ACTIVITY 6

BSBA II-A

GROUP 2

De Jesus, Joshua

Dela Cruz, Raul

Dela Torre, Jenny

Dela Vega, Mia Caira

Dimco, Mary ann

Cabando, Faith

Cantiberos, Nikki

BACOLOD CITY CENTRAL MARKET WASTE MANAGEMENT SEGREGATION

PRACTICES

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents and reviews the various literature that the researcher comes across

with in relation to the investigation, the methodology or procedure. This literature did not only

give the researcher insights but to enrich the present study.

Biodegradable wastes can be transformed into fertilizer or soil conditioner in the form of

compost. Compost is a humus-like material that usually results from the aerobic biological

stabilization of the organic materials in solid wastes. The operation includes preparing the refuse

and de grading organic matter by aerobic microorganism. The refuse is presorted to remove

materials that might have a salvage value cannot be composted, then it is ground to improve

efficiency of the decomposition process. This can be a soil conditioner to and a fertilizer for

flower heads, vegetables gardens, trees and shrubs (Guzman et al. 2013)

Relatively simple to manage and can be carried out on a wide range of scales in almost

any indoor or outdoor environment and in almost any geographic location. It has the potential to

manage most of the organic material in the waste stream including restaurant waste, leaves and

yard wastes, farm waste, animal manure, animal carcasses, paper products, sewage sludge, wood

etc. and can be easily incorporated into any waste management plan.

Waste Management

Waste management has serious environmental effects making the passage of the Republic

Act (RA) 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 a Landmark

Environmental Legislation in the Philippines. The law was crafted in response to the looming

garbage problem in the country. RA 9003 declares the policy of the state in adopting a

systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program that ensures the

protection of public health and the environment and the proper segregation, collection, transport,

storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adoption of best
environmental practices. Moreover, it illustrates the potentials and benefits of recycling not only

in addressing waste management problems but also in alleviating poverty. (University of Pasay,

2014)

The researcher they studied about the E-waste Management in India and Mumbai. In

addition to Research methodology and summary. This study in the last two decades result in e-

mail, e-business & e-commerce. The most modern expression to gain the `e` prefix has a more

questioning separation-waste. E-waste is not only a developed countries but also a concern are

for developing and under developed world. E-waste problem can be only tackle by knowing it

thoroughly (Kamdar, S, 2013).

Waste Prevention and Minimization

The three R’s are commonly used terms in waste management; they stand for “reduce,

reuse, and recycle”. As waste generation rates have risen, processing costs increased, and

available landfill space decreased, the three R`s have become a central tenet in sustainable waste

management efforts (Tudor et al. 2012).

The concept of waste reduction, or waste minimization, involves redesigning products or

changing societal patterns of consumption, use, and waste generation to prevent the creation of

waste and minimize the toxicity of waste that is produced (USEPA, 1995). Common examples of

waste reduction include using a reusable coffee mug instead of a disposable one, reducing

product packaging, and buying durable products which can be repaired rather than replaced.

Reduction can also be achieved in many cases through reducing consumption of products, goods,

and services. The most effective way to reduce waste is by not creating it in the first place, and

so reduction is placed at the top of waste hierarchies (USEPA, 2010). In many instances,
reduction can be achieved through the reuse of products. Efforts to take action to reduce waste

before waste is actually produced can also be termed pre-cycling (HRM, 2012).

3Rs (Reuse, Recycle, and Reduce)

  The Environmental Protection Agency has determined a three tiered approach for

managing solid waste. Each of these should be practiced to reduce the amount material headed

for final disposal. They are in order of importance: REDUCE, the best way to manage solid

waste. Don't create waste in the first place! Buy only what you need. Use all that you buy. Avoid

heavily packaged products. Avoid disposable items like paper plates and plastic silverware. Buy

the largest size package for those items that you use are often. REUSE, the better way to manage

solid waste. Reuse items use them over and over until they are completely worn out. RECYCLE,

the good way to manage solid waste. Recycle means taking something old and making it into

something new. In Seminole County, all residents who live in a single family home can recycle

right in front of their house. Those residents who live in apartments or condominiums can drop

off their recyclables at several different locations. Old newspapers, #1 and #2 plastic bottles,

green, clear and brown glass bottles and jars, aluminum and steel cans can all be recycled at the

curb. Simply rinse out containers and remove lids. That's it; it's very simple and very worthwhile.

Not only does it keep items out of the landfill, recycling conserves natural resources (Seminole

County Government, 2012). 

They live in a throw-away society that is rapidly filling it with our waste. Our insatiable

desire to constantly upgrade disposable technology and consume over-packaged products has

continued unabated for decades. At the same time however, there has been a trend away from

both burning waste in incinerators and burying it in landfills. Waste management policies now

seek to minimize waste disposal by reducing its generation and by reusing and recycling. This
book reveals the extent of our growing waste problem and examines the waste and recycling

practices of households, and includes many tips on how to reduce, reuse and recycle. Topics

include green waste, plastics, glass, paper, metal and electronic waste (Healey, 2014).

