COL·LEGI INTERNACIONAL SEK-CATALUNYA

DEPARTAMENT DE LLENGÜES ESTRANGERES

English Department CREDIT CURS
VARIABLE 2008/09

UNIT 1
English Tenses – Examples

Explanation Past Present Future

Simple Past Simple Present Future I Simple

action that takes place He played football He plays football every He will / is going to
once, never or several every Tuesday. Tuesday. play football every
times Tuesday.
actions that happen one He played football and He plays football and He will play football
after another then he went home. then he goes home. and then he will go
home.
state He loved football. He loves football. He will love football.

Past Progressive Present Progressive Future I Progressive

action going on at that He was playing He is playing football. He will be playing
moment football. football.
actions taking place at He was playing He is playing football He will be playing
the same time football and she was and she is watching. football and she will be
watching. watching.

Past Perfect Simple Present Perfect Future II Simple

Simple

action taking place He had won five He has won five He will have won five
before a certain matches until that day. matches so far. matches by then.
moment in time;
emphasises the result

Past Perfect Present Perfect Future II Progressive

Progressive Progressive
action taking place He had been playing He has been playing He will have been
before a certain football for ten years. football for ten years. playing football for ten
moment in time (and years
beyond), emphasises
the duration

1
 Table of English Tenses

Signal
tense Affirmative/Negative/Question Use
Words

always, every …,
action in the present taking never, normally,
Simple Present A: He speaks.
N: He does not speak. place once, never or several often, seldom,
Q: Does he speak? sometimes,
times facts
usually
actions taking place one after if sentences type I
(If I talk, …)
another action set by a
timetable or schedule

Present Progressive A: He is speaking. at the moment,

N: He is not speaking. action taking place in the just, just now,
Q: Is he speaking? moment of speaking Listen!, Look!,
now, right now
action taking place only for a
limited period of time action
arranged for the future

Simple Past A: He spoke. yesterday, 2

N: He did not speak. action in the past taking place minutes ago, in
Q: Did he speak? once, never or several times 1990, the other
day, last Friday
actions taking place one after if sentence type II
another action taking place in (If I talked, …)
the middle of another action

Past Progressive A: He was speaking. when, while, as

N: He was not speaking. action going on at a certain long as
Q: Was he speaking? time in the past actions taking
place at the same time action
in the past that is interrupted
by another action

Present Perfect Simple A: He has spoken. already, ever,

N: He has not spoken. putting emphasis on the result just, never, not
Q: Has he spoken? action that is still going on yet, so far, till
now, up to now
action that stopped recently
finished action that has an
influence on the present
action that has taken place
once, never or several times
before the moment of speaking

2
 Simple Present (Present Simple) - Introduction
Simple present is also called present simple.

The simple present expresses an action in the present taking place once, never or several times. It is also
used for actions that take place one after another and for actions that are set by a timetable or schedule.
The simple present also expresses facts in the present.

1.Simple Present
Write down the missing sentences.

affirmative negative question

I I am hungry.

you You are Sam.

he He is not here.

she Is she loud?

it It is okay.

we Are we fine?

you You are not friendly.

they Are they happy?

3
 2.Simple Present
Arrange the words to make sentences in simple present.
1. I / to collect stamps - -----------------------------
2. we / to play card games - ---------------------------
3. he / to read comics - -----------------------------
4. Chris / to sing in a band - ----------------------------
5. we / to have a hamster - -------------------------------
6. Andy and John / to like cola - -------------------------
7. she / to be nice - ---------------------------------
8. they / to help their parents - ------------------------------
9. the children / to speak English - -----------------------------
10. I / to buy a newspaper every Saturday - --------------------------

3.Simple Present
Make negative sentences.
1. I watch TV. - -----------------------
2. We play football. - -----------------------------
3. It is boring. - -----------------------------
4. She cleans her room. - -------------------------------
5. You ride your bike every weekend. - ------------------------------
6. Sandy takes nice photos. - ---------------------------------
7. They open the windows. - ------------------------------
8. He buys a new CD. - -------------------------------
9. I am late. - ----------------------------------
10. She has a cat. - ---------------------------------

