DBS 10012 ENGINEERING SCIENCE

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 2.1.1 DEFINE LINEAR MOTION
 Linear motion is motion in a straight line
 Example of linear motion:
i) a passenger carried by the moving escalator
ii) an athlete running a 100 m race
 Example of non-linear motion :
i) A top spinning
ii) the earth orbiting the sun

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2.1.2 DEFINE UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM MOTION
Uniform motion is defined as the motion, where the velocity of the body

travelling in a straight line remains the same.

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 Example of linear motion :
i) If the speed of a car is 10 m/s, it means that the car covers 10 meters in
one second. The speed is constant in every second.
ii) Movement of blades of a ceiling fan.
 Non uniform motion is defined as the motion of an object in which the object
travels with varied speed and it does not cover same distance in equal time
intervals, irrespective of the time interval duration.

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Example of non linear motion :
i) If a car covers 10 meters in first two seconds, and 15 meters in
next two seconds.
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ii) The motion of a train.
2.1.3 DEFINE DISTANCE, DISPLACEMENT, SPEED, VELOCITY,
AVERAGE VELOCITY, ACCELERATION AND DECELERATION
The total length of the path travelled by the object from one location to another
is called distance.
 Displacement is the distance travelled in a specific direction.
 Displacement is the distance travelled by an object from its initial position to
its final position. Thus, displacement is a vector quantity.
 Speed is the distance travelled per unit time, that is the rate of change of
distance.

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 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑, 𝑠
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑, 𝑣 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛, 𝑡

 Speed is a scalar quantity. Unit in m/s.

 velocity is the speed of an object in a specific direction, that is, the rate of
change of displacement.
 velocity is a vector quantity. Unit m/s.

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑠
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 , 𝑣 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛, 𝑡 7
The average velocity of an object is its total displacement divided by the
total time taken.
In other words, it is the rate at which an object changes its position from one
place to another.
Average velocity is a Vector quantity. The SI unit is meters per second.

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑠
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 , 𝑣 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛, 𝑡

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 Acceleration is defined as the rate of change in velocity with time.

𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑎 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝑣−𝑢
𝑎 =
𝑡
 Acceleration is a vector quantity. The SI unit is m/s2

 negative acceleration is called deceleration or retardation.

 if the velocity is constant or uniform, the change in velocity is zero, then the
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acceleration is zero
2.1.4 SOLVE THE RELATED PROBLEMS BY USING KINEMATIC
FORMULA
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
2 2
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 2as 𝑣 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑢 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
1 2 𝑠 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 @𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
1 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑠 = 𝑢+𝑣 𝑡
2 10
EXAMPLE :
A boy takes 10s to finish the paths
AB, find the total distance travelled, Solution :
displacement and average speed.
i) Total distance travelled = 2m +
8m
4m+6m+8m+8m = 28 m
ii) Displacement = the shortest distance
6m
4m between A and B = 12m
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑑
2m iii) Average speed =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛

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A B = = 2.8 m/s
10

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 EXAMPLE :
A man running in a race covers 60m in 12s.
a) Calculate his speed in :
i) m/s
ii) km/hr
b) If he takes 40s to complete the race, calculate his distance covered?
c) Another man runs with a speed of 7.5 m/s , calculate the time to complete the
race ?

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 SOLUTION :
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 60𝑚 𝑚
a) i) speed = = =5
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 12𝑠 𝑠

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𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
ii) speed = = 1000
12 =18km/hr
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
60×60

𝑚
b) Distance =𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 5 × 40𝑠 = 200𝑚
𝑠

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 200𝑚
c) Time = = = 26.7 𝑠
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 7.5

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 EXAMPLE : 𝑢 𝑣 𝑡

A vehicle accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed of 25 m/s in 100s along

a straight road. It then decelerates uniformly at 0.2 m/s2 for 60 s. Calculate :
i) The initial acceleration 𝑎 𝑡
ii) The final speed
After decelerating.
Solution :
𝑣−𝑢 25−0
a) i) Initial acceleration, 𝑎 = = =
𝑡 100
0.25 𝑚/𝑠2
𝑣−𝑢
ii) 𝑎 =
𝑡
𝑚 𝑣−25
−0.2 2 =
𝑠 60𝑠

