RF amplifier design

The amplifier has current

gain, but not voltage gain.

Time-Domain Output Voltage Waveform Input and Output Current Waveforms

100 0.002

50 0.001

-InputSource.i
Vout, mV

Vout/50
0 0.000

-50 -0.001

-100 -0.002
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 2 4 6 8 10
time, nsec time, nsec

Pdel_dBm=10*log(mean(Vout**2/50))+30
Eqn
Pdel_dBm
-13.015
Amplifier Harmonic balance simulation result

EqnSpectrum=dBm(Vout)
0
freq Spectrum
-20
0.0000 Hz <invalid>
-40 960.0 MHz -12.80
1.920 GHz -55.82
2.880 GHz -73.96
-60 3.840 GHz -115.1
Spectrum

4.800 GHz -134.7

-80

-100

-120

-140

-160 HarmDist2nd
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 -43.014
freq, GHz
EqnPfund=dBm(Vout[1])
EqnHarmDist2nd=P2nd-Pfund
EqnP2nd=dBm(Vout[2])

Amplifier transient simulation

RFin RFout
Gnd
Vout
VCC VCS
R C
C
R1 C1 L C2 R
R=50 Ohm PA C=Cseries L1 C=3.5 pF R2
X1 L=Lshunt R=50 Ohm
R=50
V_1Tone
InputSource
V=0.1 V TRANSIENT
Freq=960 MHz V_DC V_DC Var VAR
Eqn
SRC2 SRC3 Tran VAR1
Vdc=5.0 V Vdc=2.0 V Tran2 Cseries=7 pF
StopTime=10 nsec Lshunt=7.5 nH
V_DC
MaxTimeStep=0.05 nsec
SRC1
Freq[1]=960 MHz
Vdc=3.95 V
This simulation requires 6.4 seconds
of CPU time on a Unix C240
workstation.
Amplifier harmonic balance simulation

RFin RFout
Gnd
Vout
VCC VCS
R C C
R1 C1 L C2 R
R=50 Ohm PA C=Cseries L1 C=3.5 pF R2
X1 L=Lshunt R=50 Ohm
R=50
V_1Tone
SRC5
V=0.1 V HARMONIC BALANCE
Freq=960 MHz
V_DC V_DC
HarmonicBalance
SRC1 SRC2 Var VAR
HB1 Eqn
Vdc=5.0 V Vdc=2.0 V VAR1
V_DC Freq[1]=960 MHz
SRC3 Order[1]=5 Cseries=7 pF
Vdc=3.95 V Lshunt=7.5 nH
This simulation requires 1.33 seconds
of CPU time on a Unix C180
workstation.
 R
R8
R=Rcc
VCC
Num=2
BJT_Model
Q34MOD
NPN=yes Kc= Cex= Xtf=3.16 Ffe=1
PNP=no Isc=4.08E-12 Cco= Tf=7.97E-12 Lateral=no
Is=4.08E-16 C4= Imax=1 Vtf=0 RbModel=MDS
Bf=166 Nc=2 Imelt= Itf=0.0465 Approxqb=yes
BJT_NPN Nf=1.03 Cbo= Cje=3.123E-13 Ptf=18 Tnom=25
BJT_NPN Vaf=25 Gbo= Vje=0.85 Tr=1.6E-9 Trise=
BJT1 BJT_NPN BJT_NPN BJT8
Model=Q37MOD BJT7 BJT6 Ikf=0.02325 Vbo= Mje=0.4 Kf= Eg=1.11
Model=Q34MOD Ise=1.218E-12 Rb=59.2 Cjc=2.13E-13 Af=1 Xtb=2.2
Area= Model=Q34MOD Model=Q34MOD Area=
RFin Region= Area= Area= C2= Irb=0 Vjc=0.75 Kb= Xti=8
Region= Ne=2 Rbm=14.1 Mjc=0.5 Ab=1 AllParams=
Num=3 Temp= Region= Region= Temp= Br=5.123 Re=0.833 Xcjc=0.22 Fb=1
Trise= Temp= Temp= Trise= Nr=1 Rc=22 Cjs=1.65E-13 Rbnoi=
Mode=nonlinear Trise= Trise= Mode=nonlinear
Mode=nonlinear Mode=nonlinear Var=0 Rcv= Vjs=0.7 Iss=4.96E-13
Ikr=0.12 Rcm= Mjs=0.5 Ns=1
Ke= Dope= Fc=0.5 Nk=0.5