4.Simple Present
Arrange the words below to make questions.
1. she / to collect / stickers - ---------------------------------------
2. they / to play / a game - ------------------------------------
3. the cat / to sleep / in the cat's bed - --------------------------
4. she / often / to dream - -------------------------------
5. he / to play / streetball - ----------------------------------
6. you / to be / from Paris - ---------------------------------
7. the pupils / to wear / school uniforms - ---------------------------------
8. you / to go / to the cinema - ----------------------------------
9. she / to have / friends - ---------------------------------
10. he / to read / books - -----------------------------------

4
 Simple Present - Exceptions in Spelling
The 3rd person singular is usually formed by adding s. But there are a few exceptions to the rule:

The verbs can, may, might, must remain the same in all forms. So don't add s.

example: he can, she may, it must

Verbs ending in o or a sibilant (ch, sh, s, x) add es instead of s.

example: do - he does, wash - she washes

A final y after a consonant becomes ie before s.

example: worry - he worries

But: A final y after a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) is not modified.

example: play - he plays

5.Simple Present, Exercise on Exceptions in Spelling

Write down the third person singular of the following verbs.
1. I can - he -------------------------
2. I go - he --------------------------
3. I wish - he -------------------------
4. I must - he ------------------------------
5. I hurry - he --------------------------
6. I do - he ------------------------------
7. I may - he -------------------------------
8. I kiss - he ----------------------------------
9. I worry - he -----------------------------
10. I teach - he ---------------------------

Nouns - Articles, Plural and Possessive Case

Important things to keep in mind when using nouns are which article to use and how to form the plural
and how to form the possessive case.

Article

Direct article – the example: the house

Indirect article a / an

a - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a consonant example: a car, a university

an - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a vowel example: an apple, an hour

5
 6.Exercises on Nouns
Indirect Articles
Which indirect article is correct?
1. -----------key
2. ------------bus
3. -------------orange
4. -------------apple
5. -------------watch
6. -------------ice-cream
7. ----------------umbrella
8. ---------------university
9. ---------------8-year-old girl
10. --------------hour

7.Exercises on Nouns
Direct Article
Decide whether you must or must not use the direct article.
1. We went to ---------------------cinema.
2. We usually have ------------------dinner at seven o'clock.
3. He plays ------------------tennis very well.
4. Can you play ----------------------guitar?
5. This is my last year at -------------------school.
6. Jane loves listening to ----------------------radio.
7. They went to London by --------------------plane.
8. We are going to see my cousins on ----------------------Sunday.
9. Last night at eight we were watching ------------------news on BBC.
10. That was an important day in ----------------------history.

Plural Spelling Rules

general rule: singular form + s example: a car - two cars

after s, ch, x, z the plural is formed by adding es example: a box - two boxes

y after a consonant is changed to ie before the plural s example: a city - two cities

After o the plural is usually formed by adding es (this is not the case, however, with words used for
electric gadgets and music: radio, video, disco) example: a tomato - two tomatoes

8.Exercises on Nouns
Singular or Plural?
Fill the gaps with the correct form of the nouns (singular or plural).
1. They ate some (tomato) -----------------------.
2. You can put (sugar) --------------------in your tea.
3. We have to buy new (furniture) -------------------------.
4. I need to wash my (hair) --------------------------.

6
5. We had lots of (fun) -.---------------------------
6. The Milfords have a lot of (money) ---------------------------.
7. How many (people) -----------------------were at the cinema with you?
8. Could you give some (information) ---------------------------on your project?
9. In this hotel, (family) ---------------------------are very welcome.
10. Those (man) ----------------------------seem to be very tired.

