ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of ALLAH S.W.T, the most gracious, the most compassionate.
Alhamdulillah, first and foremost, thanks Allah S.W.T. for giving me the passion and
strength to complete this thesis within the time.
I would like to thank to all environmental lab student and staff at Department
of Civil Engineering in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, especially to Ain, Budi, En.
Azreen, and En Razali who helps me a lot during the sampling process and
laboratory work. Furthermore, this research could not have been performed without
important funding sources, Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), awarded
from Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (KPT).
And finally, I would like to take this opportunity to thank my beloved family
and all my fellow friends, who always provide me encouragement and spiritual
support. It absolutely helped me to show up for work, even at times when I was less
than enthusiastic about research. Thank you so much. May ALLH S.W.T rewards
you with goodness. Jazakumullahu khairan kathira. As salam.
v
ABSTRACT
SRB in anaerobic treatment of sulphate enriched wastewater at COD/SO 42- ratios of 5.3, 2.5 and
1.3. Results showed that sCOD removal efficiency during the start-up period was more than 80%
and methane production and composition observed were 9 L.day -1 and 67(±2%), respectively.
Results of Phase 2 showed that sCOD removal efficiency average values were 78%, 80% and
70%. Methane yield average values were 0.9, 1.2 and 1.3 L CH 4.gCODdestroyed-1 when FeCl3
dosage of 10.2, 22.2 and 44.5 mM respectively were used. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
was used to observe the microbial morphology of anaerobic sludge. The result showed that when
UASB was operated at COD/SO42- ratio of 1.3, abundant of filamentous rods and long-rod shape
bacterium were dominantly attached to the sludge compared to COD/SO 42- ratio of 2.5. The
sludge consisted mainly of rod-shape bacteria which presumably referred to the common shape
of SRBs species. However, when UASB was added with FeCl 3 at dosage of 22.2 mM and 44.5
mM, the sludge contained no rod-shape bacteria and the morphology of sludge showed the
presence of iron sulphide precipitated. The addition of FeCl 3 promotes substantially to an even
higher methane yield production.
vi
ABSTRAK
Sulfat adalah komponen lazim di dalam effluen perindustrian atau domestik dan
kadang-kadang hadir dalam kepekatan yang tinggi. Di dalam rawatan secara anaerobik,
pengurangan sulfat kepada sulfida oleh bakteria pengurangan sulfat (SRB) akan membawa
kepada beberapa masalah. Salah satu dari masalah utama adalah penjanaan metana yang
rendah. Langkah mengawal pengurangan sulfat di dalam proses pencernaan anaerobik adalah
amat penting. Oleh itu, tujuan kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk menyiasat perencatan SRB
dengan menggunakan ferik klorida (FeCl 3) dalam reaktor anaerobik enapcemar alir naik
(UASB) bagi merawat air sisa yang mengandungi kandungan sulfat yang tinggi. Prestasi
UASB dinilai berdasarkan pH, permintaan oksigen kimia (sCOD) terlarut, jumlah asid lemak
meruap (VFAs), komposisi dan penjanaan gas metana. Sebuah UASB yang berisipadu
sebanyak 4 liter telah beroperasi dalam keadaan anaerobik dengan menggunakan air sisa
sintetik selama 120 hari. Kajian ini telah dijalankan dalam dua fasa. Fasa 1 dijalankan bagi
menilai prestasi UASB pada tempoh permulaan. Fasa 2 pula dijalankan untuk menyiasat
keupayaan FeCl3 untuk merencat SRB dalam kaedah rawatan secara anaerobik bagi air sisa
yang mengandungi kandungan sulfat pada nisbah COD/SO 42- sebanyak 5.3, 2.5 dan 1.3.
Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa kecekapan penyingkiran sCOD adalah lebih daripada 80%
dan pengeluaran dan komposisi gas metana dicatat adalah 9 L.hari -1 dan 67 (± 2%).