𝑣 − 25 = −0.2 × 60 = −12
𝑚
𝑣 = −12 + 25 = 13 14

𝑠
EXAMPLE : u a
A train is moving at a velocity of 25 m/s , and it brakes with a deceleration of 2 m/s2
v
before it stops. Find :
a) The time taken for the train to stop
b) The braking displacement of the train
Solution :
a) By using 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
0 = 25 + (−2) 𝑡
2𝑡 = 25
25
𝑡 = = 12.5 𝑠
2
b) By using 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2as
02 = 252 + 2 −2 s
4𝑠 = 625
625 15
𝑠= = 156.25𝑚
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 2.2.1 CALCULATE THE DISTANCE, DISPLACEMENT, SPEED,
VELOCITY, AVERAGE VELOCITY, ACCELERATION AND
DECELERATION FROM THE VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH
 A velocity- time graph is a graph showing how the velocity of an object varies with time.
 The graph below shows how the velocity of the car changes over a certain period of time.

v = 0 m/s
t= 0s V (m/s) v = 60 m/s v = 60 m/s v = 0 m/s
t=20s t=40s t= 60s
60

Constant velocity

I II
III
acceleration
Deceleration 16

t (s)
20 40 60
 from the graph :
𝑣−𝑢 60−0
a) acceleration, a = = = 3 𝑚/𝑠 2 ( section I)
𝑡 20

b) section II, a horizontal line represents a constant velocity

c) section III, the graph represent deceleration:

𝑣−𝑢 0−60
a= = = −3 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑡 20

 On the velocity-time graph, the gradient represents the acceleration of graph.

 On the velocity-time graph, the area under graph represents the distance
travelled by the object. 17
 INFO : TYPE OF MOTION VS VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH
Type of motion v-t graph
motion with a constant Velocity
velocity

Time

Velocity Velocity
Motion with uniform
acceleration

Time Time

Velocity
Motion with uniform
deceleration

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Time
EXAMPLE :
Diagram below shows the velocity time graph of motorcycle travelling along a
straight road between traffic light
a) Explain the motion represented by
V (m/s) OA and BC on the graph
A B
12 b) Calculate the time interval where
the motorcycle is moving at
constant velocity?
c) Calculate the distance between the
C two traffic lights?
t (s)
O 5 15 25

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ANSWER:
a) - the line OA shows the motorcycle accelerating uniformly from 0 𝑚/𝑠 2 to 12
𝑚
𝑠2
- the line BC shows the motorcycle decelerating uniformly from 12 𝑚/𝑠 2 to 0
𝑚
𝑠2

b) The motorcycle is moving at constant velocity for 10s ( 15s-5s = 10s) ( line AB)

c) Distance between the two traffic lights

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area under graph = 10 + 25 12 = 210𝑚 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑢𝑚)
2

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EXAMPLE:
The figure shows the velocity time graph of a
motorcycle starting from rest and travelling towards v (m/s)

the north.
a) Calculate the deceleration from t= 10s to t=13s.
b) Calculate the displacement of the motorcycle 12
during the 13s?
c) How long was the motorcycle travelling towards
south?
15 20 t(s)
d) Calculate the final displacement of the 6 10 13
motorcycle at t=20s
-10
e) Calculate the average velocity of the 21

motorcycle for the whole journey?

