Chapter 1: Introduction

 Data Communications are the exchange of

data between two devices via some form
of transmission.

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 1. Message: data.
2. Sender: The device that send the message.
3. Receiver: The device that receive the message.
4. Transmission Medium: The physical path between sender and receiver, the
message travel.
5. Protocol: Is a set of rules that governs data communication. It represents an
agreement between the communicating devices. Without a protocol, two devices
may be connected but not communicating.

Message

Protocol
Protocol
Transmission Medium Rules…
Rules…
Receiver
Sender
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1. Delivery: The system must deliver data to the
correct destination.
2. Accuracy:
▪ Data delivered accurately.
▪ Altered data which left uncorrected are
unusable.
3. Timelines:
The system must deliver data in timely manner
without delay (real-time).
4. Jitter:
Jitter refers to the variation in the packet
arrival time. It is the uneven delay in the
delivery of audio or video packets.

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Data Representation
 Text
 Numbers
 Images
 Audio
 Video
 Simplex: one direction only.

Remote Control

TV
 Alwaysone side sender and another side
receiver.

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 Half-Duplex: two-way alternate.

Walki-Talki

In different time

 Each
side maybe sender or receiver but not a
same time.

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 Duplex: two-way concurrent.
Computer network

At same time

Mobile Network

 Each side sender and receiver at same time.

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A Network is a set of node connect
together by communication link to sharing of
resources and to transmit information.

 Node: Computer, Printer, Scanner etc.

 Information: text, voice, picture, etc.

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 Why Network ?????
Sharing

Sharing of What ?????

Resources

What Resources ?????

Printer, Scanner, Memory, Information
Network Bandwidth, Internet Services, Data Base,
etc.

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 Sharing (file, printer, application).
 Internet browsing.
 Fax Service.
 Telephony.
 Conferencing.
 Database.
 Backup.
 Etc……..

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 Transmission media (wired, wireless ).
 Network Operating System (NOS).
 Network Interface Card (NIC).
 Network Hardware:-
1. Hubs.
2. Switches.
3. Routers.
4. Gateways.
5. Access Point.
6. Repeaters.
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Upon the transmission medium (type of
connection):-
1. Point-to-point: A pair of nodes connected
together via dedicated link.

PC Link PC

2. Multipoint: Number of node connected and

share a single link.
PC PC PC

Link
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Upon the scale (size):-
1. PAN (Personal Area Network).
2. LAN (Local Area Network).
3. CAN (Campus Area Network).
4. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network).
5. WAN (Wide Area Network).

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 PAN is a short-distance network design to
individual user (person).

 PAN may be contain:- printer, mobile, computer,

wireless printers etc.

 components of PAN connected together via

Bluetooth , USB cable ,IrDA (infrared), etc.

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A LAN is a group of node connected together
in a small specific area.

 LAN may be contain workstations,

computers, scanner, printers, servers, etc.

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 Floor 4

………..

Floor 3

…….………..

Floor 2

Floor 1

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ACAN is a group of interconnection LAN
within limited geographical area.

A CAN using in school campus, military

base, university campus ,etc.

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 Administration
building

University library

Technology faculty

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A MAN is a large computer network uses to
connect between LAN in different location
(cities).

A MAN is a group of node connect together

over city.

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A WAN is a computer network that covers
large geographical area.

 WANs are used to connect types of networks

together.

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A network must be able to meet a certain number of criteria.
The most important of these are Performance, Reliability, and
Security

Data communication
network criteria

Performance Reliability Security

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 Performance:
The performance of network depends on a number of factors:
✓ Number of users
✓ Type of transmission medium
✓ Hardware
✓ Software.
❖ The performance is evaluate by two networking metric :
Throughput and Delay.
❖ Performance can be measured in many ways, including
transit time and response time.
 Reliability:
Network reliability is measured by
 Accuracy of delivery
 Frequency of failure
 Recovery time of a network after a failure
 Security:
Network security include
➢ protecting data from unauthorized access
➢ protecting data from damage, and
➢ write policies and implementing it for security
issues.

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 Unicast Mode:
Single source send to single node.
one-to-one

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 Multicast Mode :
Single source send to specific nodes (group) that
are connected to same Network.

one-to-many

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 Broadcast Mode:
Single source send to all others node that are
connected to same Network

one-to-all

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 Determineshow the network nodes are
connected together.
 Bus Topology
 Star Topology
 Ring Topology
 Mesh Topology

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 Multipoint.
 One long cable (backbone) ,connect all nodes in
network.
 Access method : Broadcast.
 All computer have a copy from a message but only the
receiver (sent to) can open the message.
 If the cables was cutoff or failure, all network is down.
 This topology uses less cabling.

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 Hub/Switch

 All nodes in network connected point-to-point

link with central controller (hub/switch).
 In star topology, each node need one link and
one port to connect with network.
 All network depend on the hub, if the hub goes
down, all network is dead.
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 Every node connected point-to-
point with two node.
 The signal is passed on one
direction.
 Not all node have the same
copy of the message.
 The message sent by the sender
and the message turns to give
destination
 To speed up the network we
add another ring.
 When a ring break , all network
is dead
 Unidirectional traffic

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 Every node has dedicated
point-to-point link with all
node in network.
 Every node must have n-1
port.
N: no. of nodes in network
 No. of link in any mesh
network =
N(N-1)/2
 Mesh topology service
security and privacy.
 More expensive.

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A network can be hybrid.

Hub/switch

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What is a Protocol?
 A Protocol is a set of rule that governs data
communication.
 For two entities to communicate successfully, they
must “speak the same language”.
 What is communicated, how it is communicated, and
when it is communicated must confirm.
 These conventions are referred to as a protocol.
Key Elements of a Protocol
 Syntax
 Data formats
 Signal levels
 Semantics
 Control information for coordination( meaning of each
section ).
 Error handling
 Timing
 When data should be send.
 How fast they can be sent
Standards Organizations
 Standard maintenance is required to allow for
interoperability between equipment.
 ISO( International Organization for Standardization ).
 ANSI( American National Standards Institute ).
 IEEE( Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers).
 ITU-T( International Telecommunication Union –
Telecommunication Standards).