Possessive Case of Nouns

adding 's of phrase

usually used for people usually used for things

Ronny's brother the name of the school

If there is a relation to people when using the possessive case with unanimated things, often the s is
added instead of using an of phrase.

example: Germany's economy or the ecomony of Germany

When using the possessive case with a time, s is added.

example: a three week's holiday

9.Exercises on Nouns
Possessive Case
Fill the gaps with the possessive case of nouns. Decide whether you have to use 's or an of phrase.
1. The boy has a toy. → It's the ----------------------------.
2. Peter has a book. → It's -----------------------.
3. The magazine has my picture on its cover. → My picture is on -------------------------.
4. Our friends live in this house. → It's -----------------------------.
5. There is milk in the glass. → It's -------------------------------.
6. This house has a number. → What is -----------------------------?
7. The walk lasts two hours. → It's ----------------------------.
8. John has a sister, Jane. → Jane is ------------------------------.
9. The film has a name, "Scream". → "Scream" is -------------------------------.
10. This school is for girls only. → It's a ------------------------------

7
 Pronouns
(Personal, Possessive, Relative and Reflexive Pronouns)
Pronouns are words like I, me (personal pronouns) or my, mine (possessive pronouns).

Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns
subject form object form possessive adjective possessive pronoun

I me my mine myself

you you your yours yourself

he him his his himself

she her her hers herself

it it its its itself

we us our ours ourselves

you you your yours yourselves

they them their theirs themselves

Personal Pronouns - Subject Form

example: We have got some books.

Personal Pronouns - Object Form

example: The books are for us.

Possessive Adjectives

example: These are our books.

Possessive Pronouns

example: The books are ours.

Reflexive Pronouns

8
 example: He can carry the bags himself.

Relative Pronouns

example: This is the man who lives next door.

10.Exercise on Pronouns
Personal Pronouns – Subject
Replace the words in brackets by the correct personal pronouns. Note that Sue is the person speaking. The (*) means
that you are asked a question.
1. My name is Sue. (Sue) ---------------------am English. And this is my family.
2. My mum's name is Angie. (Angie) --------------------------is from Germany.
3. Bob is my dad. (My dad) -----------------------is a waiter.
4. On the left you can see Simon. (Simon) -----------------------is my brother.
5. (Sue and Simon) ------------------------------are twins.
6. Our dog is a girl, Judy. (Judy) ------------------------------is two years old.
7. (Sue, Simon, Angie and Bob) --------------------------live in Canterbury.
8. (Canterbury) --------------------------is not far from London.
9. My grandparents live in London. (My grandparents) -------------------------often come and see us.
10. What can (*) -------------------------------tell me about your family?

11.Exercise on Pronouns
Personal Pronouns Object
Aaron was on a business trip to California. He shows you the souvenirs he got for his family.
Fill in the correct pronouns.
1. My sister Jane loves books. This novel is for (she) -----------------------------.
2. My children like Disney films. The video is for (they) -----------------------------.
3. My brother Matt collects picture postcards. These postcards are for (he) ---------------------------.
4. My parents like Latin music. The CD is for (they) ----------------------------.
5. I like watches. This nice watch is for (I) ------------------------.
6. My wife and I love sweets. These sweets are for (we) ------------------------.
7. My nephew likes cars. The toy truck is for (he) ---------------------.
8. My neighbour wants to go to California next year. The guide book is for (she) ----------------------
9. Here is another souvenir. I don't know what to do with (it) --------------------------.
10. You know what? - It's for (you) -------------------------.

12.Exercise on Pronouns
Possessive Adjectives
Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives.
1. Where are (you) ----------------------friends now?
2. Here is a postcard from (I) --------------------friend Peggy.
3. She lives in Australia now with (she) ------------------family.
4. (She) -----------------------husband works in Newcastle.
5. (He) -----------------------company builds ships.
6. (They) -------------------------children go to school in Newcastle.
7. (I) ----------------------husband and I want to go to Australia, too.

9
8. We want to see Peggy and (she) ------------------------family next winter.
9. (We) --------------------------winter!
10. Because it is (they) -----------------------summer.

13.Exercise on Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns
Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns.
1. This book is (you)------------------------.
2. The ball is (I) ------------------------------.
3. The blue car is (we) --------------------------.
4. The ring is (she) ---------------------.
5. We met Paul and Jane last night. This house is (they) -----------------------.
6. The luggage is (he) ------------------------.
7. The pictures are (she) ------------------------------.
8. In our garden is a bird. The nest is (it) ---------------------------.
9. This cat is (we) ---------------------------.
10. This was not my fault. It was (you) ----------------------------.