R
R7
BJT_NPN
BJT4 BJT_NPN R=Rout R RFout
Model=Q34MOD BJT3 R6 Num=1
Area= Model=Q34MOD R=Rout
Area= R
Region= R5
Temp= Region=
Temp= R=Rout
Trise= BJT_NPN Var VAR
Mode=nonlinear Trise= Eqn
VAR1
BJT5
Mode=nonlinear Rout=12
BJT_NPN Model=Q34MOD
Area= Rcc=10
BJT2 RemitIn=200
Model=Q34MOD Region=
Temp= RemitOut=163
VCS Area=
Num=4 Region= Trise=
Mode=nonlinear
Temp=
Trise=
Mode=nonlinear BJT_Model
Q37MOD
R R R R NPN=yes Kc= Cex= Xtf=3.35 Ffe=1
R1 R2 R3 R4 PNP=no Isc=2.01E-12 Cco= Tf=8.91E-12 Lateral=no
R=RemitIn R=RemitOut R=RemitOut R=RemitOut Is=2.15E-16 C4= Imax=1 Vtf=0 RbModel=MDS
Bf=130 Nc=2 Imelt= Itf=0.0217 Approxqb=yes
Nf=1.03 Cbo= Cje=1.935E-13 Ptf=18 Tnom=25
Vaf=25 Gbo= Vje=0.85 Tr=1.6E-9 Trise=
Ikf=0.01085 Vbo= Mje=0.4 Kf= Eg=1.11
Ise=7.56E-13 Rb=317 Cjc=1.045E-13 Af=1 Xtb=2.2
Ground C2= Irb=0 Vjc=0.75 Kb= Xti=8
Num=5 Ne=2 Rbm=10.63 Mjc=0.5 Ab=1 AllParams=
Br=5.123 Re=1.79 Xcjc=0.2292 Fb=1
Nr=1 Rc=37.6 Cjs=1.092E-13 Rbnoi=
Var=0 Rcv= Vjs=0.7 Iss=3.28E-13
Ikr=0.056 Rcm= Mjs=0.5 Ns=1
Ke= Dope= Fc=0.5 Nk=0.5
Simmulation and analysis of RF Oscilllator
 V_DC
SRC2
V_DC Vdc=1.0 V
SRC1 L
Vdc=-1.0 V R L1
R1 L=100 nH
R=100 Ohm R=1

Input Output
Num=1 Num=2
BJT_NPN
BJT1 R
Model=BJTM1 R2
Area= R=1000 Ohm
Region=
Temp=
Trise=
Mode=nonlinear
BJT_Model
BJTM1
NPN=yes Rbnoi=
PNP=no RbModel=MDS
C2= Trise=
Ke= AllParams=
Kc=
C4=
Cbo=
Gbo=
Vbo=
Rcv=
Rcm=
Dope=
Cex=
Cco=
Imelt=
 3

2
ts(Output), V

-1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
time, nsec

EqnSpectrum=dB(Output)

20

-20
vs(Spectrum,freq)

-40
m3
-60 nothing= <invalid>
vs(Spectrum,freq)=<invalid>
-80
m3
-100
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
freq, GHz
 3
m1
time=323.4973nsec
2 Output=-0.763795
Output, V m2
1 time=399.9694nsec
Output=-0.764721
0
m1 m2 The spectrum is computed from the
-1 time-domain data, after it has
reached steady-state. Marker m1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
can be moved to change the
time, nsec beginning of the time-domain data
sequence that is used to compute
the spectrum.
Spectrum=dB(fs(Output,,,,,,,indep(m1)))
Eqn
20 m3
m3
vs(dB(OSC_HB..Output),OSC_HB..freq)

0 freq= 104.5714MHz
-20 Spectrum=5.280119
-40
Spectrum

-60
-80 Spectra from transient and harmonic
balance simulations agree pretty well.
-100
-120
-140
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
freq, GHz
Resonating circuit

NodeSet
Node
Set NodeSet1
V=0.1 V

InitCond
Init
Cond InitCond1
V=0.1 V

Input
C R
C2 R2 R L Output
C C
L2
C1 C=75 pF R=50 kOhm R3 C3
R=1 Ohm L=1000 nH
C=30 pF C=2.5 pF
Input R= Output
InitCond=
Num=1 Num=2

Simulation and radiation pattern analysis Micro strip patch Antenna

 Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna
Reference:
"Feeding Structure Contributions to Radiation by Patch Antennas with Rectangular Boundaries",
Shih-Chang Wu, N. Alexopoulos, O. Fordham,
IEEE Trans. on AP, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 1245-49, October 1992.

MEASUREMENT MOMENTUM
0

m1 m1
-2 freq= 6.294GHz
S11_Momentum=-1.938

-4
m3 m4 m5 m2
freq= 7.602GHz
-6 S11_Momentum=-19.320

-8 m3
freq= 10.12GHz
S11_Momentum
S11_Measured

S11_Momentum=-5.037
-10
m4
-12 freq= 12.17GHz
S11_Momentum=-5.212

-14
m5
freq= 14.68GHz
-16 m6 S11_Momentum=-5.393

-18 m6
m2 freq= 18.34GHz
S11_Momentum=-16.805
-20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
freq, GHz

S11_Measured=dB(Measured..S(1,1))
Eqn

S11_Momentum=dB(Single_patch_MomUW_a..S(1,1))
Eqn

Marker Frequency Mode Types

[GHz] Jx Jy
----------------------------------------------------------------
1 6.29 (1,0) ---
2 7.60 --- (0,1)
3 10.12 (1,1) (1,1)
4 12.17 (2,0) ---
5 14.68 (2,1) (2,1)
6 18.34 (3,0) ---
 Radiation Intensity
0°
0.10

0.08 45
5° °
-4

0.06

0.04

0.02
Mag. [W/sterad]

90°
-90°

0.00

-1
35 5°
° 13

180°

Theta (-90.000 to 90.000)

Dataset: EMFarFieldCut_JX30 - Jul 14, 2014

Frequency E_max Theta_max Phi_max Directivity_max Gain_max RadiatedPower InputPower Efficiency CutType CutAngle
1.842E10 1.060 5.000 223.000 10.817 8.879 0.002 0.002 0.640 Phi 0.000
 Radiation Intensity
0°
0.08

45
5° 0.06 °
-4

0.04

0.02
Mag. [W/sterad]

90°
-90°

0.00

-1
35 5°
° 13

180°

Theta (-90.000 to 90.000)

Frequency E_max Theta_max Phi_max Directivity_max Gain_max RadiatedPower InputPower Efficiency CutType CutAngle
7.660E9 0.876 2.000 21.000 7.601 7.313 0.002 0.002 0.936 Phi 0.000