34 Math1 In: Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 2.3: Mathematical Reasoning Lesson Summary All problem-solving, whether in mathematics or daily life, involves reasoning, but there are some problems for which special approaches are very effective, This lesson provides us an understanding of the different types of reasoning to justify statements and arguments. This lesson will help us combine reasoning skills with other strategies that will enable us to find the desired solution. Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to: 1. Analyze problems using different types of reasoning, 2. Apply different types of reasoning to justify statements and arguments made about mathematics and mathematical concepts. Motivation Question Let the students watch the video. (https://www youtube. com/watch?v=7yDmGnABHW0) Situation: “The Bride Riddle” “Taking that practicum in a distant highland lab might not have been the best idea. Dragging that lever with the skull symbol to see what it did probably was not so smart, either, but now is not the time for doubts because we need to get away from these distorted zombies fast. With us are the janitor, the lab assistant, and the old professor. We have gotten a head start, but there is only one way to safety: across an old rope bridge spanning a massive gorge. We can dash across jin a minute, while the lab assistant takes two minutes. The janitor is a bit slower and needs five minutes, and the professor takes a whole ten minutes, holding onto ‘the ropes every step of the way. By the professor's computation, the zombies will catch up to us in just over 17 minutes, so we only have that much time to get everyone across and cut the ropes. Unfortunately, the bridge can only hold two people at a time. To make it challenging, it is dark that we can barely see, and the ld lantem we grabbed on our way illuminates a tiny area only. Can we figure out a way to have everyone escape in time? Remember: no more than two people can cross the bridge together, anyone crossing must either hold the lantern or stay right next to it, and any of we can securely wait in the dark on either side of the bridge. Most importantly, everyone must be safely across before the zombies arrive. Otherwise, the first zombie could step on the bridge while people are still on it Finally, there are no tricks to use here. We cannot swing across, use the bridge as a raft, or befriend the zombies. * Vision: Mission: ‘A globally compettive university for science, technology and environmental conservation, Development ofa highly competve human resource, cuting-edge scientific knowledge and innovative tecanologies for sustainable communities and environment, Page 34 of 60 ‘TP-IMD-02For instructional purposes only + 1% Semester SY 2020-2021 35 Discussion Introduction Problems generally present several facts that can be used together to conclude. Combining reasoning skills with other strategies, such as drawing a diagram or making a table, will help us find the desired solution. By using logical reasoning, we can make a reasonable estimate, thereby eliminating many incorrect possibilities. We use deductive thinking when we solve a problem by eliminating possibilities. Types of Reasoning A. Inductive Reasoning Inductive reasoning is the procedure of accomplishing a general assumption by examining specific instances. When you examine a list of numbers and predict the next number in the list according to some pattern you have observed, you are using inductive reasoning. The assumption form using the inductive reasoning is called a conjecture since it may or may not be correct. Inductive reasoning is not used just to predict the next number in a list. It is also used to make conclusions/conjectures about specific observed patterns. Each of the following statements uses inductive reasoning. 1. Every sports car I have ever seen is red. Thus, all sports cars are red 2. The coin | drew from the bag is a S:peso coin. Another 5:peso coin is drawn from the bag. A third coin from the bag is again a 5-peso coin Therefore, all the coins in the bag are 5-peso coins. 3. Observe that 1+1=2,1+3=4,3+5=8,74+11= of two odd integers is always even. 8. Thus, the sum Example: Consider the following. Pick a number. Multiply the number by 4, add 8 to the product, divide the sum by 2, and subtract 5. Complete the above procedure for several different numbers. Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture about the relationship between the size of the resulting number and the size of the original number. Solution: ‘Suppose we start with seven as the original number. Then repeat the process for different numbers. The procedure yields the following: Original number: [7 3_ | 20 [150 | 200 Multiply by 4: 7-4=28 12 | 80 | 600 | 800 ‘Add 8: 28+8= 36 20 | 88 | 608 | 808 Divide by 2: 364 2=18 10 | 44 [304 | 404 Subtract 5: 18-5=13 5 [39 [299 [399 Vision: Mission: ‘A globally compettive university for science, technology and environmental conservation, Development ofa highly competve human resource, cuting-edge scientific knowledge and innovative tecanologies for sustainable communities and environment, Page 35 of 60 ‘TP-IMD-0236 Math1 In: Mathematics in the Modern World We conjecture that the given procedure produces a number that is one less than twice the original number. Remark: When we use inductive reasoning, we have no guarantee that our conclusion is correct. Just because a pattern is true for a few cases, it does not mean the pattern will continue. A statement is a true statement provided that it is valid in all cases. If we can find one case for which a statement is not valid, called a counterexample, then it is a false statement. B. Deductive Reasoning Deductive reasoning is the process of concluding by applying general assumptions, procedures, or principles. Deductive reasoning is an elementary form of valid reasoning. Deductive reasoning, or deduction, starts with a universal statement or theory and studies the opportunities to reach a specific, logical conclusion. In mathematics, deductive reasoning makes use of definitions, axioms, theorems and rules and inference, The following statements illustrate deductive reasoning 1. All men are mortal. Raymund is a man. Therefore, Raymund is mortal. 2. Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent. Triangle ABC is congruent to triangle DEF. 2B and 2E are corresponding angles. Thus 2B ~= 2E. Example: Use deductive reasoning to show that the following procedures produce a number that is one less than twice the original number. Procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the number by 4, add 8 to the product, divide the sum by 2, and subtract 5. Solution: Let n be the original number. Multiply the number by 4: 4n Add 8 to the product: 4n +8 Divide the result by 2: 4n + 8/2 = 2n+4 Subtract 5: 2n+4-5=2n-1 The solution started with n and ended with 2n - 1. This implies that the procedure given in this example produces a number that is one less than twice the original number. Remark: Deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning often move in opposite directions. Where the former tends to go from general premises to specific conclusions, the latter often goes the other way-from specific Page 36 of 60 ‘TP-IMD-02 Vision: ‘A globally compettive university for science, technology and environmental conservation, Mission: Development of highly competitive human resource, cutting-edge scientific knowledge and innovative tecanologies for sustainable communities and environment,For instructional purposes only + 1% Semester SY 2020-2021 37 examples to general conclusions. Deductive reasoning implies logical certainty, while inductive reasoning only gives us a reasonable probability. Learning Tasks/Activities 1. Read any civil/criminal case in the Philippines and evaluate how it was decided by the court. Cite how the lawyers of both parties presented their arguments and reasoning. Justify your answer. 2. Verify that each of the following statements is a false statement by finding a counterexample for each. For all real numbers n: anton b. 21 Assessment Solve each problem neatly and systematically Problems: 1. Use deductive reasoning to show that the following procedures produce a number that is one less than twice the original number. Procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the number by 4, add 8 to the product, divide the sum by 2, and subtract 5. 2. Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in each of the lists. a. -2,0,2,4,6,8, b. 1,2,5,10,17, c. 2,5, 10,17, 26, __ 3. Verify that the statement is incorrect by giving a counterexample. a [Xl25 Instructions on how to submit student output Refer to the course policies and course content plan. Vision: ‘A globally compettive university for science, technology and environmental conservation, Page 97 of 0 Mission: Development of highly competitive human resource, cutting-edge scientific knowledge ‘TP-MD-02 and innovative technologies for sustainable communities and enironment races