Keputusan kajian Fasa 2 pula menunjukkan bahawa purata kecekapan penyingkiran sCOD
adalah 78%, 80% dan 70%, manakala purata penghasilan gas metana adalah sebanyak 0.9,
1.2 dan 1.3 L CH4.gCODtermusnah-1 apabila dos FeCl3 ditambah masing-masing pada 10.2, 22.2
dan 44.5 mM. Mikroskop imbasan elektron (SEM) telah digunakan untuk melihat morfologi
mikrob dalam enapcemar anaerobik. Keputusan menunjukkan apabila UASB beroperasi
pada nisbah COD/SO42- 1.3, lebih banyak bakteria rod berfilamen dan rod panjang yang
dominan telah melekat pada enapcemar berbanding pada nisbah COD/SO 42- 2.5. Enapcemar
tersebut yang terdiri daripada bakteria berbentuk rod yang sama dengan bentuk kebiasaan
spesies SRBs. Walau bagaimanapun, apabila UASB ditambah dengan FeCl 3 pada dos 22.2
mM dan 44.5 mM, enapcemar didapati bebas daripada kandungan bakteria berbentuk rod
dan kehadiran ferik sulfida dapat dilihat pada morfologi enapcemar. Penambahan FeCl 3
didapati dapat menggalakkan penjanaan gas metana yang lebih tinggi.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS xvii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem Statements 3
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Anaerobic Digestion 5
2.10.2 Temperature 22
2.11.3 Mixing 27
toxicity 37
2.13 Summary of literature review 40
ix
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 42
3.1 Introduction 42
3.2 Experimental Design 42
3.4 Methods 47
(SEM) 54
3.4.5.4 Soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) 56
3.4.5.5 pH 58
solid 58
3.4.5.7 Volatile fatty acid 60
3.4.5.8 Sulphate 61
3.4.9.10Biogas analysis 62
SYNTHETIC WASTEWATER 64
4.1 pH 64
x
4.2 Soluble COD removal 65
7.1 Conclusions 94
7.2 Recommendations 96
REFERENCES 98
LIST OF TABLES
wastewaters.
2.4 Stoichiometry and Standard Free Enthalpy Change for 35
anaerobic bioreactor.
3.2 Summary of the UASB operating conditions during start- 49
up
3.3 Summary of the UASB operating conditions during 50
for SEM study on day 50, 85, 96, 105 and 120
3.7 General fixation schedule for sludge cell 55
up
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
during start-up
3.4 Detail design of Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) 46
3.5 Sani-Check sulphate reducing bacteria test kit 52
3.9 pH meter 58
3.11 Oven 59
start-up.
4.2 Contribution of soluble chemical oxygen demand 66
(TSS)
5.1 pH profiles in UASB and effluent in each OLR at 72
2-
different COD/SO4 . Legends above the graph represent
2-
the COD/SO4 ratio and dosage of FeCl3 added during
the operational reactor shown by the dashed line.
5.2 Contribution of soluble COD profile within in reactor 74
-1
and effluent (mg.L ) and total COD removal (%) of the
2-
UASB at different COD/SO4 . Legends above the graph
2-
represent the COD/SO4 ratio and dosage of FeCl3 added
during the operational reactor shown by the dashed line.
5.3 Total VFAs concentration profile in reactor and effluents 76
2-
of UASB at different COD/SO4 . Legends above the
2-
graph represent the COD/SO4 ratio and dosage of FeCl3
(mM) added during the operational reactor shown by the
dashed line.
5.4 Methane productions in each OLR of UASB at different 77
2-
COD/SO4 . Legends above the graph represent the
2-
COD/SO4 ratio and dosage of FeCl3 (mM) added
during the operational reactor shown by the dashed line.
5.5 Proportion of CH4 (%) and H2S (ppm) in the biogas at 78
2-
different COD/SO4 . Legends above the graph represent
2-
the COD/SO4 ratio and dosage of FeCl3 (mM) added
during the operational reactor shown by the dashed line.
5.6 2- 80
Methane yield in each COD/SO4 ratio of UASB at
2-
COD/SO4 ratio and dosage of FeCl3 (mM) added
during the operational reactor shown by the dashed line.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Anaerobic system has more advantages compared to aerobic proces such as a low
investment technology, warranting no aeration equipment, reduced sludge disposal
facility, and the prime advantage of methane (CH 4) recovery. Traditionally, anaerobic
technologies were used for treatment of wastewater especially those derived from
wastewater treatment plant. Sludge is categorized as organic material, which could be
used to produce useful energy by product which is methane gas. Anaerobic digestion is a
natural biological process which involves the breakdown of organic matter by
microorganism under anaerobic conditions. Anaerobic digestion mainly produces two
main products which are biogas and digestate. The biogas produced
2
consists of CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2). Meanwhile, the digestate resulting from
this process was nutrient-rich and can be directly used as fertilizer.
Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the ability of Ferric Chloride
(FeCl3) to inhibit activity of SRB and treatment efficiency in laboratory-scale systems
2-
operating on synthetic wastewater. The impact of COD/SO 4 at HRT constant and
3
variable organic substrate loading by varying feed concentration in the UASB was
examined. Furthermore, the influence of addition of FeCl 3 on microbial community
inside UASB was also investigated. Due to time constraint, it was decided to conduct
2-
intermittent feed of COD/SO4 and FeCl3 alternately because in this study, there is
only one peristaltic pump for feeding process. In order to alleviate chemical reaction
occuring in the feed tank, UASB were operated in intermittent feeding, with either
2-
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