www.shsph.blogspot.

com
Senior High School

Philippine Politics
and Governance
Quarter 1 – Module 3:
Power: Nature, Dimensions, Types
and Consequences
www.shsph.blogspot.com
Philippine Politics and Governance – Senior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 3: Power: Nature, Dimensions, Types and Consequences
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Nicolas T. Capulong, PhD, CESO V
Ronelo Al K. Firmo, PhD, CESO V
Librada M. Rubio, PhD

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Christian C. Linsangan
Anna Maria G. Mejia
Rochelle G. Tuliao
Content Editors: Angelica M. Burayag, PhD
Erwin C. Pagtalunan
Reviewers: Eva Fe F. Taclibon, PhD
Sergio B. Gonzales
Language Editor: Ann Christian A. Francisco
Illustration/ Layout Editor: Bryan Balintec
Illustrator: Neil John L. Supan
Layout Artist: Ric Jayson M. Santos
Management Team: Nicolas T. Capulong, PhD, CESO V
Librada M. Rubio, PhD
Angelica M. Burayag, PhD
Ma. Editha R. Caparas, EdD
Nestor P. Nuesca, EdD
Marie Ann C. Ligsay, PhD
Jayne M. Garcia, EdD
Beverly T. Mangulabnan, PhD
Eva Fe F. Taclibon, PhD

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Region III

Office Address: Matalino St., D.M. Government Center, Maimpis, City of San Fernando
Telefax: (045) 598-8580 to 89
E-mail Address: [email protected]
www.shsph.blogspot.com
Senior High School

Philippine Politics
and Governance
Quarter 1 – Module 3:
Power: Nature, Dimensions, Types
and Consequences
www.shsph.blogspot.com
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Philippine Politics and Governance –

Senior High School Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)
Module on Power: Nature, Dimensions, Types and
Consequences!

This module was designed, developed and reviewed

to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the
learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social,
and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

ii
www.shsph.blogspot.com
For the learner:

Welcome to the Philippine Politics and Governance – Senior High School Alternative
Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Power: Nature, Dimensions, Types and
Consequences!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

iii
www.shsph.blogspot.com
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

iv
www.shsph.blogspot.com

What I Need to Know

This module is about one of the important

concepts in politics – power. Specifically, it
will help you understand the nature, types,
dimensions and consequences of power. At
the end of the module, you will be able to
apply what you have learned in identifying a
specific political phenomenon and how it can
be studied using the concept of power.

The module has one lesson, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Power: Nature, Dimensions, Types and Consequences

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. analyze the nature, dimensions/ types, and consequences of power.

1
www.shsph.blogspot.com

What I Know

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read the following items carefully. Write the letter of the
correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It is the ability to achieve a desired outcome or ability to influence the
behavior of others.
a. Commitment
b. Compliance
c. Power
d. Resistance

2. This consequence of power refers to readiness or act of agreeing to do

something.
a. Commitment
b. Compliance
c. Referent Power
d. Resistance

3. What type of power is exercised if the target person complies because he or

she identifies with the agent and wants to gain the agent’s approval?
a. Coercive power
b. Legitimate power
c. Referent Power
d. Reward power

4. What face of power are we dealing with if we consider conscious actions that
in some way influence the content of decisions?
a. Power as decision-making
b. Power as thought control
c. Power as agenda setting
d. Power as necessity

5. This face of power is the ability to influence another by shaping what he or

she thinks, wants, or needs.
a. Power as decision-making
b. Power as thought control
c. Power as agenda setting
d. Power as necessity

2
www.shsph.blogspot.com
6. What type of power is manifested if the target person complies in order to
avoid punishments he or she believes are controlled by the agent?
a. Coercive power
b. Legitimate power
c. Referent Power
d. Reward power

7. What type of power is employed if the target person complies because he or

she believes the agent has the right to make the request and the target person
has the obligation to comply?
a. Coercive power
b. Legitimate power
c. Referent Power
d. Reward power

8. What consequence of power is considered as desirable outcome because of the

trust and emotional pledge that it causes?
a. Commitment
b. Compliance
c. Resistance
d. Referent Power

9. This consequence of power means to refuse or to oppose.

a. Commitment
b. Compliance
c. Referent Power
d. Resistance

10. This face of power is the ability to influence the desires of another person.
a. Power as thought control
b. Power as agenda setting
c. Power as decision-making
d. Power as necessity

11. This face of power involves the ability to set or control the political discourse,
thereby preventing issues or proposals from being aired in the first place.
a. Power as thought control
b. Power as agenda setting
c. Power as decision-making
d. Power as necessity

12. What type of power was in place if the target person complies because he or
she believes that the agent has special knowledge about the best way to do
something?
a. Coercive power
b. Expert Power
c. Legitimate power
d. Reward power

