American International University- Bangladesh (AIUB)

Faculty of Engineering (EEE)

Course Name : Engineering Shop Lab Course Code : EEE 3216

Semester : Summer 2020-21 Sec : K

Experiment No : 01
Experiment Name : Introduction to Home Appliances I- Microwave Oven and Washing Machine

Student Name: Sabrina Afrin

Student ID: 17-34472-2 Group No. 01

Performance Date : Due Date :

Marking Rubrics (to be filled by Lab Instructor)

Proficient Good Acceptable Secured
Category Unacceptable [1]
[4] [3] [2] Marks
All information, All Information Most information
Theoretical Much information
measures and variables provided that is correct, but some
Background, Methods missing and/or
are provided and sufficient, but more information may be
& procedures sections inaccurate.
explained. explanation is needed. missing or inaccurate.
Experimental results
All of the criteria are Most criteria are met,
don’t match exactly Experimental results
met; results are but there may be some
Results with the theoretical are missing or
described clearly and lack of clarity and/or
values and/or analysis incorrect;
accurately; incorrect information.
is unclear.
Demonstrates thorough Hypotheses are clearly
Conclusions don’t
and sophisticated stated, but some Some hypotheses
match hypotheses, not
understanding. concluding statements missing or misstated;
Discussion supported by data; no
Conclusions drawn are not supported by data conclusions not
integration of data from
appropriate for or data not well supported by data.
different sources.
analyses; integrated.
Title page, placement
of figures and figure
Minor errors in Major errors and/or
General formatting captions, and other Not proper style in text.
formatting. missing information.
formatting issues all
correct.
Writing is strong and
Writing is clear and
easy to understand;
easy to understand; Most of the required
ideas are fully
ideas are connected; criteria are met, but
elaborated and
Writing & effective transitions some lack of clarity, Very unclear, many
connected; effective
organization between sentences; typographic, spelling, errors.
transitions between
minor typographic, or grammatical errors
sentences; no
spelling, or are present.
typographic, spelling,
grammatical errors.
or grammatical errors.

Total Marks
Comments:
(Out of 20):
 Microwave Engineering Lab

Experiment #3: Op-amp

Abstract:
This experiment shows one type of op-amps called the inverting amplifier, which amplify an input
voltage signal and inverts its polarity. Many factors affecting the inverting amplifier performance
were studied briefly, namely; signal frequency, theoretical gain value, and input signal amplitude.
Each amplifier has a bandwidth value that determines the value of frequency that doesn’t shelter
more than 0.707 of the input signal amplitude. At high gain values (G=100 ) the performance is
very poor. Clipping occurs when the input voltage exceed a limit value determined by the op-amp
power supply voltage.

Introduction:
Operational amplifiers are linear devices that have all the properties required for nearly ideal DC
amplification and are therefore used extensively in signal conditioning, filtering or to perform
mathematical operations such as add, subtract, integration and differentiation.
An Operational Amplifier, or op-amp for short, is fundamentally a voltage amplifying device
designed to be used with external feedback components such as resistors and capacitors between
its output and input terminals. These feedback components determine the resulting function or
“operation” of the amplifier and by virtue of the different feedback configurations whether resistive,
capacitive or both, the amplifier can perform a variety of different operations, giving rise to its name
of “Operational Amplifier”.
An Operational Amplifier is basically a three-terminal device which consists of two high
impedance inputs, one called the inverting Input, marked with a negative or “minus” sign, ( – )
and the other one called the non-inverting Input, marked with a positive or “plus” sign ( + ).
The third terminal represents the operational amplifiers output port which can both sink and
source either a voltage or a current. In a linear operational amplifier, the output signal is the
amplification factor, known as the amplifiers gain (G) multiplied by the value of the input signal.

Voltage Gain:

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 Microwave Engineering Lab
The Voltage Gain (AV) of the operational amplifier can be found using the following formula:

Voltage gain (G) = and in Decibels or (dB) is

given as:

Voltage Gain in dB = 20 log (G) = 20 log (

An Operational Amplifiers Bandwidth

The operational amplifiers bandwidth is the frequency range over which the voltage gain of the
amplifier is above 70.7% or -3dB (where 0dB is the maximum) of its maximum output value as
shown below.

Figure 2: Op-amp Bandwid

Equipments and instruments:
1- AC Function Generator: This device gives a square, sinusoidal, and ramp ac signals at wide
frequency range, is used to generate a sinusoidal input signal for the operational amplifier.
2- Oscilloscope: A signal recording instrument that shows input signals on a screen, it has
many options that can be used to best suit the input signal to the screen. It has two input
terminals and can be used for comparison purposes. It was used to measure the gain value
of the op-amp.
3- Operational amplifier: An Operational Amplifier is basically a three-terminal device which
consists of two high impedance inputs, one called the inverting Input, marked with a negative
or “minus” sign, ( – ) and the other one called the non-inverting Input, marked with a positive
or “plus” sign ( + ).
4- Resistances.