Zero Waste

Zero waste refers to waste management and planning approaches which emphasize waste

prevention as opposed to end of pipe waste management (Snow & Dickinson, 2001; Spiegelman,

2006). Zero waste encompasses more than eliminating waste through recycling and reuse; it

focuses on restructuring production and distribution systems to reduce waste (C.Y. Young et al.,

2010). An important consideration of the zero waste philosophy is that it is more of a goal, or

ideal rather than a hard target. Even if it is not possible to completely eliminate waste due to

physical constraints or prohibitive costs, zero waste provides guiding principles for continually

working towards eliminating wastes (Snow & Dickinson, 2001) and there are many successful

cases around the world which resulted from the implementation of the zero waste philosophy

(Townend, 2012). The zero waste philosophy has been adopted as a guiding principle by several

governmental organizations as well as industries (Snow & Dickinson, 2001; Townend, 2012).

The focus of zero waste is on eliminating waste from the outset, it requires heavy

involvement primarily from industry and government since they are presented with many

advantages over individual citizens. In fact, zero waste will not be possible without significant

efforts and actions from industry and government (Connett & Sheehan, 2001). Industry has

control over product and packaging design, manufacturing processes, and material selection

(Townend, 2012). Meanwhile, governments have the ability to form policy and provide subsidies

for better product manufacturing, design and sale; and the ability to develop and adopt

comprehensive waste management strategies which seek to eliminate waste rather than manage it
(Snow & Dickinson, 2001). Due to the heavy involvement of industry in eliminating waste,

extended producer responsibility is often an essential component of zero waste strategies

(Spiegelman, 2006).

Solid Waste Management

In technical note, the term ‘solid waste’ is used to include all non-liquid wastes generated

by human activity and a range of solid waste material resulting from the disaster, such as general

domestic garbage such as food waste, ash and packaging materials; human faces disposed of in

garbage; emergency waste such as plastic water bottles and packaging from other emergency

supplies; rubble resulting from the disaster; mud and slurry deposited by the natural disaster.

Other specialist wastes, such as medical waste from hospitals and toxic waste from industry, will

also need to be dealt with urgently, but they are not covered by this technical note (World Health

Organization, 2013).

The ordinance prohibits dumping of garbage anywhere other than those recognized and

established garbage facilities; dumping of unclean and unsegregated waste at the redemption

center/facility; discharging of human feces along the creeks and rivers; throwing of wastes in

creeks, rivers, public places such as roads, sidewalks and establishments; and burning of garbage

particularly non-biodegradable wastes. It also requires residents to practice segregation of wastes

at source. Reusable solid wastes such as bottles, plastics, cellophanes and papers shall be brought

to the barangay material recovery facility duly segregated or directly to the agent-buyers. Non-

recyclable materials and special solid wastes will be brought to the material recovery facility,

while hazardous wastes or chemicals will be disposed in coordination with concerned

government agencies according to prescribed methods. The local government is responsible for

collecting reusable, recyclable and non-biodegradable waste materials from the material recovery
facilities; and transporting them to the recycling centers and or to the municipal material

recovery facility. Collection of segregated solid wastes is scheduled per barangay (Saley, 2012).

Waste Streams

Municipal solid wastes (MSW) is often described as the waste that is produced from

residential and industrial (non-process wastes), commercial and institutional sources with the

exception of hazardous and universal wastes, construction and demolition wastes, and liquid

wastes (water, wastewater, industrial processes) (Tchobanoglous & Kreith, 2015).

Materials which are organic or recyclable are excluded from this definition, and so MSW in

Nova Scotia is significantly different from that in many other jurisdictions. This definition of

MSW works together with a legislated landfill ban which prohibits certain materials from landfill

(Appendix C) to ensure that only certain materials are entering landfills. Banned materials cannot

be disposed of and are processed through alternative methods (SWRM, 1996); typically

recycling, reuse, or composting. The designation of materials into specific categories such as

organics, recyclables, and garbage can differ by region, therefore organizations must ensure that

waste is separated according to local area by-laws.

Waste Disposal

There are many stringent regulations governing the treatment and disposal of waste, both

onshore and offshore, and in most other countries as well. Facilities involved in waste transfer

and treatment require licenses, and all personnel who work at such facilities require the proper

kind of training that goes with the handling of waste that can often be dangerous if not handled

properly. Waste management facilities also need to be able to respond quickly to emergency

situations. By their very nature there is rarely any warning that an emergency is about to occur.
For that reason emergency response teams need to be on standby every hour of every day, and

every day of every year. Waste management disposal and treatment can originate from both

domestic and industrial sources (Rose, 2016).

Burning Waste

 In cities that do not have enough land available for landfills, controlled burning of wastes

at high temperatures to produce steam and ash is a preferred waste disposal technique.

Combustion reduces significantly the volume of wastes to be disposed. Moreover, solid wastes

can provide for a continuously available and alternative source for generating energy through

combustion. This energy can be channeled into useful purpose (Debashree, 2012).

To reduce the volume of waste and “Open burning” refers to the thermal destruction of

wastes by means of direct exposure to fire. Furthermore, this definition shall apply to traditional

small-scale methods of community sanitation or “siga” (Ibid).

