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SQL Statements

The document describes the syntax for various SQL commands used to define, manipulate, and query data. It covers data definition language (CREATE, ALTER, DROP), data manipulation language (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE), transaction control language (COMMIT, ROLLBACK), data control language (GRANT, REVOKE), and data query language (SELECT with projections, selections, various join types). The syntax examples provided are for both ANSI SQL and Oracle SQL implementations.

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Vijji Vijay
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
43 views

SQL Statements

The document describes the syntax for various SQL commands used to define, manipulate, and query data. It covers data definition language (CREATE, ALTER, DROP), data manipulation language (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE), transaction control language (COMMIT, ROLLBACK), data control language (GRANT, REVOKE), and data query language (SELECT with projections, selections, various join types). The syntax examples provided are for both ANSI SQL and Oracle SQL implementations.

Uploaded by

Vijji Vijay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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I.

DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE:


1.CREATE :
SYNTAX:
CREATE TABLE table_name
(
COLUMN_NAME_1 DATATYPE NOT NULL / [NULL],
COLUMN_NAME_2 DATATYPE NOT NULL / [NULL],
..

COLUMN_NAME_n DATATYPE NOT NULL /[ NULL],


CONSTRAINT constraint_ref_name UNIQUE(COLUMN_NAME),
CONSTRAINT constraint_ref_name CHECK(CONDITION),
CONSTRAINT constraint_ref_name PRIMARY KEY(COLUMN_NAME),
CONSTRAINT constraint_ref_name FOREIGN KEY(COLUMN_NAME)
REFERENCES parent_table_name (COLUMN_NAME)
);

2.RENAME:
SYNTAX:
RENAME current_table_name TO New_table_name;

INSTAGRAM :- @CLUB_SQL
3.ALTER:
SYNTAX:
1.TO ADD A COL :

ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD COLUMN_NAME DATATYPE[NULL/NOT NULL];

2.TO DROP A COL :

ALTER TABLE table_name

DROP COLUMN COLUMN_NAME ;

3.TO CHANGE THE DATATYPE:

ALTER TABLE table_name

MODIFY COLUMN_NAME new_datatype;

4.TO CHANGE THE NOT NULL CONSTRAINT:

ALTER TABLE table_name

MODIFY COLUMN_NAME existing_datatype NULL/NOTNULL;

5.TO RENAME THE COLUMN:

ALTER TABLE table_name

RENAME COLUMN current_name TO new_name;

6.TO MODIFY CONSTRAINTS:

a) ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_ref_name UNIQUE(column_name);

b) ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_ref_name CHECK(condition);

c) ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_ref_name PRIMARY KEY(column_name);

d) ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_ref_name FOREIGN KEY(column_name) REFERENCES parent_table_name


(column_name);

7.TO DROP/DISABLE/ENABLE A CONSTRAINT:

ALTER TABLE table_name

DROP/DISABLE/ENABLE CONSTRAINT constraint_ref_name;

INSTAGRAM :- @CLUB_SQL
4. TRUNCATE:
SYNTAX: TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

5. DROP:
SYNTAX: DROP TABLE table_name;
TO RECOVER THE TABLE:(only in oracle)
SYNTAX: FLASHBACK TABLE table_name
TO BEFORE DROP
[RENAME TO new_name] ;
TO DROP THE TABLE FROM RECYCLE BIN
SYNTAX: PURGE TABLE table_name;

II.DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE


1.INSERT:
SYNTAX 1: INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (V1,V2,....,Vn);
2: INSERT INTO table_name (COL1,COL2,....COLn)

INSTAGRAM :- @CLUB_SQL
VALUES(V1,V2,....,Vn);
Or
INSERT INTO table_name (COL1,COL2,....COLn)
VALUES(&COL1,&COL2,...&COLn)
3. INSERT INTO table_name
SELECT statement;

2.UPDATE:
SYNTAX: UPDATE table_name
SET COL1=V1,COL2=V2,......,COLn=Vn
[WHERE <filter_condition>];
3.DELETE:
SYNTAX : DELETE
FROM table_name
[WHERE <filter_condition>];

III.TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE


1.COMMIT:
SYNTAX: COMMIT;

INSTAGRAM :- @CLUB_SQL
2.SAVEPOINT:
SYNTAX: SAVEPOINT savepoint_name;

3.ROLLBACK:
SYNTAX: ROLLBACK;
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
SYNTAX: ROLLBACK TO savepoint_name;

IV.DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE:


1.GRANT:
SYNTAX: GRANT sql_statement ON table_name
TO user_name;

2.REVOKE: :
SYNTAX: REVOKE sql_statement ON table_name
FROM user_name;

V.DATA QUERY LANGUAGE:


1.SELECT:

SELECT */[DISTINCT] column_name/Expression [ALIAS]

INSTAGRAM :- @CLUB_SQL
2.PROJECTION:

SYNTAX: SELECT */[DISTINCT] column_name/Expression [ALIAS]


FROM table_name ;

3.SELECTION:

SYNTAX: SELECT */[DISTINCT] column_name/Expression [ALIAS]


FROM table_name
WHERE <filter_condition> ;

4.JOIN
1.CARTESIAN JOIN/CROSS JOIN
SYNTAX:ANSI->
SELECT col_name
FROM table_name1 CROSS JOIN table_name2;
SYNTAX:ORACLE->
SELECT col_name
FROM table_name1, table_name2;

2.INNER JOIN/EQUI JOIN SYNTAX:ANSI->

SELECT col_name
FROM table_name1 INNER JOIN table_name2

INSTAGRAM :- @CLUB_SQL
ON table_name1.col_name=table_name2.col_name;
SYNTAX:ORACLE->
SELECT col_name
FROM table_name1, table_name2
WHERE table_name1.col_name=table_name2.col_name;

3.OUTER JOIN
I. LEFT OUTER JOIN
SYNTAX:ANSI->
SELECT col_name
FROM table_name1 LEFT [OUTER] JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.col_name=table_name2.col_name;

SYNTAX:ORACLE->
SELECT col_name
FROM table_name1, table_name2
WHERE table_name1.col_name=table_name2.col_name(+); II. RIGHT
OUTER JOIN
SYNTAX:ANSI->
SELECT col_name
FROM table_name1 RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.col_name=table_name2.col_name;

SYNTAX:ORACLE->
SELECT col_name
FROM table_name1, table_name2
WHERE table_name1.col_name(+)=table_name2.col_name;

INSTAGRAM :- @CLUB_SQL
III. FULL OUTER JOIN
SYNTAX:ANSI->
SELECT col_name
FROM table_name1 FULL [OUTER] JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.col_name=table_name2.col_name;

[NOTE: NO ORACLE SYNTAX FOR FULL OUTER JOIN]

4.SELF JOIN
SYNTAX:ANSI->
SELECT col_name
FROM table_name1 T1 JOIN table_name1 T2
ON T1.col_name=T2.col_name;
SYNTAX:ORACLE->
SELECT col_name
FROM table_name1 T1, table_name1 T2
WHERE T1.col_name=T2.col_name;

INSTAGRAM :- @CLUB_SQL
5.NATURAL JOIN
SYNTAX:ANSI->
SELECT col_name
FROM table_name1 NATURAL JOIN table_name2 ;
NOTE: NO ORACLE SYNTAX FOR NATURAL JOIN

INSTAGRAM :- @CLUB_SQL
INSTAGRAM :- @CLUB_SQL

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