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 Microwave Engineering Lab
Procedure:
Inverting amplifier as gain controller:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1.
2. Fix the input voltage to 2Ω p-p, and put feedback resistance R f = 10kΩ.
3. For resistance Ri, use a variable resistance, and change it with a step of 2Ω, starting from 2Ω to 20Ω.
At each step measure Vo .
Frequency response for the inverting amplifier
1. Set the amplifier gain to unity, i.e. the input resistance equals the output one, for instnace 100kΩ.
2. Fix an input rms voltage of 2V.
3. Change the frequency input from 10Hz – 0,1MHz, and measure the output voltage for each change.
4. Tabulate the results and polt the measured gain agganist the input signal frequency on a log scale.
5. Repeate the above steps with amplifier gain of 10 and 100.
Tabulate the results, and compare the measured gain with the theoretical one.

Figure 1: Non-Inverting Operational Amplifier

Theoretical Analysis:
-Vi - Vop-amp + (I1-I2) Rf + Vo = 0 …………………………... (1)
RiI1 + Rf (I1-I2) + Vo = 0 …………………………………… (2)
From eq. (2) we find
I1 = (RfI2-Vo) / (Rf+Ri) Substitute in eq. (1)
-Vi - Vop-amp + ((RfI2-Vo)/ (Rf+Ri) – I2)Rf + Vo= 0
This is the general equation for the non-inverting op-amp.
But Vop-amp depends on I2, so if we assume that I 2 = 0 for ideal amplifier, we find that V op-
amp = 0 also, then we conclude:
-Vi - (Vo/ (Rf+Ri)) Rf + Vo= 0
Vo (1 - (Rf/ (Rf+Ri)) = Vi
Vo/Vi = (Rf+Ri)/Ri
Vo/Vi = Theoretical gain = 1 + (Rf/Ri) for ideal op-amp Results:
Part one: Inverting amplifier as gain controller

Rf =10kΩ (fixed)
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 Microwave Engineering Lab
Table 1: Theoretical and measured gain of the inverting op-amp.
Input Theoretical
Input voltage Output voltage Measured gain
resistance Ri gain
Vi (V) Vo (V) (Vo / Vi)
(kΩ) (-Rf / Ri)
2 7.0 34.8 5.0 5.0
4 7.0 17.8 2.5 2.5
6 7.0 12 1.7 1.7
8 7.0 9.2 1.3 1.3
10 7.0 7 1 1.0
12 7.0 6.2 0.89 0.83
14 7.0 5.4 0.77 0.71
16 7.0 4.8 0.69 0.63
18 7.0 4.2 0.60 0.56
20 7.0 4 0.57 0.50

Sample of Calculation (at Ri = 8) : G = 9.3/7 =1.3

Part two: Gain controller:

Rf =100KΩ RI =10 KΩ
For the theoretical gain of "10":
Table 2: Measured output voltage & calculated one with gain=10.
Vo Vo
Vi (input
(Output Voltage (Output Voltage
Voltage)
measured) actual)
0 0 0
1 9.7 10
2 20 20
3 30 30
4 38.6 40
4.5 ‫ـــــــ‬ 45
5 clipping clipping

Part three: Frequency response for the inverting amplifier.

For the theoretical gain of "1":

Table 3: Frequency response of the op-amp for Rf/Ri =1.
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 Microwave Engineering Lab
Rf / Ri = 1.00
Input frequency (Hz)
Vi (volt) Vo (volt) Vo/Vi
2kH 5.0 5.0 1
2MH 5.0 7.8 1.6

Table 4: Frequency response of the op-amp for Rf/Ri =10.

Rf/Ri = 10.00
Input frequency(Hz)
Vi (volt) Vo (volt) Vo/Vi
2kH 3.0 24.6 8.2
2MH 5.0 5.0 1.0
For the theoretical gain of "100":
Table 5: Frequency response of the op-amp for Rf/Ri =100.
Rf/Ri = 100.00
Input frequency (Hz)
Vi (volt) Vo (volt) Vo/Vi
2kH 0.54 0.12 0.22
2MH 3.0 0.20 0.067

gain = 1 gain = 10 gain = 100

1.800
1.600
1.400
Gain Ratio Gexp/Gtheor.

1.200
1.000
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
2000 2.00E+06
Frequency H (Log Scale)
Fegure 2: Frequency Reesponse for The Inverting Amplifier

Discussion of Results:

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 Microwave Engineering Lab
In part 1, Table 1 shows the effect of changing the input impedence value –by keeping the
feedback impedence and input voltage values constants- and it is apparent that as th ratio R f/Ri
decreases the gain decreases. Also it notable that the theoretical gain is a little bit larger than
the measured gain, this may be a result of error in measurement devices.

Op-amp clipping is shown in Table 2, at a certain value, “clipping” occurs.

Frequency effect on the inverting amplifier performance is studied in Tables 3-5 and in Figure 2.
At high frequencies (>1MHz) the operational amplifier seizes to give an output signal with the
same gain value anticipated theoretically.

Conclusions:
* Ideal operational amplifiers differs that standard or actual amplifiers.

* There are many factors that determines the operational amplifier performance such as signal
frequency, gain value, and voltage amplitude.

* Clipping occurs due to exceeding a certain voltage amplitude specified by the amplifier power
supply voltage.

References:
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_1.html
Instrumentation and Dynamic Systems Lab Manual

Experiment 5 (Quiz): Page - 7