3
www.shsph.blogspot.com
13. Commitment is most likely to be the consequence when the type of powers
employed are ____________ and ____________.
a. legitimate and referent
b. reward and legitimate
c. expert and legitimate
d. referent and expert
14. Through legitimate power, compliance with the order may occur if it is
perceived to be within the leader’s scope of what?
a. authority
b. close relationship
c. expertise
d. reward

15. What type of power will be most suitable if the objective is preventing behavior
that is harmful to the society and well-being of the people such as illegal and
violent activities?
a. Coercive power
b. Expert Power
c. Legitimate power
d. Reward power

4
www.shsph.blogspot.com

Lesson Power: Meaning,

1 Dimensions, Types and
Consequences

What’s In

You learned in Module 1 on the view about politics that politics is in essence
power. Power or its presence makes a particular social behaviour or activity
distinctively political. Politics under this view is in essence power or the ability to
achieve a desired outcome.

What’s New

Think of someone who can easily influence the behaviours of people around him
or her. In 3-4 sentences, describe that person. What do you think are the reasons
why that person is influential? Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

5
www.shsph.blogspot.com

What is It

Defining Power
Power in its broadest sense, as stated by Heywood
(2007) is the ability to achieve a desired outcome and
is sometimes seen as the ‘power to’ do something. He
further explained that in the context of politics and
governance, power is usually thought of as a
relationship: the ability to influence the behaviour of
others or having ‘power over’ people and the ability to
punish or reward.

Dimensions or Faces of Power

According to Heywood (2007), the following are the various ways how power is
exercised by members of society. These are called dimensions or faces of power:
Power as Decision-Making, Power as Agenda Setting and Power as Thought Control.

Power as Decision-Making
This face of power consists of conscious actions that in some way influence the
content of decisions. Identifying who has power is done by analysing decisions in the
light of the known preferences of the actors involved. The implication of this view of
power is that the most powerful actors in society are those whose opinion are
considered and upheld in the decision making. The powerful are able to get what
they want and make others behave the way they wanted them to. According to
Boulding (1989) as cited by Heywood (2007), decisions can be influenced in a variety
of ways distinguished between the use of force or intimidation (the stick), productive
exchanges involving mutual gain (the deal), and the creation of obligations, loyalty
and commitment (the kiss).

Power as Agenda Setting

The second face of power as further discussed by Heywood (2007) is the ability to
prevent decisions being made: that is, in effect, ‘non-decision-making’. This
according to him involves the ability to set or control the political agenda, thereby
preventing issues or proposals from being aired in the first place.

6
www.shsph.blogspot.com
Power as Thought Control
The third face of power, still according to
Heywood (2007) is the ability to influence another by
shaping what he or she thinks, wants, or needs. This
is power expressed as ideological indoctrination or
psychological control. In political life, the exercise of
this form of power is seen in the use of propaganda
and, more generally, in the impact of ideology which
you learned from Module 2.

Types of Power

According to French and Raven (1959) as cited by Yukl (1989), there are different
types of power, namely: reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, expert power
and referent power. Read the power taxonomy below in order for you to understand
more about the types of power.

Power Taxonomy

Type of Power Description

The target person complies in order to obtain rewards he

Reward power or she believes are controlled by the agent.

The target person complies in order to avoid punishments

Coercive power he or she believes are controlled by the agent.

The target person complies because he or she believes the

Legitimate power agent has the right to make the request and the target
person has the obligation to comply.
The target person complies because he or she believes that
Expert power the agent has special knowledge about the best way to do
something.
The target person complies because he or she admires or
Referent power identifies with the agent and wants to gain the agent’s
approval.

7
www.shsph.blogspot.com
Consequences of Power
There are three consequences of power
according to Yukl (1989): compliance,
commitment and resistance. He further stressed
that employing certain types of power in
particular ways may result into these
consequences. Study his explanations below:

Compliance means readiness or act of

agreeing to do something.

The two types of power most likely to cause compliance are legitimate or position
power and reward power.

➢ Compliance with the order may occur if it is perceived to be within the leader’s
scope of authority.

➢ Compliance is most likely to happen if the reward is something valued by the

target person.

Commitment is an even more desirable outcome because of the trust and

emotional pledge that it causes. It is perceived as loyalty or a sense of dedication or
devotion. Commitment is most likely to be the consequence when the powers used
are referent and expert.

➢ The common way to exercise referent power is merely to ask someone with
whom one has a friendship to do something.

➢ Expert power may result to commitment if the leader presents logical

arguments and supporting evidence for a particular proposal, order or policy.
It will depend on the leader’s credibility and persuasive communication skills
in addition to technical knowledge and logical or analytical ability.

➢ Commitment is a very unlikely consequence if coercive power is employed.