14.Exercise on Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns.
1. I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO ----------------------.
2. The girl looked at ----------------------in the mirror.
3. Freddy, you'll have to do your homework -------------------.
4. You don't need to help them. They can do it -----------------------.
5. I introduced -----------------to my new neighbour.
6. Boys, can you make your beds ------------------?
7. She made --------------------a pullover.
8. What happens when a fighting fish sees ------------------------in the mirror?
9. The father decided to repair the car ------------------------.
10. We can move the table -----------------------

READING

15.Christmas in England

In English speaking countries, children don’t get their presents on

Christmas Eve (24 December). Santa comes at night when everyone is asleep. Santa’s reindeer can fly

10
 and take him from house to house. They land on the roofs of the houses and then Santa climbs down the
chimney to leave the presents under the Christmas tree.

In the morning of Christmas Day (25 December), children usually get up very early to unwrap their
presents. Then they have plenty of time to play with their new toys.

Christmas dinner is served in the early afternoon. Most people eat turkey and sprouts and a Christmas
pudding.

26 December is called Boxing Day. It hasn’t always been a holiday. People used to go back to work on
that day where their bosses gave them little Christmas presents in small boxes. That’s why the day is
called Boxing Day.

Questions on the text

Answer the questions according to the text.
1. Santa’s sleigh lands …

in front of the house

in the sitting room

on top of the house
2. Santa puts the presents …

under the tree

in the chimney

in his bag
3. Why is 26 December called Boxing Day?

People used to fight for their presents on that day.

People hang around all day watching TV.

People received little gift boxes on that day

16.A Christmas Carol

Chapter 1 – Marley’s Ghost
Marley was dead, to begin with – there’s no doubt about that. He was as dead as a doornail.

Marley and Scrooge were business partners once. But then Marley died and now their firm belonged to
Scrooge, who was a stingy and heartless old man. Once upon a time, on Christmas Eve, old Scrooge sat
busy in his office. It was very cold outside and in Scrooge’s office it was not much warmer either.
Suddenly, a cheerful person entered the office. It was Scrooge’s nephew.

“A merry Christmas, uncle! God save you!” Fred said.

“Bah!” said Scrooge, “Humbug!”

11
“Christmas a humbug, uncle!” said Scrooge’s nephew. “You don’t mean that, I am sure?”

“I do,” said Scrooge. “What’s Christmas time to you? You have to pay bills without money! You’re a
year older but not an hour richer! Keep Christmas in your way, and let me keep it in mine.”

“Keep it? But you don’t keep it,” said Scrooge’s nephew, who was a very friendly young man. He even
tried to cheer Scrooge up and invited him for dinner on Christmas Day. But Scrooge said no and sent
him out.

When Scrooge’s nephew left, two gentlemen came in to collect money for the poor who had no place
they could go. Stingy Scrooge, however, didn’t give the gentlemen any money.

“Are there no prisons? Are there no workhouses?” he asked sarcastically and told them to leave the
office.

When it was time to close the office, Scrooge talked to his clerk, Bob Cratchit.

“You want all day off tomorrow, don’t you?” said Scrooge.

“If that is okay, Sir,” answered the clerk.

“It’s not okay,” said Scrooge, “and it is not fair. After all, I have to pay you for the day although you
don’t work. But if it must be, I want you to start work even earlier the following morning.”

Cratchit promised that he would; and the two went home.

Scrooge lived all alone in an old house. The yard was very dark and scary that night and when Scrooge
wanted to unlock the door, he had the feeling that he saw Marley’s face there. This was rather spooky,
but Scrooge was not frightened easily. “Humbug,” he said, opened the door and walked in. He locked
himself in, however, which he usually didn’t do. But then he felt safe again and sat down before the fire.

Suddenly, Scrooge heard a noise, deep down below, as if somebody was dragging a heavy chain. The
noise came nearer and nearer, and then Scrooge saw a ghost coming right through the heavy door. It was
Marley’s ghost, and his chains were long; they were made of cash-boxes, keys and heavy purses.

