Identify whether the following is Personal  Volume Testing- It is testing a

Danger or Danger to Devices software application with a certain

amount of data.
 Electricity/electrocution – Personal
Danger  Load Testing - The practice of
 Defects – Danger to Devices modelling the expected usage of a
software program by simulating
 Dust/Allergens – Personal Danger multiple users accessing the program
concurrently.
 Sharp edges – Personal Danger
 Maintenance Testing-
 Loose connections – Danger to
Devices

 Horsing around – Personal Danger  Security Testing - Is a Process to

determine that an IS (Information
 ESD (Electro-static discharge) – System) protects data and maintains
Danger to Devices functionality as intended.

 Heat – personal danger/danger to  Usability Testing- Is a technique

devices used to evaluate a product by testing
it on users.
Various Testing Performed on a
Computer System  Compatibility Testing - It is a
testing conducted on the application
to evaluate the application's
 GUI Software Testing- The process compatibility with the computing
of testing a product that uses a environment.
graphical user interface, this is to
ensure that it meet its written  Recovery Testing - It is the activity
specifications. of testing how well an application is
able to recover from crashes,
GUI( Graphics User Interface)- It hardware failures and other similar
is a type of user interface which problems.
allows people to interact with
electronic devices with images rather
than text commands.

 Performance Testing- It is used to

determine the speed or effectiveness
of a computer, network, software
program or device.

 System Testing-

 Accessibility Testing- It is a general

term used to describe the degree to
which a product (e.g., device,
service, and environment) is
accessible by as many people as
possible. It can be viewed as the
"ability to access" the functionality,
and possible benefit, of some system
or entity.
Computer Peripherals
^ peripheral is a device or hardware that can be Peripheral and component Interconnect
connected internally or externally to a (PCI)
computer for it to have more capabilities and ^ PCI is a kind of bus that connects the internal
functionalities. components of a computer.
^ It is common in modern personal computers.
INTERNAL ^ Commonly used PCI cards are network cards,
Card sound cards, modems, and those used for extra
^ It is a base board that supports and wires the ports such as USB, TV tuner cards, and disk
components in most electronics. controllers.

They are inserted into the expansion slots of the PCI express (PCIe)
motherboard or backpane (a group of electrical ^ PCI Express is a point-to-point connection of
connectors in parallell with each other) to add serial links designed and introduced by Intel in
to the functionality of the computer system. 2004 to replace the general-purpose of PCI
expansion bus and AGP (Accelerated Graphics
Video/Graphics Card Port) graphics card interface.
^ A video card is a type of expansion card that ^ It is ideal for high-end video cards because of
offer specific functions such as video capture,
TV turning, the capacity to link multiple
monitors such as in a desktop virtualization
setup, and so much more.

Sound Card
^ Also called sound board or audio card, a
its faster bandwidth.
sound card is an expansion card that enables
the input and output audio signals to and from Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
a computer. ^ AGP is a port intended for video card and 3D
computer graphics accelerators.
Network card
^ It has been increasingly phased out in favor of
^ Also called as Ethernet card and network
mod\re advanced systems, and eventually
adapter.
replaced by PCI Express.
^ It is an expansion card that allows computers
to communicate over a computer network.
^It allows users to connect to each other either
by using cables or a wireless connection system.

Slots

Personal Computer Memory Card

International Association (PCMCIA)
^ Known simply as PC card
^ A type of bus used on laptop computers.
^ It was originally designed for computer
memory expansion and became general
standard for notebook peripherals.

Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)

ISA is a bus architecture that is standard in the FireWire
IBM AT motherbaord. ISA slots are no longer ^ Also called IEEE 1394 and i.Link for Sony
included on new computers which use PCU, ^ FireWire is a serial bus interface that
AGP, and other advanced buses. transmits data to and from high-bandwidth
sigital devices faster than the USB.
EXTERNAL ^ FireWire can be connected even when the

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

^ USB is a standard serial bus used in interfering
with devices.

It allows peripherals to be connected and to

improve plug and play capabilities through a
single standardized interface socket without the
need to reboot the computer.

power is on, which makes it hot pluggable.