Resistance means to refuse or to oppose. It is the most likely outcome when

coercive power is used in a hostile or manipulative way. (Yukl 1989)

According to Heywood (2007), it is best to use coercion power in preventing

behaviour that is harmful to the society and well-being of the people such as illegal
and violent activities.

8
www.shsph.blogspot.com

What’s More

ACTIVITY 1
Cite one recent political phenomenon and select the face or dimension of power that
can be used in analyzing it. Explain how that face of power can help you understand
the cited political event. Accomplish this on a separate sheet of paper.

Face or Dimension of
Political Phenomenon Explanation
Power

9
www.shsph.blogspot.com
ACTIVITY 2
Complete the table below. Identify and describe one scenario in each of the following
settings given in column 1 where you could see the exercise of a specific type of
power. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Setting Scenario Type of Power

Example:
Classroom The teacher organized a recognition Reward Power
program for outstanding students.

Start here:

1. Household

2. Workplace

3. Group of friends

4. Barangay

5. Areas under
Quarantine

10
www.shsph.blogspot.com

What I Have Learned

Answer the following questions. Write your answers on a

separate sheet of paper.

1. How does the study of faces or dimensions of power help you

understand more about the concept of power?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the importance of having an idea about the certain types of powers which
may result into certain consequences of power?

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

11
www.shsph.blogspot.com

What I Can Do

Think of someone who you think should receive an advice about the importance of
knowing the cause and effect relationship between the different types of power and
consequences of power. Write a “suggestion letter” to that person. Write your output
on a separate sheet of paper. Your output will be graded using the criteria below:

Content - 25 Points
Structure - 10 Points
Word choice - 10 Points
Grammatical accuracy - 5 Points
Total - 50 Points

12
www.shsph.blogspot.com

Assessment

IDENTIFICATION. Identify the type of power being described in the following items.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The target person complies because he or she admires or identifies with the agent
and wants to gain the agent’s approval.

2. The target person complies in order to avoid punishments he or she believes are
controlled by the agent.

3. The target person complies in order to obtain rewards he or she believes are
controlled by the agent.

4. The target person complies because he or she believes that the agent has special
knowledge about the best way to do something.

5. The target person complies because he or she believes the agent has the right to
make the request and the target person has the obligation to comply.

TRUE OR FALSE. For items 6-10, write TRUE if the statement is correct and write
FALSE if otherwise.

6. Expert power may result to commitment if the leader presents logical arguments
and supporting evidence for a particular proposal, order or policy.

7. Commitment is a very likely consequence if coercive power is employed.

8. Compliance is most likely to happen if the reward is something valued by the

target person.

9. Coercive power is exercised by asking someone with whom one has a friendship
to do something.

10. It is best to use coercion power in preventing behavior that is harmful to the
society and well-being of the people such as illegal and violent activities.

FILL IN THE BLANKS. For items 11-15, fill in the blanks with the correct answers.

11. ___________________ is the ability to achieve a desired outcome or ability to

influence the behavior of others.

12. Through legitimate power compliance with the order may occur if it is perceived
to be within the leader’s scope of ___________________.

13. ___________________ is the type of power that is most suitable if the objective is
preventing behavior that is harmful to the society and well-being of the people
such as illegal and violent activities.

13
www.shsph.blogspot.com
14. This face of power refers to the ability to prevent decisions being made: that is,
in effect, ‘non-decision-making’. This face of power is called ___________________.

15. ___________________as a face of power is manifested in political life thru the use
of propaganda and, more generally, in the impact of ideology.

Additional Activities

Complete the table below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

First column: Write your most important learning about the interplay of the types of
power and consequences of power.
Second column: Cite a political phenomenon related to your most important learning

Third column: How can you apply your most important learning in analysing the
political phenomenon in second column?

What I Know Political Phenomenon Application

14
 15
What I Know Assessment
1. C 1. Referent Power
2. B 2. Coercive power
3. C 3. Reward power
4. A 4. Expert power
5. B 5. Legitimate power
6. A 6. False
7. B 7. True
8. A 8. True
9. D 9. False
10. A 10. True
11. B 11. power
12. B 12. authority
13. D 13. coercive power
14. A 14. power as agenda-setting
15. A 15. power as thought control
16.
Answer Key
www.shsph.blogspot.com
www.shsph.blogspot.com
References
Boulding, K. 1989. Three Faces of Power . Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Green, Dennis. 1999. Accessed July 15, 2020. http://dr-

hatfield.com/human_development/docs/power.pdf.

Heywood, Andrew. 2007. Politics. 3rd Edition.

Yukl, Gary A. 1989. Leadership in Organizations. Second Edition. State University of

New York at Albany: Prentice Hall, Inc.

16
www.shsph.blogspot.com

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education Region III- Learning Resources

Management Section (DepEd Region III-LRMS)
Office Address: Diosdado Macapagal Government Center
Maimpis, City of San Fernando (P)