PRACTICAL 12

RESEARCH 2

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

A module developed by DepEd-Davao City

Icons were illustrated by
 Self-Directed Learning Materials Team

Writer:

ACHILLES CHARLES G. GRANDEZA, PHD-CAR

Teacher II - - Crossing Bayabas National High School

Evaluators:

APPLE MAY A. TAÑEGA, PhD-CAR

Teacher II – Daniel R. Aguinaldo National High School

SHERWIN S. FORTUGALIZA, PhD

Group Leader – Practical Research 2 (Quarter 1)

RONNIE M. VALES
Team Leader – Bernardo Carpio National High School

BRYAN L. CANCIO
Self-Directed Learning Materials Over-all Coordinator

ELSIE E. GAGABE
Education Program Supervisor - MAPEH/Research

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 Information about this ADM learner’s material

I. Objectives: The learner demonstrates understanding of

Ia. Content Standards the research hypothesis.
The learner is able to formulate clearly the
Ib. Performance Standards
research hypothesis
. Ic. Learning Competencies The learner Lists research hypotheses (if
appropriate) (CS_RS12-If-j-8)
II. Content / Topic Research Hypothesis

Good day!
This module for Practical Research 2 will help you in
formulating your research hypothesis. You may have your
research questions, your statement of the problem, but to have a
good view of your research and to enable you to look for
appropriate tools, you will need to formulate your research
hypothesis.
This module is organized in a way for you to learn easier
and in a more convenient way. Since our hypothesis can be
drawn from your statement of the problem and research
questions, I suggest you have those with you while reading this
module.
Should you have any questions, feel free to ask your
parents or contact your teacher for clarification.

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 To start your learning, we have set our target straight.
The objective of this module is for you to learn about
hypothesis formulation. Specifically, this module seeks to
achieve the following objectives:
1. identify research hypothesis;
2. perform the steps in making research hypothesis;
and
3. list your research hypothesis.

Introduction

Recalling your knowledge about science, a hypothesis is naturally an educated

guess, however, an educated guess or good hypothesis must be stated as simply and
concisely as possible. A hypothesis is a temporary explanation that accounts for a set of
facts and can be tested by further investigation in qualitative studies and through
statistical tools in quantitative studies (Muijs, 2004). The skill and knowledge in
formulating a hypothesis are imperative as a researcher, this knowledge will help you in
giving direction to your investigation and in the selection of correct data gathering tools
and as well as statistical tools to test your hypothesis.
Your hypothesis can come from a review of the literature or theory, your research
questions which will be one of the focuses in this module, and from qualitative research.
Since the quantitative is well-suited for testing theories and hypotheses, we have to make
sure that our hypothesis is aligned with the research question which you should have
formulated before reading this module. Let us always remind ourselves that a hypothesis
should bring clarity, specificity, and focus on a research problem because the hypothesis
is the beginning of investigation (Kumar, 2011).

Got it? Let us continue and start the first activity.

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Activity No.1. CROSSWORD PUZZLE
Instruction: Complete the crossword puzzle. Use CAPITAL LETTERS in your answer.

HORIZONTAL VERTICAL

1 Something that changes over 2 A superficial hunch or a thought of

time or not permanent situation that is accepted as true
without proof
5 A connection between 3 It is defined as something that has
variables in your research quantity in research
6 Can be subjected to 4 The course or guide to the path that
experiments or can be tried must be taken

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 Your score is a measurement of what you know as of now.
I am sure that your score has nowhere to go but up from
this moment on. Since you already know some key words
that we will be using, I’m quite sure that understanding the
formulation of the hypothesis will be easier.

Activity No. 2. Guide Questions

Instruction: Based on your result in Activity 1, answer the following questions below.
1. What words did you discover in the previous activity?
______________________________________________________________________

2. What do you think those words are for?

______________________________________________________________________

From here on, it is important that you focus on the topics that
will be discussed from this point onwards and try to reflect on
what should be done.

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 Lesson: The Research Hypothesis

Defining (Identify) Hypothesis

There is no single definition to what a hypothesis is, but some authors like (Ellison,
2010) define it as your best-educated guess about why things are, (Kumar, 2011) sited
(Black & Champion, 1976) defining hypothesis as “tentative statement about something
of which the validity is unknown.
From most definitions, we can say that a hypothesis is a tentative proposition with
unknown validity and more often than not, it can specify a relationship between variables,
and it does not matter if its causal or not, and it can also specify a difference in groups as
well as effects of interventions.
Now, with all of those in mind, we can define a hypothesis as a concisely
constructed educated guess that is testable and tentative.

Formulate Your Hypotheses

Your research objective should be refined into a form of testable hypothesis. In
basic research, we traditionally look at two types of hypotheses namely the null
hypothesis and alternative hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis is a statement that you
usually state it like you want it to be true, and the null is otherwise (Muijs, 2004).

