1 |TLE 6 (2nd Quarter)

2 |TLE 6 (2nd Quarter)

CHAPTER 1
LESSON 1
GROWING TREES AND FRUIT BEARING TREES
Planting and growing ornamental plants and vegetables have many benefits and contributions for the family
and the community. Likewise, growing of trees and fruit trees is also important. Trees give us shade against
sunlight and their roots help in controlling the flow of rain and prevent flooding by absorbing rainwater.

IMPORTANCE AND BENEFITS OF PLANTING TREES AND FRUIT BEARING

TREES
Flash floods have killed so many people these past years and one of the major causes of floods is deforestation
or the clearing of an area of forest without replanting. Therefore, we need to plant more trees not only to
prevent further damage to nature but also for the good of the future generations.

The following are the benefits we can get from trees.

1. Fruits and nuts are good sources of carbohydrates (sugar and starch, fiber, vitamins and minerals)
2. Trees promote soil stability by protecting the soil from erosion and prevent floods.
3. Trees reduce destruction of homes and agricultural crops by serving as windbreakers during typhoons
and storms.
4. Trees improve the atmosphere of a place by giving a feeling of freshness and coolness, reducing
temperature and decreasing pollution in congested urban areas.
5. Trees provide shade to houses, streets parks, and playgrounds and make them attractive.
6. Trees contribute to the beautiful landscapes in the city and the countryside.
7. Trees help maintain high quality of water supply.
8. Trees serves as valuable habitat for wildlife animals.

FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN PLANTING TREES AND FRUIT BEARING

TREES
1. CLIMATE – most factor affecting the growth of trees. Climate includes temperature, sunlight, and
rainfall.
a. Temperature – refers to the degree of coldness and hotness of the atmosphere at a certain period
of time.
b. Sunlight – as the main energy provider in the process of food manufacture in the plant kingdom,
sunlight influences the growth of trees through its effects on photosynthesis, transpiration,
flowering of water absorption, among others.
c. Rainfall- Rain is very important in the growth of all kinds of trees. Too much or too little water may
stunt their development; thus, rainfall run – off must be controlled so as not to flood and drown
the growing trees with water.
2. SOIL – trees like other plants are also dependent on the nutrients that the soil provides. As a primary
growing medium for plants, the soil contains mineral elements necessary for normal plants growth and
development of the trees. Nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous and others are being
absorbed by the roots of the tree for the plant to grow.
3 |TLE 6 (2nd Quarter)

Two basic types of soil:

1. Mineral soil – composed of inorganic substances with varying amount of decaying organic matter.
2. Organic soil – is formed from partly decayed plant materials.

3. WATER – Trees cannot survive without water for it forms part of every plant cells and tissues. Trees are very
dependent on water because it serves as a solvent for the nutrients from the soil.

4. FERTILIZER – added to soil to increase its productivity.

2 types of fertilizers:
1. Organic Fertilizers – come from compost of decayed fruits and vegetables peelings, animal manures and food
washing.
2. Inorganic Fertilizers – made up of synthetic materials.

• The nutrients in organic fertilizers are not always complete nor balanced inorganic fertilizers can be used as
substitute.

Write TRUE or FALSE on the line.

____1. There is more demand in buying bottled or canned fruits because such are more nutritious than fresh
fruits.

___2. Planting trees reduces destruction to homes and crops by serving as windbreakers during typhoons and
storms.

____3. Inorganic fertilizers come from decayed fruits and vegetables peelings and animal manures.

____4. In fruit tree production select a variety of tree that is not found in your locality.

____5. Sunlight is the main energy provider and influences the growth of trees through photosynthesis.

LESSON 2

MAINTANING ORCHARDS
An orchard is a piece of land where trees or shrubs are maintained for food or commercial production.

Orchards are often concentrated near a water source. Orchard owners mostly concentrate on a particular
species of trees to produce.

TYPES OF ORCHARD FARMS

1. FRUIT ORCHARD - include any facility that concentrates on growing tree – bearing fruits such as
papaya, mango, orange, lime and avocado.
4 |TLE 6 (2nd Quarter)

2. NUT ORCHARDS – include facilities that produce nuts such as cashew, walnut almond, cacao, coconut
and pine.
3. SEED ORCHARD – focus primarily on growing trees that produce seeds sold commercial distribution or resale
purposes. They can be sold to agricultural companies or used for food production.

