Question 01

I. Fill in the following table with corresponding information about the transmission media. Use
following words given whining the bracket ( Low , High , Very High) (08 marks )

Copper cable Fiber Optic cable Radio Transmission

Speed High Very High Low
Effect of Noise High Low Very High
Attenuation Very High Low High
Interference High Low Very High

II. Name connector type used for the following cables (06 marks)
a. UTP or STP twisted fairs cables – RJ11-4 wire, RJ12-6 wire, RJ45-8 wire
b. Coaxial Cable – F and BNC Connector
c. Fiber Optics cable – ST (Straight Tip), SC (standard connector), FC (Fiber Channel or Ferrule
Connector), LC (Local Connector)

III. Briefly explain the following topics (06 marks)

(a) Synchronous communication
 The synchronous signaling methods use two different signals.
 Lower overhead and thus, greater throughput
 Slightly more complex
 Hardware is more expensive

(b) Asynchronous communication

 The asynchronous signaling methods use only one signal.
 Cheap, because asynchronous transmission requires less hardware
 Setup is faster than other transmissions, so well suited for applications where messages are
generated at irregular intervals, for example data entry from the keyboard, and the speed
depends on different applications.
 Large relative overhead, a high proportion of the transmitted bits are uniquely for control
purposes and thus carry no useful information

(b) EIA/TIA 568-B standard

white/orang orange white/gree blue white/blu green white/brow brown

e stripe solid n stripe solid e stripe solid n stripe solid

Question 02
I. Explain the following devices use in networking. Your answer should include main task of devices. It
operate in which layer of OSI model, number of collision and broad cast domain.

(a) HUB
Main task of devices - Hubs are devices commonly used to connect segments of a LAN. The hub
contains multiple ports.
Layer of OSI model – Layer 1
Number of collision - each port have same collision domain.
 Broad cast domain - by default in the same broadcast domain.
(b) switches
Main task of devices - A network switch is networking hardware that connects devices on a
computer network by using packet switching to receive, and forward data to the destination
device.
Layer of OSI model – Layer 3 / Layer 2
Number of collision – each port have separate collision domain.
Broad cast domain - by default in the same broadcast domain.

(c) Router
Main task of devices - A router is connected to two or more data lines from different IP
networks. Routers perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet.
Layer of OSI model – Layer 3
Number of collision - each port have separate collision domain.
Broad cast domain - All ports on a router are in the different broadcast domains.
(06 marks)

II. You are required to design a computer network. Following are the requirements. (08 marks)
 it has 10 computers to connect
 It should include one network printer
 Require internet connectivity for all computers
Draw a propose network diagram indicating all equipment, IP addresses, Gateway IP addresses.
III. Write short note on
(a) DTE / DCE
A data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) is a device that sits between the data terminal equipment
(DTE) and a data transmission circuit. It is also called data communication(s) equipment and data carrier
equipment. Usually, the DTE device is the terminal (or computer), and the DCE is a modem.

In a data station, the DCE performs functions such as signal conversion, coding, and line clocking and may
be a part of the DTE or intermediate equipment. Interfacing equipment may be required to couple the
data terminal equipment (DTE) into a transmission circuit or channel and from a transmission circuit or
channel into the DTE.

(b) Network Interface Card (NIC).

A Network Interface Card (NIC) is a computer hardware component that allows a computer to connect
to a network. NICs may be used for both wired and wireless connections.
(06 marks)
Question 03
I. What is the advantage and Disadvantage of installing a Computer Network in training center?
Advantages
 File Sharing.
 Sharing Devices.
 Sharing Internet Access.
 Speed.
 Cost.
 Security.
 Centralized Software Management.
 Electronic Mail.
 Flexible Access.