Simplifying the steps in writing hypothesis for relationship/correlation studies

EXAMPLE 1
Research question 1
Is there a significant relationship between English grades and Immersion
grades?
Step 1 Identify your Variables.
Sample:
a. Independent Variable: English grades
b. Dependent Variable: Immersion Grades

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Step 2 Write your null hypothesis by using the format: There is no significant relationship
between (Independent Variable) and (Dependent Variable).
Sample:
Null hypothesis (H0): There is no significant relationship between English grades
and Immersion grades.
Step 3 Write your alternative hypothesis by using the format: There is a significant
relationship between (Independent Variable) and (Dependent Variable).
Sample:
Alternative hypothesis (Ha): There is a significant relationship between English
grades and Immersion grades.
EXAMPLE 2
Research Question 2
Is there a significant relationship between a student’s allowance and
parent’s income?
Step 1 Identify your Variables.
Sample:
a. Independent Variable: Student’s allowance
b. Dependent Variable: Parent’s Income
Step 2 Write your null hypothesis by using the format: There is no significant relationship
between (Independent Variable) and (Dependent Variable).
Sample:
Null hypothesis (H0): There is no significant relationship between student’s
allowance and parent’s income.
Step 3 Write your alternative hypothesis by using the format: There is a significant
relationship between (Independent Variable) and (Dependent Variable).
Sample:
Alternative hypothesis (Ha): There is a significant relationship between
student’s allowance and parent’s income.

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Simplifying the steps in writing hypothesis for difference or comparative studies
EXAMPLE 1
Research question 1
Is there a significant difference in the Academic Performance of Senior High
School students when grouped according to Grade Level?
Step 1. Identify your Variables and the Respondents.
Sample:
a. Independent Variable: Grade level
b. Dependent Variable: Academic Performance
c. Respondents: Senior High School Students
Step 2. Write your null hypothesis by using the format: There is no significant difference
in the (Dependent Variable) of (Respondents) between (Independent
Variable).
Sample:
Null hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference in the academic
performance of Senior High School students
between Grade 11 and Grade 12.
Step 3 Write your alternative hypothesis by using the format: There is a significant
difference in the (Dependent Variable) of (Respondents) between
(Independent Variable).
Sample:
Alternative hypothesis (Ha): There is a significant difference in the academic
performance of Senior High School students
between Grade 11 and Grade 12.

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Activity 3. COMPLETING CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Instruction: Write the appropriate null and alternative hypothesis for the research
question.
Research Question 1:
Is there a significant relationship between income and life satisfaction?
Step 1. Identify your variables
Independent Variable: _________________________
Dependent Variable: __________________________
Step 2. Write your null hypothesis by using the format: There is no significant relationship
between (Independent Variable) and (Dependent Variable).
Null hypothesis (H0): _______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Step 3. Write your alternative hypothesis by using the format: There is a significant
relationship between (Independent Variable) and (Dependent Variable).
Alternative hypothesis (Ha): ________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

Research Question 2:
Is there a significant relationship between social media engagement and grades?
Step 1. Identify your variables
Independent Variable: _________________________
Dependent Variable: __________________________
Step 2. Write your null hypothesis by using the format: There is no significant relationship
between (Independent Variable) and (Dependent Variable).
Null hypothesis (H0): _______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

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Step 3. Write your alternative hypothesis by using the format: There is a significant
relationship between (Independent Variable) and (Dependent Variable).
Alternative hypothesis (Ha): ________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

Research Question 3:
Is there a significant difference in the National Achievement Test (NAT) score of
secondary students between types of school?
Step 1. Identify your variables
Independent Variable: _________________________
Dependent Variable: __________________________
Respondents: _______________________________
Step 2. Write your null hypothesis by using the format: There is no significant difference
in the (Dependent Variable of (Respondents) between (Group 1 of IV) and
(Group 2 of IV).
Null hypothesis (H0): _______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Step 3. Write your alternative hypothesis by using the format: There is a significant
difference in the (Dependent Variable of (Respondents) between (Group 1 of IV)
and (Group 2 of IV).
Alternative hypothesis (Ha): _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

Were you able to write the answers correctly? I

sure hope you did, but just in case you need clarification,
can always read the “Let’s Study This” part.
Formulating hypothesis will make your research
easier since it will help in giving you direction on what
you should do next since you are trying to prove or
disprove these statements.

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 1. A research hypothesis is your best educated guess which is only

temporary until tested.

2. There are three (3) basic steps in writing your research hypothesis by first
identifying the variables and following the steps we have practiced in this module.
a. Identifying the variables;
b. Writing the null hypothesis; and
c. Writing the alternative hypothesis.

Instruction: Create the null and alternative hypothesis for the following research
questions.
1. Is there a significant relationship between Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and Academic
Performance (AP)?
Independent Variable: ____________________________
Dependent Variable: _____________________________
Null hypothesis (Ho): __________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Alternative hypothesis (Ha): _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
2. Is there a significant difference in the sales result of the private employees between
employment status (regular and contractual)?
Independent Variable: ___________________________
Dependent Variable: ____________________________
Respondents; _________________________________

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 Null hypothesis (Ho): __________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Alternative hypothesis (Ha): _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

3. Does number of hours of sleeping significantly related to weight?

Independent Variable: ___________________________
Dependent Variable: ____________________________
Null hypothesis (Ho): __________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Alternative hypothesis (Ha): _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

References:

Ellison, C. (2010). McGraw-Hill’s concise guide to writing research papers.

McGraw-Hill. Retrieved on August 23, 2020 from http://public.ebookcentral.proquest.

com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=4657855.

Kumar, R. (2011). Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners (3rd ed).
SAGE.

Muijs, D. (2004). Doing quantitative research in education with SPSS. Sage Publications.

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