OTHER TYPES OF ORCHARDS

1. Christmas tree farm like in BAGUIO and TAGAYTAY
2. Coffee producing farms

SUCCESSFUL ORCHARD GROWERS

1. Senen Bacani of La Fuerta Inc.
A former Department of Agriculture (DA) head, Mr. Bacani is
now the CEO of La Fuerta Inc. “We excel because we care” is his
company’s motto. He converted his land into a banana plantation that
produces 5 – 6 million boxes of Cavendish bananas and exports them to
Middle East and other Asian countries.

2. Joseph Calata of Calata Corporation

- The Calata Corporation is the country’s largest distributor of agrochemicals, feeds fertilizers and seeds. Mr.
Calata is the brain behind its success. He is known to be the youngest business tycoon in the country. With
his belief on the empowerment of agricultural sector as well as treating their farmers as their best asset he
produces great products.

3. Desiree Duran of Duran Farm and Agribusiness Center

With her desire to learn about farming Ms. Duran involved herself in
various agribusiness seminars and trainings. She converted her land in
tomato plantation and involved her community in the production.
Besides producing high quality fruits and vegetables the center also
trains and teaches farmers on modern agricultural technology.

4. Edith Dacuycuy Of REFMAD Farms

Ms. Dacuycuy’s dragon fruit farm is a result of her research for a cure to
her daughters’ disease. With her continuous research and process
innovation, her business grew and became known for its zero waste
farming practices. Her vison is to made the country a big dragon fruit
producer.
5 |TLE 6 (2nd Quarter)

5. Jose Mercado of Merlo Agricultural Corporation

As a young boy he was already exposed to coffee farming in
Batangas. He continues this kind of business because he knew that
coffee business will make him successful. As one of the pioneers in the
coffee industry in Batangas they bank on high quality of their coffee
beans and roasting techniques. Café de Lifa for its flavor and aroma
beside the popular brands Batangas brew and Kapeng Barako.

LESSON 3

PROPAGATING TREES AND FRUIT BEARING TREES

Common Types of Garden Tools

THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

USED IN PLANTING TREES
1. BOLO – is used for cutting wood, trees and grasses.
2. CROWBAR – used for digging soil to plant.
3. HANDFORK – used for crumbing the soil surrounding the plant.
4. HOE – used for digging and breaking big blocks of soil into smaller pieces. It is also needed for
loosening the soil and for weeding.
5. RAKE – used for dreading of soil or leveling the soil and for gathering leaves on the ground and
separating big blocks of soil from smaller pieces.
6. SHOVEL – used for removing soil or weeds and transferring the soil or fertilizer from one place to
another.
7. SPADING FORK – used for removing soil or trash.
8. SPRINKLER – is a water container with small holes on the spout and used for watering plants.
9. THREAD- used for straightening the garden plot by tying it on one post and passing it through to the
next post.
10. TROWEL – is a short-handled tool with a curved blade used for cultivating or loosening the soil shallow
digging transferring or planting small plants. It is also used for weeding to transplanting seedlings.
6 |TLE 6 (2nd Quarter)

11. WOOD OR BAMBOO – used as fences to prevent animals from entering the plot or destroying the
plants.
12. WHEELBARROW – used for hauling fertilizer and soil and for carrying other tools and materials

Two ways of Plant Propagation

Sexual
Sexual propagation uses seeds to produce new plants. Sexual propagation is relatively easy
and often requires no special equipment. It is nature’s way to obtain many plants
economically.

Advantages of Sexual Propagation

1.Fast way to get many plants.
2.Easy to do.
3.Economical

Disadvantages of Sexual Propagation

1.Some plants, especially hybrids, do not reproduce true to parents.

2.Some plants are difficult to propagate from seeds.

Asexual
Asexual plant propagation uses vegetative parts of the plant to make a clone, or an exact
genetic copy, of the parent plant. In most cases, it allows for plants to be grown to a size
suitable for transplanting in less time than from seed.

Advantages
1.Asexual reproduction or propagation-plants mature in shorter time.
2.Budding is faster or quicker than grafting.
3.Some plants do not produce viable seeds.
4.New plants are same as parent plant.

Disadvantages
1.Some require special equipment and skills, such as budding.
2.Cuttings detach plant parts from water and nutrient source.
7 |TLE 6 (2nd Quarter)

The following artificial processes are commonly applied in

propagating fruit trees
1. BUDDING
-in this method a single bud is forced to grow on the stock. It uses one bud as the scion,
instead of stem bearing several buds. The shield of T- budding is the most common form
budding used in fruit tree propagation.

It is defined by season and type of tissue.

1.T-budding
2.Chip budding
3.Patch budding

Guidelines in Selection of Planting Materials for Budding

A. The scion (top)material have fully-formed and mature.

B. The rootstock be in a condition of active growth such that the "bark is slipping".

- This means that the vascular cambium is actively growing, and the bark can
be peeled easily from the stock piece with little damage.