Disadvantages
 Expensive to Install.
 Requires Administrative Time.
 Servers Fail.
 Cables May Break.
 Security and compliance.
II. Switch is mostly using In a Star Topology than Hub, So what are the different between Hub & Switch?
A hub works on the physical layer (Layer 1) of OSI model while Switch works on the data link layer (Layer
2). Switch is more efficient than the hub. A switch can join multiple computers within one LAN, and a hub
just connects multiple Ethernet devices together as a single segment. Switch is smarter than hub to
determine the target of the forwarding data. Since switch has a higher performance, its cost will also
become more expensive.
III. Name computer network Topologies. Describe two of them.
 Star, Bus, Tree, Ring, Mesh, Hybrid
 A bus topology is a topology for a Local Area Network (LAN) in which all the nodes are connected
to a single cable. The cable to which the nodes connect is called a "backbone". If the backbone is
broken, the entire segment fails
 A mesh network (or simply meshnet) is a local network topology in which the infrastructure nodes
(i.e. bridges, switches, and other infrastructure devices) connect directly, dynamically and non-
hierarchically to as many other nodes as possible and cooperate with one another to efficiently
route data from/to clients.
 Star topology. A star topology is a topology for a Local Area Network (LAN) in which all nodes are
individually connected to a central connection point, like a hub or a switch. A star takes more
cable than e.g. a bus, but the benefit is that if a cable fails, only one node will be brought down.
IV. What is Network Operating System? What are the major functions of Operating System?
 A network operating system (NOS) is a computer operating system (OS) that is designed primarily
to support workstations, personal computers and, in some instances, older terminals that are
connected on a local area network (LAN).
 A network operating system performs some of the same functions as an OS for individual
computers but also has some specialized tasks, including managing network resources, security,
administration and performance monitoring.
V. Analogue Signal and Digital Signal two type of signal used in data communication. Compare
Analogue Signal and Digital Signal (5 x 05 = 20marks)
Analog signal is a continuous wave that keeps on changing over a time period. Digital signal is discrete in
nature. The fundamental difference between analog and digital signal is that analog signal is
represented by the sine waves whereas, the digital signal is represented by square waves

BASIS FOR ANALOG SIGNAL DIGITAL SIGNAL

COMPARISON
Basic An analog signal is a continuous wave A digital signal is a discrete wave that
that changes over a time period. carries information in binary form.
Representation An analog signal is represented by a A digital signal is represented by square
sine wave. waves.
Description An analog signal is described by the A digital signal is described by bit rate and
amplitude, period or frequency, and bit intervals.
phase.
Range Analog signal has no fixed range. Digital signal has a finite numbers i.e. 0 and
1.
Distortion An analog signal is more prone to A digital signal is less prone to distortion.
distortion.
Transmit An analog signal transmit data in the A digital signal carries data in the binary
form of a wave. form i.e. 0 and 1.
Example The human voice is the best example Signals used for transmission in a computer
of an analog signal. are the digital signal.

Question 04
I. Write two advantages / disadvantages of peer-to-peer networks. (04marks)
 Advantages Disadvantages
No need for a network operating system Because each computer might be being
accessed might be being accessed by other it
can slow down the performance for the user
Does not need expensive server because individual Files and folders cannot be centrally backed
workstations are used to access the files. up.
Much easier to set up than a client-server network – Ensuring that viruses are not introduced to the
does not need specialist knowledge. network is the responsibility of each individual
user.
If one computer fails it will not disrupt any other There is little or no security besides the
part of the network. it just means that those files permissions. Users often don’t need to log
aren’t available to other users at that time onto their workstations.

II. Define Server - Client network system (04 marks)

With a server client network the files will not be stored on the hard drive of each workstation. Instead
they will be stored on a specialized computer called a server. A server is designed to efficiently provide
data to remote client.

III. As a network person, what type of documents are to be handover to the customer after completing
network installation. (04 marks)

Step 1: Create a network documentation policy

Step 2: Create a network topology diagram
Step 3: Document server names, roles and IP addresses
Step 4: Create a change log for each server
Step 5: Document software versions and proof of licenses
Step 6: Document hardware components
Step 7: Document the Active Directory
Step 8: Document your backup procedures
Step 9: Label everything
Step 10: Evaluate your documentation

IV. Name three advantages of DOMAIN network system over the workgroup network (04 marks)
1. Generally DNS is the only system in the entire world that can help you browse the internet.
2. No need for memorizing IP addresses -DNS servers provide a nifty solution of converting domain
or sub domain names to IP addresses.
3. Security enhancement -DNS servers are an important component for the security of your home
or work connections.
4. DNS servers have fast internet connections
5. DNS servers also have primary and secondary connections. This allows you to have internet
uptime even when one of the servers is down for maintenance.

V. List steps that you are going to follow after made any request to install new network system in any
organization (04 marks)
Environment (Most of the time we aren't talking about the weather when it comes to your wireless
environment)
Devices.
Applications.
Users.
Security.
Budgets.
Scalability & Future Considerations.
Connectivity and Security
Redundancy and Backing Up
Standardization of Hardware and Software
Disaster Recovery Plan
Future Growth of the Organization

Question 5
OSI layers have been introduced to network data communication.
i. Define OSI Layers Models. (05 marks)
Layer Protocols Devices Encapsulation

Application HTTP,Telnet,FTP,TFTP and SNMP User

information
and data
Presentation JPEG,BMP,TIFF,ICT,MPEG,WMV, Data
AVI,ASCII,EBCDIC,MIDI, WAV
Session SQL,NFS,ASP,RPC,X window Data