“Who are you?” said Scrooge

“In life I was your partner, Jacob Marley.”

“But why do you come to me now?”

“I must wander through the world and I wear the chains because I was so stingy in life. I only cared
about business but not about the people around me. Now, I am here to warn you. You still have a chance,
Ebenezer. Three spirits will come to you. Expect the first tomorrow, when the bell tolls one.”

When he had said these words, Marley’s ghost disappeared; and the night became quiet again. Scrooge
went straight to bed, without undressing, and fell asleep immediately.

12
 17.Questions on the text
Who is who? Complete the sentences according to the text.
1. Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------
2. Fred -------------------------------------------------------
3. Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------
4. Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------
5. The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------

Find a synonym for each word in the text.

1. spirit - -------------------------------
2. next - --------------------------------
3. start - --------------------------------
4. happy - -----------------------------
5. at once - ----------------------------
6. shut - -------------------------------

Comparison of Adjectives
Positive Form
Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions:

as … as

Example: Jane is as tall as John.

not as … as / not so … as

Example: John is not as tall as Arnie.

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er/-est)

 one-syllable adjectives (clean, new, cheap)
 two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy, happy, pretty, dirty, clever)

positive form comparative form superlative form

clean cleaner (the) cleanest

Exceptions in spelling when adding -er / -est

 silent „e‟ is dropped

Example: late-later-latest

 final „y‟ after a consonant becomes i

Example: easy-easier-easiest

 final consonant after short, stressed vowel is doubled

13
 Example: hot-hotter-hottest

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (more/most)

 adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y/-er)

positive form comparative form superlative form

difficult more difficult most difficult

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)

positive form comparative form superlative form

good better best

bad / ill worse worst

little (amount) less least

little (size) smaller smallest

much / many more most

far (place + further furthest

time)

far (place) farther farthest

late (time) later latest

late (order) latter last

near (place) nearer nearest

near (order) - next

14
 old (people and older oldest
things)

old (people) elder eldest

18.Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives

Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative).
1. My house is (big) --------------------------than yours.
2. This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one.
3. This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read.
4. Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers.
5. Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world?
6. A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains.
7. It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer.
8. Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth?
9. The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer.
10. He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all.
19.Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as ... as)
Fill in the comparison with as ... as.
1. John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen.
2. Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer.
3. You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister.
4. We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can.
5. My mom is (not / strict) ---------------------------------your mum.
6. Your mobile phone is (not / trendy) -----------------------------------------mine.
7. Matrix II was (not / interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I.
8. This yoghurt (not / taste / good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday.
9. I can do (many / press-ups) --------------------------------------you.
10. I (not / earn / much / money) ------------------------------you do.

Question Tags
Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to.
That‟s not really difficult, is it? ;o)

Form
 positive main clause → negative question tag
 negative main clause → positive question tag

Examples
You are Tom, aren‟t you?
He isn‟t Joe, is he?

15
 main clause with auxiliary verb → use auxiliary verb in question tag

You‟ve got a car, haven‟t you?

20.Exercise on Question Tags

Complete the sentences with the correct question tags.
1. Mr McGuinness is from Ireland, ----------------------------------------?
2. The car isn't in the garage, ------------------------------------?
3. You are John, -------------------------------?
4. She went to the library yesterday, ---------------------------------?
5. He didn't recognize me, ---------------------------------?
6. Cars pollute the environment, ----------------------------------?
7. Mr. Pritchard has been to Scotland recently, ---------------------------------?
8. The trip is very expensive, ------------------------------------?
9. He won't tell her, ----------------------------------------------?
10. Hugh had a red car, -------------------------------------?

Short Answers
Saying „Yes, I do. / No, I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying „Yes. / No.‟ That‟s why short
answers are very commonly used.

To form the short answer, you use the first word from the question. (This is either an auxiliary verb or a
form of „be‟.)

Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes).

Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no).

Question Affirmative Negative

Do we know him? Yes, we do. No, we don‟t.