The vascular cambium can regenerate the vascular

connections between the scion and rootstock resulting in a
complete plant composed of more than one genotype.

The vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) of the stock connect to the scion(bud) and develop
as a part of the original plant.
8 |TLE 6 (2nd Quarter)

T- Budding
THE PROCEDURES IN SHIELD OR T – BUDDING ARE AS FOLLOWS:

1.Select a smooth are of the three and cut T – shaped slit through the bark.
2.Insert a well-developed bud from the bud stalk.
3. Slip the bud on the T shaped bud stalk and securely tie with a soft cord and
plastic.
4. Cut the plastic on the side away from the bud to prevent girding once you see a new bud formed.
5. Carefully cut the stock when it reaches the height of 30 cm and paint the surface to prevent decay.

Patch Budding
9 |TLE 6 (2nd Quarter)

2. GRAFTING – is usually performed at the beginning of the day and during the rainy season.
Clef grafting is the most commonly used type of grafting by tree farmers. It is used when grafting a
new top of a tree. A process of inserting scion into rootstock to unite and grow as plant.

3. MARCOTTING – in this method the branch or the stem is induced to the root
that is attached to the mother plant. A process of removing a ring of bark on a large
branch.

Sources of fruit-bearing trees

Fruit-bearing trees are available and sold in different stages of growth and ready to be
transplanted. Among their sources are:
1.Commercial Nursery – Run by private individuals usually offering landscaping materials and
services.
2.Agricultural Institution – A school that offers a course related to agriculture and other plant
studies.
3.Department of Agriculture – Responsible for any agricultural activities in terms of vegetables
and fruits.
4.Bureau of Plant Industry – They develop scientific improvement for each plant species in a
locality and adjacent places.
10 | T L E 6 (2nd Quarter)

Caring for Seedlings

Germination or sprouting – The beginning growth of a seed wherein a root is grown first to establish
itself to the ground, produce its food, then continue to grow and develop organs. Caring for the seeds should
begin from its selection up to storing them.

1. PROPER SELECTION OF SEEDS – the use of good and healthy seeds ensures quality and high yield so it
means big income for the growers. The best source of good seeds are the healthy good crops. The
following are some ways to properly select seeds.
• Seeds must come only from mature fruits or nearly mature fruits for seedling.
• Seeds must have good germinating capacity. Collect seeds only from healthy, vigorous trees
with good form and quality growth.
• Seeds should be free from mixture of weed seeds. Avoid picking from naturally cross-pollinating
species of trees because they are of low viability.
• Seeds must be free from damage or diseases.
• Seeds covered with pulp or fruit juice must be washed. Good seeds dry quickly under the sun.
2. TESTING SEEDS - plants grower can be determining the germinating ability of the seeds by testing
them. Testing the seeds before planting also prevents wastage of good seeds or avoids the need to
plant again.
SEED TESTING METHODS
Method Procedure
1. RAG-DOLL METHOD Place the seeds inside a damp piece of cloth. Space the seeds along one
side of the cloth covers them. The cloth is then rolled a place on trays. A piece of stick is placed in the middle of the
damp cloth to allow circulation of air. After three days, count the seeds that have germinated

2.SEED BOX METHOD Plant a number of seeds in a box and water them. After several days, count the seeds
germinated and compute for the percentage of germination using this formula: Percentage of germination= No. of
seeds germinated x 100No. of seeds sown Example: If you tested 50 seeds, only 25 seeds germinated. Using the
formula, the percentage of germination is 50%. Percentage of germination is also called the percentage of viability.
11 | T L E 6 (2nd Quarter)

3.DISH METHOD Line the dish with moistened, tissue paper, and then place a number of seeds. Cover with other
sheets of moist tissue paper. Allow the seeds to germinate for several days. Count the number of seeds that
germinated.

4. VISUAL INSPECTION METHOD – scoop a handful of seeds. Check the composition of the seeds.

Remove immature broken undersized diseased and infested seeds weed seeds, stones and other impurities.

3. STORING OF SEEDS – The life of the seed must be ensured when storing it. Humidity is the most important
factor causing deterioration of the vitality of the seeds when stored at room temperature.

Match the method of plant propagation in column A with its description in column B. Write the letter of your
answer on the line.

A B
_________1. Sexual Propagation a. a method of propagation using a single bud
_________2. Marcotting b. a process of inserting scion into rootstock to unite and
grow as one plant
_________3. Grafting c. a process of removing a ring of bark on a large branch

_________4. Budding d. method of plant propagation without the help of the

reproductive organs of the plant

_________5. Asexual Propagation e. method of reproducing and multiplying plants using seed
12 | T L E 6 (2nd Quarter)

LESSON 3
MARKETING FRUITS AND SEEDLINGS

Marketing according to Atina Diffley , is about bringing the product at the right price to the right customer.