Personal System/2 (PS/2)

^ PS/2 connector is used to connect old models
of keyboards and mice to a computer system.
^It replaced the serial and keyboard mouse
connectors.
^ Purple is for keyboard and green is for mouse.
 Other components of a
DRAM memory Slot
^ Various type of memory cards can be installed
motherboard into these slots.
1. 20-pin ATX power Connector

2. DRAM memory Slot

3. Southbridge

4. PCI Slot

5. CMOS Backup Battery

6. Northbridge

7. Ethernet

8. CPU Socket

9. AGP Slot IDE Connector

10. IDE Connector ^ Responsible for connecting the IDE
(Integrated Drive Electronics) cord used for
11. USB hard disks, CD drives, and DVD drives.
12. Serial Port

13. Parallel Port

14. PS/2 Port

15. Audio Port

20-pin ATX power Connector

^ It is designed to plug into and deliver
electricity into an ATX-type computer
motherboard, it transfer power to internal
components, such as memory module, hard
disk, CPU, graphics video card, and other
internal components
 Northbridge Serial Port
An integrated circuit that specifically ^ A 9-pin-serial communication physical
connects the processor, memory and video interphase in which information transfers in or
card. out, one bit a time.

Southbridge
Connects all the peripherals whether it is
connected using USB, ISA, and PCI connector.

Parallel Port
A 25-pin-hole communication physical
interphase in which information transfers
CMOS Backup Battery simultaneously by several cables at once.
A battery that maintains time, date, hard disk,
and other configuration settings in the CMOS
memory.

CPU socket
A socket specifically for connecting the
computer processor.

Ethernet Port
^ A port that looks much like a regular phone CPU Fan & Heatsink Mounting
jack, but slightly wider.
Points
^ It can be used to connect your computer to Slots for CPU fan and heatsink to make sure the
another computer, a local area network, or an
external DSL or cable modem.
computer doesn’t get too hot or too cold. composed of a nucleus which is the central part,
the protons and electrons.
Current
is the same as electricity or flow of electron.
The amount of current flowing in a circuit
can be measured in ampere(I).
Voltage
is the amount of pulling force that makes
the electron flow. It is also known as
potential difference of EMF (electromotive
force). The amount of voltage can be
measures in volt (V).
Resistance
is defined as the opposition to the flow of
current. The amount of resistance can be
measure in ohms (Ω).
Conductors
are materials that easily allow the flow of
current, or it has a low resistance to current
flow.
Examples: aluminum, gold, silver, copper, iron
Insulators
are materials that do not easily allow the flow
of current, or it has a high resistance to current
flow.
Examples: rubber, plastic, paper

Basic Electrical Terms

Types of Current
Electricity
is defined as the flow of electron or electric
current. It is an invisible form of energy that can
be transformed into other form of energy like
heat, light, and mechanical energy.
Electron
is the negatively charge component of an atom.
It has the ability to flow
Proton
is the positively charge component of an atom. Direct Current
It had the ability to attract electron.
Direct currents flow in one direction only,
Matter
and are constant in time. Their appearances
is anything that occupy space and has mass. It
is that of a straight line which does not vary.
can be a solid, liquid or gas in state.
Atom
is the basic component of matter. It is
They are produced from power sources This type of electricity is produced or
such as batteries, power supplies and DC generated by AC generators commonly
generators. from hydro electric plant.

Photovoltaic devices such as solar cells also It is the commercial power that we use in
generate DC power. homes and offices.

Delivered through a power transmission

The flow of electric charge is only in one
lines
direction.

This is the type of electricity is produced by AC can be reduced through the use of
batteries, static and lightning. power transformer to suite for its
application.
In the circuit, the current flows at a specific,
constant voltage It can also be converted to DC for a specific
purpose.
When you use a flashlight, pocket radio,
In the Philippines AC is rated as 220V AC at
portable CD player or virtually any other
60 Hz.
type of portable or battery-powered device,
you are using direct current.

Most DC circuits are relatively low in Why does standard electricity come only in
voltage; for example, you car’s battery is the form of alternating current?
approximately 12V.
This capability allows the companies that
generate and distribute electricity to do it in a
Alternating Current more efficient manner.

AC can be transmitted at high voltage for a long

Alternating current change direction, lengths, which reduces energy loss due to the
flowing first one way and then the other. resistance in the transmission wires.

They are sinusoidal waves, so that they Another reason is that it may be easier to
change in time. mechanically generate alternating current
electricity than direct current.
They are produced from sources such as
power supplies and AC generators. Types of Current

In North America, AC is 120 volts and 60 PC’s use only direct current, which means
hertz or cycles per second. that the alternating current provided by
This means it changes direction 60 times your utility must be converted to direct
per second. current before use. This is the primary
function of your power supply.
In Europe, it generally 50 hertz with 220 to
240 volts. Electric Circuit

In alternating current (AC) the movement of An electric circuit is the pathways for
electric charge periodically reverses electricity to flow.
direction.
Components of Circuit

Load
commonly represented by a bulb or any
electrical component that consumes electricity.

