February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 13

P.P. 13.1 For mesh 1,

j6 = 4(1 + j2)I1 + jI2 (1)

For mesh 2, 0 = jI1 + (10 + j5)I2 (2)

⎡ j6⎤ ⎡4 + j8 j ⎤⎡ I1 ⎤
=
⎢0⎥ ⎢ j 10 + j5⎥⎦ ⎢⎣I 2 ⎥⎦
For the matrix form
⎣ ⎦ ⎣

Δ = j100, Δ2 = 6

I2 = Δ2/Δ = 6/j100

Vo = 10I2 = 60/j100 = 0.6∠-90° V

P.P. 13.2 Since I1 enters the coil with reactance 2Ω and I2 enters the coil with
reactance 6Ω, the mutual voltage is positive. Hence, for mesh 1,

12∠60o = (5 + j2 + j6 – j 3x2)I1 – j6I2 + j3I2

or 12∠60o = (5 + j2)I1 – j3I2 (1)

For mesh 2, 0 = (j6 – j4)I2 – j6I1 + j3I1

or I2 = 1.5I1 (2)

Substituting this into (1), 12∠60o = (5 – j2.5)I1

I1 = (12∠60o)/(5.59∠–26.57o) = 2.147∠86.57o A

I2 = 1.5I1 = 3.22∠86.57o A

P.P. 13.3 The coupling coefficient is, k = m/ L1 L 2 = 1 / 2x1 = 0.7071

To obtain the energy stored, we first obtain the frequency-domain circuit shown below.

20cos(ωt) becomes 20∠0o, ω = 2

 1H becomes jω1 = j2
2H becomes jω2 = j4
(1/8) F becomes 1/jωC = -j4

4Ω -j4

+ j4 j2
VS – I1 I2 2Ω

For mesh 1, 20 = (4 – j4 + j4)I1 – j2I2

or 10 = 2I1 – jI2 (1)

For mesh 2, –j2I1 + (2 + j2)I2 = 0

or I1 = (1 – j)I2 (2)

Substituting (2) into (1), (2 – j3)I2 = 10

I2 = 10/((2 – j3) = 2.78∠56.31o

I1 = 3.93∠11.31o

In the time domain, i1 = 3.93cos(2t + 11.31o)

i2 = 2.78cos(2t + 56.31o)

At t = 1.5, 2t = 3 rad = 171.9o

i1 = 3.93cos(171.9o + 11.31o) = –3.924 A

i2 = 2.78cos(171.9o + 56.31o) = -1.85 A

The total energy stored in the coupled inductors is given by,

W = 0.5L1(i1)2 + 0.5L2(i2)2 – 0.5M(i1i2)

= 0.5(2) (-3.924)2 + 0.5(1)(-1.85)2 – (1)(-3.924)(-1.85)
= 9.85 J
P.P. 13.4 Zin = 4 + j8 + [32/(j10 – j6 + 6 + j4)]

= 4 + j8 + 9/(6 + j8)

= 8.58∠58.05o ohms

The current from the voltage is,

I = V/Z = 10∠0o/8.58∠58.05o = 1.165∠–58.05o A

P.P. 13.5 L1 = 10, L2 = 4, M = 2

L1L2 – M2 = 40 – 4 = 36

LA = (L1L2 – M2)/(L2 – M) = 36/(4 – 2) = 18

LB = (L1L2 – M2)/(L1 – M) = 36/(10 – 2) = 4.5

LC = (L1L2 – M2)/M = 36/2 = 18

Hence, we get the π equivalent circuit as shown below.

18 H

18 H 4.5 H
P.P. 13.6 If we reverse the direction of i2 so that we replace I2 by –i2, we
have the circuit shown in Figure (a).

j3

-j4

+ j3 j6
– i1 i2 12 Ω
o
12∠0

(a)

We now replace the coupled coil by the T-equivalent circuit and assume ω = 1.

La = 5 – 3 = 2 H

Lb = 6 – 3 = 3 H

Lc = 3 H

Hence the equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (b). We apply mesh analysis.

-j4 j2 j3

j3
+ I1 I2 12 Ω
12∠0o
–

(b)
 12 = i1(-j4 + j2 + j3) + j3i2

or 12 = ji1 + j3i2 (1)

Loop 2 produces, 0 = j3i1 + (j3 + j3 + 12)i2

or i1 = (-2 + j4)i2 (2)

Substituting (2) into (1), 12 = (-4 + j)i2, which leads to i2 = 12/(-4 + j)

I2 = -i2 = 12/(4 – j) = 2.91∠14.04o A

I1 = i1 = (-2 + j4)i2 = 12(2 – j4)/(4 – j) = 13∠-49.4o A

P.P. 13.7

(a) n = V2/V1 = 110/3300 = 1/30 (a step-down transformer)