The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act

   Republic Act. No. 9003 or the “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act” provides the

legal framework for the country’s systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste

management program that shall ensure protection of public health and the environment. It

underscores, among other things, the need to create the necessary institutional mechanism and, as

well as imposes penalties for acts in violation of any of its provisions (The National Solid Waste

Management Commission Secretariat; Environment Management Bureau-DENR, 2012).

As stipulated in Republic Act 9003, section 2, the policy of the state ensures the

protection of the public health and environment; set guidelines and targets for solid waste

avoidance and volume reduction through source reduction and waste minimization measures,
including composting, recycling, re-use, recovery and green charcoal process among others.

There must be appropriate and environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in

accordance with the ecologically sustainable development principles. It ensure proper

segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid wastes through the

formulation and adoption of the best environmental.

Waste Management Practices

There are several factors that have facilitated increase in the volume of solid waste

generated. One of the factors that have led to increased solid waste generation is rapid

urbanization (UNEP, 2012). Urbanization comes with expansion of towns which manifests

through the growth of social and economic infrastructure/services and industrialization. The

growth in such services warrants the increase in population in such areas. An increased

population automatically means increased demand for not only social services but also

consumables which potentially present a larger base for waste generation-in most cases solid

waste (Bournay, 2014).

The increase in the volumes of waste generated has also been proved to be synonymous

with the “new lifestyles associated with greater affluence” which convert into higher

consumption levels, thus generating more waste amidst changes in waste composition (UNEP,

2012:224). Affluence influences people to adopt superfluous demand and purchase patterns

making people acquire more of what is not very necessary for their wellbeing. When people

possess more than what they actually need, failure to consume all that they affluently have,

eventually leads them to get rid of the useless excess which turns into solid waste. In most cases

more purchases also mean more packaging material- which readily translates into solid waste

especially for the manufactured products. The manufactured products contain materials which
are very difficult to decompose, for example plastics, thus increasing waste volumes

uncontrollably.

Threats and Impacts of Improper Waste Management

With the increase of population comes to the increase in consumption, and consequently,

in the amount of wastes we generate. Through time, problems resulting from improper and

irresponsible management of our wastes have arisen and continue to do so. Human and

ecosystem health can be adversely affected by all forms of waste, from its generation to its

disposal. Over the years, wastes and waste management responses such as policies, legal,

financial, and institutional instruments cradle-to-cradle or cradle-to-grave technological options;

and socio-cultural practices have impacted on ecosystem health and human well-being (Bernado,

2013).

Examples are evident in all countries.

A popular example of how improper waste management and lack of coordination in policies can

bring huge environmental and human impacts is the ³Love Canal Incident´. The Love Canal is an

area situated at Niagara Falls, New York. In 1953, the Hooker Chemical Company, then the

owners and operators of the property, covered the canal with earth and sold it to the city for one

dollar.

In Fiji Island, for example, it has been concluded that the disposal of untreated human and

domestic waste has been the major contributor to the degradation of the islands marine

environment. Development to the island had brought a shift in species dominance from hard

coral to macro-algae (Mosley and Aalbersberg, 2005 as cited in the 2005 WHO Liquid

Waste Monitoring Project).
Waste

Waste can be described as "any substance or object the holder discards, intends to discard or is

required to discard", as defined by the Waste Framework Directive (European Directive (WFD)

2006/12/EC), (amended by the new WFD (Directive2008/98/EC, coming into force in December

2012).

In the Philippines Republic Act No. 9275 (An Act Providing For a Comprehensive Water

Quality management and for Other Purposes), waste means any material either solid, liquid,

semisolid, contained gas or other forms resulting from industrial, commercial, mining or

agricultural operations, or from community and household activities that is devoid of usage and

discarded.

Incineration

Incineration, or the controlled burning of waste at high temperatures to produce steam

and ash, is another waste disposal option and an alternative to landfilling (US Environmental

Protection Agency, 2009). Incinerators are designed for the destruction of wastes and are

commonly employed in developed nations who could afford the costs of the burning facilities,

plus its operation and maintenance (Mc Cracken, 2015).

This type of waste disposal is the second largest disposal method in most developed

countries and ranks next to landfills in the United States and the United Kingdom. In the UK,

approximately 5% of household waste, 75 % of commercial waste and 2% of industrial waste is

disposed of through this method.

Hazardous Waste Management

around the disposal of hazardous wastes. Due to their toxicity and large threat to human and

environment health, this type of waste requires more stringent and sophisticated methods of

disposal. Basically, the United States federal regulations classify their waste into two types:

hazardous and solid. In 1976, congress adopted the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act,

the primary national law for addressing production waste (waste generated in the course of

ongoing activity or business).In such act, the term solid does not necessarily refer to a wastes

physical property and thus the waste can also be a liquid or a contained gas (National Society of

Professional Engineers, USA, 2013).

Under the law, a µcomprehensive national ³cradle-to-grave´ program for regulating the

generation, transportation, treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous wastes is established.

Such program includes a system for tracking the wastes point sources and point of disposal, and

a permitting system to control the operation of treatment, storage and disposal facilities.