Supply/Source
commonly represented by a cell or a battery.

Switch
an electrical device that opens or closes a
circuit.

Types of Circuit

Open Circuit
a type of circuit that has an open path for
current to flow. It means that current can flow
in an open circuit.

Closed Circuit
a type of circuit that has a close path for current
to flow. It means that current can flow in a
closed circuit.

Series Connection
Storage Devices
a circuit connection that has only one path of
current flow. In this circuit connection the 2 Types of Storage Drives
current remain constant ^ Primary Memory
^ Secondary Memory
Floppy Drive
Parallel Connection
^ Magnetic storage device that is used to read
a circuit that has 2 or more path of current. In
and store data using floppy disk.
this circuit the voltage remains constant.
^ A floppy disk is a data storage medium that is
made up of a thin magnetic disk enclosed in
plastic.
^ Have almost become obsolete.
Hard Drive (Magnetic)
^ Secondary memory is permanent, which is the disks.
hard disk drive ^ Has largely replaced ordinary CD-ROM drives.
^ Hard disk drive is a sealed case that contains ^ Large storage capacity of DVD disks.
disks where the actual data is stored on. ^ DVD can store approx. 4.7 GB of data.
^ These disks rotate at high speeds. DVD-RW Drive
^ Actuator arm will either write data to the ^ DVD-RW drive can change or write data to a
disks or read data from the disks. DVD.
^ Non-volatile ^ DVD can store approx. 4.7 GB of data.
PATA Hard drive ^ Dual layer DVD-RW drives can burn dual layer
^ Parallel ATA, also known as EIDE. Blu-Ray Drive
^ Uses a 40 pin ribbon cable as its connector. ^ The latest optical drive to date released in
^ PATA cable can support 2 devices per cable. 2006.
^ Latest standard ATA133 ^ Will eventually replace the DVD format
^ Has largely been replaced by SATA because of its high capacity.
SATA Hard drive ^ Blu-ray disc can hold 25GB of data which is 5
^ Newest standard hard drive, Serial ATA. times more than a DVD.
^ Faster than PATA SD Card
^ Data travels in a serial path. ^ Secure Digital cards are a popular type of flash
^ Transfer speeds up to 6 Gb/s. memory.
^ Hot Swappable. ^ Primarily used in digital cameras for storing
^ Smaller cables photographs and videos.
Hard drive (Solid state) ^ Come in various capacities, anywhere from 2
^ The latest standard of hard drives GB – 64 GB.
^ Has no moving parts Thumb Drive
^ Uses chips to store data. ^ Uses memory chips to store data.
^ Data transfer is very fast. ^ Miniature storage device with USB interface.
Tape Drive ^ Fast and convenient data storage.
^ An inexpensive way to back up data from your External Hard Drive
hard drive. ^ A hard drive that’s enclosed in a case.
^ It attaches to a computer, usually with a USB ^ Can be externally attached to any computer
cable. typically using a USB or firewire interface.
^ Data backed up sequentially to tape. ^ Primarily used to backup data from a
^ To restore the data, you have to restore the computer’s hard drive for safe keeping.
data in the same order as you backed them up. External CD-RW Drive
CD-ROM Drive ^ Portable CD burner that can be externally
^ Has become a standard component in attached to a computer.
computers today. ^ Typically to a computer using a USB or
^ Reads data from a CD-ROM. firewire interface.
^ CD-ROM stands for compact disk read only
memory, which means that the data can only be Power Supply
read and cannot be changed or written to. ^ Supplies power to the computer.
CD-RW Drive ^ Converts AC current into the specific voltage
^ CD-RW drive can change or write data to a CD. that a computer needs.
^ The moving laser assembly writes or “burns” ^ ATX is the most common form factor that a
the data onto the CD. power supply comes in.
^ CD-R: can only be written once. Power Supply Connectors
^ CD-RW: allows data to be rewritten multiple P1
times. Main power connector.
^ A CD can hold up to 700 Mb of data.
20 or 24 pins (motherboard)
DVD –ROM Drive
^ DVD-ROM drive is a device that reads DVD
 ^ The de facto standard form factor for PCs
today.
P4
^ ATX motherboard are 12 inches by 9.6
Supplies power to the CPU.
inches.
4 pins. (motherboard)
AT
^ was the form factor that was used in the
1980s that was developed by IBM.
^ At motherboards are 12 inches by 13.8
Molex inches in size.
for connecting hard drives and optical ^No longer in development.
drives Micro ATX
^ boards are smaller than ATX boards.
^ Micro ATX boards are 9.6 inches by 9.6
inches
^ Designed to fit in smaller computer cases.
SATA
BTX
used to connect SATA drives.
^ form factor was designed by intel to
make further improvements from ATX.
^ Improved board design, which creates a
more in line air flow.
^ Flexible enough to work both in large and
4 PIN BERG
small cases.
floppy drive connector
ITX
^ was designed for smaller, space-saving
computers.
^ Consume less power and are only cooled
6 PIN by the use of heat sinks(no fans).
Supplies power to certain PCI-E video cards ^ Developed by VIA technologies.
^ Mini-ITX, nano-ITX, Pico-ITX, Mobile-ITX
NLX
^ was created by Intel and it was designed
for low-end/low profile computers.
^ Utilizes a riser card.
^ Expansion cards can plug in parallel with
motherboard.
Motherboard Form Factor
^ The main components of a computer.
Motherboard
^ A large circuit board where all the computer
I/O Interfaces
components connect to.
^ Processor socket
^ Memory (RAM) slot
^ Bus slots
Form factor (Motherboard)
ATX
^ is the most common form factor
motherboard that is used in PCs today.
I/O - Input/Output Panel Parallel Port
^ Mainly used for connecting printers.
The PS/2 is a 6 pin – multi-din connector ^ Being phased out and replaced by faster USB
port
Purple PS/2: Used for plugging in the ^ Uses a wide D-sub connector known as DB-
keyboard 25.
Video Port
Green PS/2: used for plugging the mouse
^ Motherboards that do have video adapter is
known as integrated video.
USB Port ^ Generates images from your computer to
^ USB stands for Universal Serial Bus. your monitor.
^ Motherboards will typically have several ^ The most common kind of port on an
USB ports. integrated video adapter is VGA(Video
^ Also supplies electric power to that Graphics Array).
specific peripheral. IEEE connector
^ It is commonly known as Firewire.
USB Versions: ^ Recognize by its “D” shape.
^ Commonly used by attaching cameras and
USB 1.0 – 1.5 Mb/s printers.
^ Transfer speed of 400 Mb/s.
USB 1.1 – 12Mb/s Network Interface Card (NIC)
^ It is used for networking purposes
USB 2.0 – 480 Mb/s ^ Designed for an Ethernet cable with a RJ-45
connector.
USB 3.0 – 5 Gb/s ^ Has its own unique identifier called a MAC
address.
Sound Card
^ Processes audio through the computer’s
speakers.
^ Basic sound card will have a port for
speakers and a port for a microphone.
eSATA
^ The eSATA is for attaching external SATA
drives.
^ Functions similar to USB and Firewire ports.