Transport TCP(connection oriented) Segments

UDP(connectionless)
Network IP,IPX,AppleTalk,DECNET Routers, Layer 3 switches Packets

Data Link LAN protocols:802.2  (NIC)transceivers Frames

(LLC),802.3(Ethernet),802.5 (Token  Switch
Ring),802.11(Wireless)  Bridge
WAN protocols:HDLC, PPP,Frame
Relay,ISDN,ATM
 Physical EIA/TIA 232(serial signaling) Transmission media (cable Bits
 V.35(modem signaling) and wires)
 Cat5  Media connectors
 RJ45  Transceivers
(including
transceivers built
into NICs)
 Modems
 Repeaters
 Hubs
 Multiplexers
 CSUs/DSUs
 Wireless Access
 Points
ii. Write four (4) advantages of OSI layers. (04 marks)
 Provides a common language or reference point between network professionals
 Divides networking tasks into logical layers for easier comprehension
 Allows specialization of features at different levels
 Aids in troubleshooting
 Promotes standards interoperability between networks and devices
 Provides modularity in networking features (developers can change features without
 changing the entire approach)
iii. Which layers are supported for the following?
NIC – Physical Layer
MAC address – Data Link Layer
Manageable Switch (L3) – Network Layer
Telnet – Application Layer, Presentation, Session.
FTP – Application, Presentation, Session
PPT – (IP) Network Layer
(06 marks)
iv. Write short note on
a. Connection Oriented Communication
 Connection-oriented protocols perform error detection and correction and identify lost packets
for retransmission.
 A connection-oriented protocol is a good choice where: Reliable, error-free communications are
more important than speed
 Larger chunks of data are being sent
b. Data encapsulation (05 marks)
The term encapsulation is used to describe a process of adding headers and trailers around some data.
Data -> Segments -> Packets -> Frames ->Bit

Question 6
I. 100001011001000000101000001010 /20 binary format is used to represent a one of the IP address
assigned to any node of a network system. Write its (08 marks)
a) Decimal narration
10000101.10010000.00101000.00101000 \20 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
133.144.40.40 128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255
b) Subnet Mask IP
\20 => 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000 1 Mean Network bit 0 Mean Host bit
255.255.240.0
c) Host and Network Parts
NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNHHHH.HHHHHHHH
First 20 bit are Network Portion and Last 12 bit are Host Portion.
 Host Range – 133.144.32.0 – 133.144.47.255
 Usable Host Range - 133.144.32.1 – 133.144.47.254
 Network - 133.144.32.0
133.144.40.40 16 32 48 64

Network Address 133.144.0.0 133.144.16.0 133.144.32.0 133.144.48.0

Host Range 0.1-15.254 16.1-31.254 32.1-47.254 48.1-63.254

Broadcast Address 133.144.15.255 133.144.31.255 133.144.47.255 133.144.63.255

d) Number of host support for these network

2n-2=212-2=4096-2 = 4094
II. Explain difference of Public and private IP address (06 marks)
Public IP Address
A public IP address is the address that is assigned to a computing device to allow direct access over the
Internet. A web server, email server and any server device directly accessible from the Internet are
candidate for a public IP address. A public IP address is globally unique, and can only be assigned to a
unique device.

Private IP Address
A private IP address is the address space allocated by Inter NIC to allow organizations to create their own
private network.
192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 (65,536 IP addresses)
172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 (1,048,576 IP addresses)
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 (16,777,216 IP addresses)

III. Write short notes on

a) DHCP Server - DHCP is the short form of Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It uses UDP port number
67 as destination server and port number 68 for client.
  DHCP is easy to implement and does automatic assignment of IP addresses to requesting clients.
Hence manual configuration time of IP addresses can be reduced.
 The implementation does not require any additional costs.
 Duplicate or invalid assignment of IP addresses are prevented. Hence there is no chance of
conflicts in IP addresses.
 It simplifies administration of the network.
 It supports multiple scopes e.g. multicast scope, super scope etc.
 It has great benefit to mobile users as valid configuration parameters are automatically obtained
from the new network.

b) Proxy Server (06 marks)

In computer networks, a proxy server is a server (a computer system or an application) that acts as an
intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers.

 Proxy server helps the clients to protect their important information from getting hacked by
hackers.
 A proxy server is also used in bypassing blocked websites.
 The proxy server is also used to enhance the security and privacy level of the client’s device while
doing surfing using different proxies.
 Proxy server many times used for speeding up the browsing and access data, because of their
good cache system.
 As the cache system of the proxy server is very good, when you access any websites using a proxy
server, it is having the chance to store your desired data in their cache system.