(b) S = V1I1 = 3300x3 = 9.9 kVA

(c) I2 = I1/n = 3/(1/30) = 90 A

P.P. 13.8 The 16 – j24-ohm impedance can be reflected to the primary

resulting in

Zin = 2 + (16 – j24)/16 = 3 – j1.5

I1 = 100/(3 – j1.5) = 29.82∠26.57o

I2 = –I1/n = –7.454∠26.57o

Vo = -j24i2 = (24∠–90o)(–7.454∠26.57o) = 178.92∠116.57oV

S1 = V1I1 = (100)( 29.82∠26.57o) = 2.982∠-26.57okVA

P.P. 13.9 8Ω
+ v0 –

4Ω i1 2Ω
1 1:2
2
i2

+ + + +
v1 v2 10 Ω
– v3
– – –
60∠0o

Consider the circuit shown above.

At node 1, (60 – v1)/4 = i1 + (v1 – v3)/8 (1)

At node 2, [(v1 – v3)/8] + [(v2 – v3)/2] = (v3)/8 (2)

At the transformer terminals, v2 = -2v1 and i2 = -i1/2 (3)

But i2 = (v2 – v3)/2 = -i1/2 which leads to i1 = (v3 – v2)/1 = v3 + 2v1.

Substituting all of this into (1) and (2) leads to,

(60 – v1)/4 = v3 + 2v1 + (v1 – v3)/8 which leads 120 = 19v1 + 7v3 (4)

[(v1 – v3)/8] + [(-2v1 – v3)/2] = v3/8 which leads to v3 = -7v1/6 (5)

From (4) and (5),

120 = 10.833v1 or v1 = 11.077 volts

v3 = -7v1/6 = -12.923

vo = v1 – v3 = 24 volts
P.P. 13.10 We should note that the current and voltage of each winding of the
autotransformer in Figure (b) are the same for the two-winding transformer in Figure (a).

6A

+
0.5A 6A 10V +
6.5A –
+ + + 130V
120V 10V
+ 120V
120V –
– – –
– 0.5A

(a) (b)

For the two-winding transformer,

s1 = 120/2 = 60 VA

s2 = 6(10) = 60 VA

For the autotransformer,

s1 = 120(6.5) = 780 VA

s2 = 130(6) = 780 VA

P.P. 13.11 i2 = s2/v2 = 16,000/800 = 20 A

Since s1 = v1i1 = v2i2 = s2, v2/v1 = i1/i2, 800/1250 = i1/20,

or i1 = 800x20/1250 = 12.8 A.

At the top, KCL produces i1 + io = i2, or io = i2 – i1 = 20 – 12.8 = 7.2 A.

P.P. 13.12

(a) sT = (√3)vLiL, but sT = pT/cosθ = 40x106/0.85 = 47.0588 MVA

iLS = sT/(√3)vLS = 47.0588x106/[(√3)12.5x103] = 2.174 kA

(b) vLS = 12.5 kV, vLP = 625 kV, n = vLS/vLP = 12.5/625 = 0.02

(c) iLP = niLS = 0.02x2173.6 = 43.47 A

or iLP = sT/[(√3)vLP] = 47.0588x106/[(√3)625x103] = 43.47 A

(d) The load carried by each transformer is (1/3)sT = 15.69 MVA

P.P. 13.13 The process is essentially the same as in Example 13.13. We are
given the coupling coefficient, k = 0.4, and can determine the operating frequency from
the value of ω = 4 which implies that f = 4/(2π) = 0.6366 Hz.

Saving and then simulating produces,

io = 100.6cos(4t + 68.52o) mA
P.P. 13.14 Following the same basic steps in Example 13.14, we first assume
ω = 1. This then leads to following determination of values for the inductor and the
capacitor.

j15 = jωL leads to L = 15 H

-j16 = 1/(ωC) leads to C = 62.5 mF

The schematic is shown below.

FREQ VM($N_0005,0) VP($N_0005,0)

1.592E-01 7.652E+01 2.185E+00

FREQ VM($N_0001,0) VP($N_0001,0)

1.592E-01 1.151E+02 2.091E+00

Thus,

V1 = 76.52∠2.18° V

V2 = 115.1∠2.09° V

Note, if we divide V2 by V1 we get 1.5042∠–.09˚ which is in good agreement that the

transformer is ideal with a voltage ratio of 1.5:1!
P.P. 13.15 V2/V1 = 120/13,200 = 1/110 = 1/n

P.P. 13.16

Z1
VS + +
– v1 ZL/n2
–

As in Example 13.16, n2 = ZL/Z1 = 100/(2.5x103) = 1/25, n = 1/5 = 0.2

By voltage division, v1 = vs/2 (since Z1 = ZL/n2), therefore v1 = 30/2 = 15 volts, and

v2 = nv1 = (1/5)(15) = 3 volts

P.P. 13.17

(a) s = 12x60 + 350 + 4,500 = 5.57 kW

(b) iP = s/vP 5570/2400 = 2.321 A