ANSWER:
𝑣−𝑢 0−12
a) deceleration, a = = = −4 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑡 13−10

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b) Displacement = area under graph = area trapezium = 12 13 + 4 = 102 m
2

c) 𝑡 = 20𝑠 − 15 𝑠 = 5𝑠
1
d) Displacement = area of triangle = 10 20 − 15 = 25 𝑚
2

final displacement = 102-25 = 77m

𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 77 𝑚
a) Average velocity = = = 3.85
𝑡 20 𝑠

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 REFERENCE : E-BOOK
• HTTPS://FLIPHTML5.COM/OUSX/LSSG/BASIC/51-100

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 2.2.2 SKETCH VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH

A ball is placed at rest at the top of a hill. It travels with constant acceleration for
the first 12 second and reaches a speed of 4m/s. It then decelerates at a
constant rate of 0.1 m/s2 for 20 seconds. It then travels at a constant speed for
a further 18 seconds.

Draw a speed-time graph for the ball over the course of this 50 seconds.

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ANSWER :
v (m/s)

Constant speed
20 s

t (s)
25

12 s 32 s 50 s
EXAMPLE :

A car leaves a point O and accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed of 6 m/s in 4
seconds. It then maintains a steady speed for a further 10s, after which it slow down
to a halt in 2 seconds.
(a) Sketch a speed – time graph for the car’s journey.
(b) Find the acceleration during the initial and final stages of the journey
(c) Find the total distance travelled by the car.

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ANSWER :
(a) Sketch a speed – time graph for the car’s journey.

v (m/s)

10 s

O 4s 14 s 16 s t (s)

(b) Find the acceleration during the initial and final stages of the journey
𝑣−𝑢 6−0
𝑎= = = 1.5 m/s2
𝑡 4 27
𝑣−𝑢 0−6
𝑎= = = -3 m/s2
𝑡 2
ANSWER :
c)Find the total distance travelled by the car.
1 1
Total distance = area under graph = 6 4 + 10 6 + 2 6 = 78 𝑚
2 2

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 2.3 CARRY OUT AN EXPERIMENT RELATED TO
LINEAR MOTION OF AN OBJECT
Study of linear motion

Ticker timer
 a ticker timer is a device used in the lab to study the motion of a
moving object , usually a trolley.
 a ticker timer consist of an electrical vibrator,
which is connected to an AC power supply.
 A vibrating metal strip with a pin is set to vibrate
Up and down 50 times per second, so the
Frequency of the ticker timer is 50 Hz
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 1 tick on the strip = 0.02 s @ 1/50 hz = 0.02 s

10 tick strip
So 10 ticks = 10 x 0.02 s = 0.2 s

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EXPERIMENT SET UP

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 An apparatus is set up as shown in figure.
 Use power supply 12V ac. ( depends on ticker timer).
 Ticker tape is attached to the trolley.
 The ticker timer is switch on.
 The trolley is hold first and release to roll down freely without any applied force.
Ticker tape is then cut down into 6 pieces ( minimum) of 10 tick strips.
 The strips are paste side by side on the graph paper to form a tape chart.
 The displacement, velocity and acceleration of the trolley are determine from
the graph.

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RESULT : a) Displacement = 12 + 10 + 8 + 6 +
4 + 2 = 42 𝑐𝑚
b) 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 42 𝑐𝑚
= =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 0.2𝑠 × 6 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝
𝑐𝑚
= 35
𝑠
2𝑐𝑚
c) Initial velocity, u = = 10cm/s
0.2𝑠
12 𝑐𝑚
d) Final velocity , v = 0.2 𝑠
𝑐𝑚
= 60
𝑠
Time taken for the change in velocity
= 6 − 1 × 0.2𝑠 = 1𝑠
𝑣−𝑢 60−10 𝑐𝑚
e) Acceleration = =
𝑡 1𝑠
=50 cm/s 33
EXERCISE :
The diagram shows a strip of ticker tape that has been pulled by a moving trolley.
The trolley is moving with:
A) constant velocity
B) decreasing velocity
C) increasing velocity

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EXERCISE :
Figure above shows a strip of ticker tape that has been pulled by a moving trolley.
The ticker tape timer was vibrating at 50Hz. Find the average velocity of the trolley.
A.125.0 cm s-1
A.107.1 cm s-1
B.112.2 cm s-1
C.105.5cm s-1

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