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1. Graph θ first, then graph r 2. If r is neg, then flip it 180 3. If θ is neg, then flip angle over x-axis ​

Polar coordinates are written as (r, θ) where r represents the distance from the origin and θ represents the angle measured counterclockwise from the positive x-axis. To convert between polar and rectangular coordinates, use the formulas x = rcosθ and y = rsinθ. Common polar graphs include the cardioid, limaçon, circle, spiral, and rose curves. These shapes are defined by equations involving r and θ.

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2K views1 page

1. Graph θ first, then graph r 2. If r is neg, then flip it 180 3. If θ is neg, then flip angle over x-axis ​

Polar coordinates are written as (r, θ) where r represents the distance from the origin and θ represents the angle measured counterclockwise from the positive x-axis. To convert between polar and rectangular coordinates, use the formulas x = rcosθ and y = rsinθ. Common polar graphs include the cardioid, limaçon, circle, spiral, and rose curves. These shapes are defined by equations involving r and θ.

Uploaded by

Angel Cariño
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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-- ​Polar & Parametric Equations​ ​--  

Polar Coordinates ​ .
(r, θ); θ is usually in radians on test Polar to Rectangular
**when graphing, imagine unit circle x = rcosθ y = rsinθ
Ex: graph (3, π6 ) & (− 3, π6 )
❋ (6, − π4 ) r = 6cosθ
x = 6cos( −π √
6 )=3 2 r • r = 6cosθ • r
y = 6sin( −π ) = − 3√2
6 r2 = 6 • x
Final: (3√2, − 3√2)
❋ (− 4, π6 ) x2 + y 2 = 6x
x =− 4cos( π6 ) =− 2√3 Complete the square
y =− 4sin( π6 ) = − 2 x2 − 6x + (− 3)2 + y 2 =9
1. Graph θ first, then graph r
Final: (− 2√3, − 2) (x − 2)2 + y 2 = 9
2. If r is neg, then flip it 180o or π
3. If θ is neg, then flip angle over x-axis

​ Polar Graphs: uses polar coordinates (r = x, θ = y)

Cartioid ​. Cartioid ​. Limacon w/o Inner Limacon​ . Lemniscate


r = a ± acosθ r = a ± asinθ Loop/Dimpled​ a​ < b a>b r=a
**bottom or fat part of the **bottom or fat part of the r = a ± bcosθ (right/left) r = a ± bcosθ ** symmetry about
heart is on the right if ± pos. & heart is on the top if ± r = a ± bsinθ (up/down) (right/left) polar axis
left if neg. pos. & bottom if neg. r = a ± bsinθ (up/down) r = a2 sin2θ
2

r2 = a2 cos2θ
**Convex Limacon: a > 2b
***​when graphing these
shapes, remember to draw
the key pts 1st (the a-b or
a+b stuff), then connect
them w/ the general shape

​ Circles & Spirals; ** r = radius ​ ​.


Circle / r = a r = asinθ r = acosθ r = aθ

Roses: n petals if n is odd; 2n petals if n is even ​ r = a(sin or cos)nθ **a is length of petal ​ .
r = acos2θ r = acos3θ r = acos4θ r = acos5θ r = asin2θ r = asin3θ r = asin4θ r = asin5θ

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