Can she see me? Yes, she can. No, she can‟t.

Have they read the book? Yes, they have. No, they haven‟t.

Is he hungry? Yes, he is. No, he isn‟t.

Mind: If „you‟ is the subject of the question, „you‟ must be replaced by „I‟ or „we‟.

16
 Question Affirmative Negative

Do you know him? Yes, I / we do. No, I / we don‟t.

If the question starts with „are you‟, „are‟ must sometimes be replaced by „am‟.

Question Affirmative Negative

Are you hungry? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.

But: → Yes, we are. No, we aren‟t.

21.Exercise on Short Answers

Complete the short answers with the correct form.
1. Are you from Germany? - Yes, ------------------------. / No, ------------------------.
2. Are Peter and Sue your friends? - Yes, --------------------. / No, ----------------------.
3. Has your sister got a car? - Yes, ----------------------. / No, ------------------------.
4. Do you speak English? - Yes, ------------------------. / No, ----------------------------.
5. Can he play football? - Yes, -----------------------. / No, --------------------------.
6. Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester? - Yes, ---------------------. / No, -----
-------------------.
7. Is she going by bus? - Yes, ----------------------. / No, ---------------------------.
8. Did you talk to him? - Yes, --------------------------. / No, ------------------------------.
9. Have you been waiting for long? - Yes, ---------------------. / No, ------------------------------.

READING

22.New York
Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor.
The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand.
On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence “JULY IV MDCCLXXVI” (July
4, 1776).

17
The copper statue is 46 meters high and was made by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and Gustave Eiffel
(who also built the Eiffel Tower). It was given to the United States by France on the occasion of the
100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.

Empire State Building

The Empire State Building was opened on May 1, 1931. It is an office building, but the platform at the
top of the building is also a popular tourist attraction.

Its height from bottom to the 102nd floor is 381 meters. Including the broadcasting tower, which was
added in the 1950s, the total height is 443.5 meters.

Before the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, the Empire State building was the
second highest building in New York. The Freedom Tower, which is planned to be constructed on
Ground Zero, will again be higher than the Empire State Building.

Central Park
Central Park lies in Manhattan and covers an area of 3.4 km² (4 km × 800 m). It is one of the most
famous city parks and not only a popular oasis for New Yorkers, but also for migrating birds.

Short Answers

Using a short answer in English is more polite than just saying 'Yes. / No.' For further information, check
out our grammar section:

18
 23..Exercise
Read the text again and answer the following questions with a short answer. (The first sentence is given as an
example.)
1. Is the Statue of Liberty made of copper? ------------------------
2. Does the Statue of Liberty stand on Liberty Island? ---------------------------
3. Is the Empire State Building more than 500 meters high? ---------------------------
4. Can tourists go to the platform of the Empire State Building? ---------------------------
5. Are there any birds in Central Park? -----------------------------

Present Continuous/Progressive - Introduction

The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action.

The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking
place only for a short period of time. It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged
for the near future.

Present progressive is also known as present continuous.

Present Continuous/Progressive - Form

Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing.

Use:

 am with the personal pronoun I

 is with the personal pronouns he, she or it (or the singular form of nouns)
 are with the personal pronouns you, we, they (or the plural form of nouns)

affirmative negative question

I I am playing. I am not playing. Am I playing?

he, she, it He is playing. He is not playing. Is he playing?

19
 you, we, You are playing. You are not playing. Are you
they playing?

Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions

In negative sentences, we put not between the form of be and the verb.

In questions, we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be.

Present Continuous/ Progressive - Form

24.Exercise on Form
Complete the table with the correct forms.

affirmative negative question

I I am working.

you You are jumping.

he He is not dreaming.

she Is she sleeping?

it It is snowing.

we Are we singing?

you You are not fighting.

they Are they reading?