^ Transfers speeds are faster, but require a

separate power plug.
Serial Port
^ Serial – sending data one bit at a time. Adapter/Expansion Cards
^ An older technology rarely seen on ^ Circuit boards that can be installed into
motherboards today. the expansions slots of the motherboard.
^ Mainly used for connecting terminals or ^ Adapter cards are designed to increase
modems. the functionality of the computer.
^ The common interface of a serial port is the For example: video cards, audio cards,
RS-232 standard.
storage cards, etc.

Video Card
^ Generates images from your computer to
the monitor.
^ Also known as graphics cards, graphics
adapter, etc.
^ Video is transferred to the monitor
through the video ports. HDMI or High Definition Multimedia
Interface
^Developed in 2002
Types of video Ports
^ Designed to deliver uncompressed video
S-Video or Separate Video, also known as and audio data through a single cable.
^The de facto standard for delivering
Super Video.
crystal clear video and audio.
^ Analog transmitter.
^ Transmits 2 signals over one cable. Color and
brightness.
^ Round port-black color.

VGA or Video Graphics Array

^ Older technology – developed in 1987.

^ Has 15 pins – divided into 3 rows.
^ Blue color.
Sound Card
DVI or Digital Visual Interface ^Processes audio through the computer’s
speakers.
^ Newer technology, designed to succeed ^Has an audio output port for attaching
the VGA port. speakers.
^ Developed in 1999. ^ Has an input port for a microphone.
^ Designed to deliver uncompressed high
quality video to LCD monitors. Firewire Card
^ Adapter card with firewire ports.
^ Adds or expands firewire capability to your
computer.