles
Occurs when particles on the
throughout the liquid gain
surface gain enough energy to
enough energy to overcome
escape
their forces of attraction
Liquids with low boiling points
Liquids do not boil until boiling
evaporate quicker (e.g. volatile
point is reached
liquids)

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Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr. Nervana Ehab

Two more changes could occur:

Sublimation

solid Heat gas

Cool
gas solid

Carbon dioxide Solid iodine is shiny

(solid CO2 is called black crystals, gas is
dry ice) purple

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Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr. Nervana Ehab

Just as in water, almost all other matters also

exist in a solid, liquid, and gas form.

“melting” and “boiling” points are different for

each substance.

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Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr. Nervana Ehab

The heating curve

• Ice melts to water at exactly 0 degrees.

• Once melting starts, the temperature stays at 0°C until all the
ice has melted.
• Once boiling starts, the temperature stays at 100 °C until all the
water has turned to vapor.

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Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr. Nervana Ehab

Effect of impurities:
• The melting and boiling points are very specific and sharp for
pure substances
• If impurities are present:
o melting and boiling points are not sharp (range)
o Melting point ↓
o Boiling point ↑

Salt added to snow Salt added to boiling

to make it melt at water to make food
lower temperatures cook better

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 Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr. Nervana Ehab

Cooling curve:
• Is similar to heating curve
• Temperature stays at boiling point until all the gas has
condensed
• Temperature stays at melting point until all the water has
solidified
From this figure:

• identify the state of matter for each of the seven letters

• Determine the melting point and the boiling point

S=gas, T=gas, V=gas + liquid, W=gas + liquid, X=liquid, Y=liquid + solid, Z=solid
melting point = 140, boiling point = 210
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 Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr. Nervana Ehab

how to determine state of matter from

melting and boiling point?

At temperatures
At temperatures between melting and At temperatures
below melting point boiling point above boiling point

→ substance is solid → substance is → substance is gas

liquid

State at room
Substance Melting point Boiling point
temperature (25C⁰)

Oxygen -218 -183 Gas

Between melting and boiling point →

Methane -182 -164 Gas

Below melting point → Solid

Ethanol -117 79 Liquid

Above boiling point → Gas

Mercury -30 357 Liquid

Water 0 100 Liquid
Liquid

Sulfur 113 445 Solid

Aluminium 661 2467 Solid
Sodium Chloride 801 1413 Solid
Iron 1540 2900 Solid
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Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr. Nervana Ehab

Diffusion

particles move from areas of high concentration

to areas of low concentrations

Diffusion Dissolving

Liquid in liquid
e.g. ink into water
Solid into liquid
e.g. sugar in water
Gas in gas
e.g. smoke into air

Rate increase by heat

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Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr. Nervana Ehab

Diffusion in liquid

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Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr. Nervana Ehab

Diffusion in gas

Few drops of red-brown bromine

place on bottom of gas jar → colour
spreads to fill the jar

because bromine particles diffuse

through air particles until fully mixed

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 Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr. Nervana Ehab

Lighter particles diffuse faster than heavier ones

Cotton wool soaked glass White smoke Cotton wool soaked

in ammonia solution tube forms here in hydrochloric acid

• Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a heavier molecule compared to

ammonia (NH 3)
• HCl diffuses slower, ammonia diffuses faster
• The two molecules meet closer to the HCl side
• When molecules meet → collide → react → form a white
cloud

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 Chapter 1 https://www.my-road-to-success.com/ Dr. Nervana Ehab

Question from past papers

5. June 2016, 43, Q6

5. Diffusion, A, Ammonia molecules have smaller mass and therefore move faster
QR-Chapter 1 Videos:
Full explanation of the Page 24 of 24
chapter plus explanation of
past papers questions