25.Present Continuous/Progressive - Form

Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive.
1. I / to read a book - ------------------------------------
2. it / to rain - --------------------------------
3. he / to repair his bike - -----------------------------------

20
4. they / to watch a film - -------------------------------------
5. the cat /to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------
6. Jane and Emily / to do their homework - -----------------------------
7. Bill / to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------
8. we / to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------
9. the children / to play a game - ------------------------------
10. Laura / to walk the dog - -----------------------------

Present Perfect Simple

The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an
influence on the present. It puts emphasis on the result.

Form of Present Perfect

Positive Negative Question

I / you / we / they I have spoken. I have not spoken. Have I spoken?

he / she / it He has spoken. He has not spoken. Has he spoken?

For irregular verbs, use the participle form .For regular verbs, just add “ed”.

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ‘ed’

Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example

after a final e only add d love – loved

final consonant after a short, stressed vowel admit – admitted

or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled travel – travelled

final y after a consonant becomes i hurry – hurried

Use of Present Perfect

 puts emphasis on the result

Example: She has written five letters.

 action that is still going on

Example: School has not started yet.

 action that stopped recently

21
 Example: She has cooked dinner.

 finished action that has an influence on the present

Example: I have lost my key.

 action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking

Example: I have never been to Australia.

26.Exercise on Present Perfect Simple

Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple
Write positive sentences in present perfect simple
The following people have just completed an action
1. Bob / visit / his grandma ----------------------------------------------
2. Jimmy / play / on the computer ------------------------------------------
3. Sue and Walter / wash / their car -----------------------------------------------------
4. Andrew / repair / his bike -----------------------------------------------------
5. Phil / help / Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------
6. Brad and Louise / watch / a film ----------------------------------------------------------------
7. Tamara / talk to / her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------
8. Bridgette / draw / a picture ----------------------------------------------------------
9. Carol / read / a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------
10. Tom and Alice / be / to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------

27.Exercise on Present Perfect Simple

Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple
Write negative sentences in present perfect simple.
The weather was wonderful today. So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household
chores:
1. Sarah / not / wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------
2. Anita / not / clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Maureen and Gavin / not / water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------
4. Joey / not / make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------
5. David / not / buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------
6. Lisa / not / be to the baker's -----------------------------------------------------------------
7. Aran and Jack / not / do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------
8. Jane and Ben / not / tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------
9. Alex / not / feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------
10. Hazel / not / empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------

28.Exercise on Present Perfect Simple

Sentences with 'never' in Present Perfect Simple
Write sentences in present perfect simple. Place 'never' before the main verb.
In a contest, people get the chance to do something they've never done before. This is what the participants told the
jury:
1. Fergal / never / sail / on the Pacific. ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Rebecca / never / stay / at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------

22
3. Jason / never / watch / a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Rachel and Gareth / never / climb / Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------
5. Elaine / never / see / a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Ruth / never / spend / her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------
7. Connor / never / be / to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Lisa and Holly / never / cycle / around England ----------------------------------------------------------
9. Barry / never / drive / a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. Clare / never / meet / Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------

29.Exercise on Present Perfect Simple

Questions in Present Perfect Simple
Write questions in present perfect simple.
1. you / answer / the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Jenny / lock / the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Walter / call / us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. you / see / the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. your parents / get / the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. it / rain / a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. how often / we / sing / the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Maureen / watch / the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. how many books / Bob / read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. ever / you / be / to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

30.Exercise on Present Perfect Simple

Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple).
1. I (not / work) ---------------------------------------------------today.
2. We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp.
3. We (not / plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet.
4. Where (be / you) -----------------------------------------------?
5. He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters.
6. She (not / see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time.
7. (be / you) ---------------------------------------------at school?
8. School (not / start) --------------------------------------------------yet.
9. (speak / he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss?
10. No, he (have / not) ---------------------------------------the time yet.

31.Exercise on 'some' and 'any'

- some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be 'yes'
- any - in negative sentences and general questions, also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning

Decide whether to use some or any.

1. Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends!

2. Jane doesn't have ------------------------------------------------friends.
3. Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters?
4. I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table.

23
5. Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine?
6. Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you?
7. Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits?
8. No, thanks. I think I'll have --------------------------------sandwiches instead.
9. I'm afraid there aren't ----------------------------------sandwiches left.

24