IDENTIFYING FRUITS OR SEEDLINGS FOR SALE

Fruit growers should know the right time when to gather the crops . To ensure a better market and a better
price there should be proper timing when harvesting .This is essential especially when handling perishable
farm crops . Fruits are ready for harvest at the right stage or degree of maturity.

FRUITS AND BEST MONTHS FOR HARVESTING AND MARKETING THEM

MONTHS FRUITS
January to March Caimito
February to July Avocado
March to April Jackfruit
March to July Duhat
April to June Pineapple
April to July Melon, Watermelon
May to June Mango
May to July Atis, makopa
June to October Kalamansi
June to November Bayabas
July to September Santol
August to November Guyabano, Lanzones
September to December Sampaloc
October to November Dalanghita
November to January Pomelo
December to February Chico
Year round Papaya

FACTORS MUST BE CONSIDERED IN MARKETING AND SELLING FRUITS OR SEEDLINGS

1. Market price- The price of the product depends on the current price in the market and if the quality of
fruits is better than the average they can be sold at a very good price.
2. Location of the market – The selling price of fruits increases with an addition to the cost of
transportation. Thus, it is recommended to sell them at the nearest market to lessen transportation
costs.
3. Consumption period – Fruits in the market are sold at different degrees of ripeness depending on the
consumers intended purpose.
13 | T L E 6 (2nd Quarter)

RECORD OF FRUITS OR SEEDLINGS FOR SALE

Record Keeping – is very important in any business. Records of the farm activities provide substantial
reference in making a marketing plan, creating a budget, and in marking decisions.

The following are important farm records

1. Cash record – It is a record of cash value received both from cash sales and cash payments for a
certain period.
2. Farm Sale Record –It is a record of all sales of farm produce. The most commonly used type of farm
record is the general farm record that has only one account column representing the total value or
amount of the same.
3. Production Record – It is a record that shows the list of the difference crops grown in the farm
during the period or year. This record determines the annual profitability of farm as it summarizes
the performance of the farm on how much was spent and earned for each crop.

MARKETING STRATEGIES
1. Market Selling – The process of buying and selling of farm products from the producers to
the consumers is called sales. The different type of selling methods are selling through a
wholesaler or dealer direct selling or through cooperatives.

2. Online Marketing – also known as Internet marketing is a marketing strategy that uses
the internet, web and e –mail to introduce products directly to the customers or to deliver
promotional marketing messages to customers. In marketing online, you may choose from
web marketing e- mail marketing and social media engines.

❖ Web marketing – includes e commerce promotional or informative websites and online

advertising on search engines
❖ E- mail marketing involves both advertising and marketing efforts through e-mail
messages to current customers and prospective customers as well
❖ Social media marketing involves both advertising and marketing efforts via social
networking sites such as Facebook, twitter or YouTube
3. Flyers or Brochures – are both forms of advertisement using print on paper intended for
distribution to a large audience. Flyers also called leaflets are used by individuals or
organizations like business industries. A brochure is a form of advertising or marketing
booklet that contains information about the products or services.

DEVELOPING A PLAN FOR EXPANSION OF PLANTING TREES AND

SEEDLING PRODUCTION
Whatever type of marketing strategy you will use, always help your customer to know you and
your business values that add monetary value to your products.
Creating an active label for your products can be another marketing strategy. These are the
strategies that must be considered when planning for expansion of planting trees and seed
production.
14 | T L E 6 (2nd Quarter)

Write TRUE on the line if the statement is correct, write FALSE if it is incorrect.

___________1. Fruits are ready for harvest at the right degree of maturity.

___________2. Kalamansi is best to harvest during the months of July to October.

___________3. August to November is the best time of the year to harvest guyabano and lanzones.

___________4. A record of cash value received both from cash sales and cash payments for a certain period is
called cash record.

___________5. Production record reflects the list of the different crops grown in the farm during a particular
year.

___________6. The use of flyer for marketing fruits and seedlings is convenient and cheap to produce.

___________7. Web marketing involves both advertising and marketing efforts through e-mail messages to
current and prospective customers as well.

___________8. Online marketing is the process of selling products to the market place.

___________9. E-mail marketing includes e – commerce promotional or informative websites and online
advertising on search engines.

___________10. Social media marketing involves both advertising and marketing efforts via social networking
sites.

CHAPTER 2
LESSON 1
RAISING ANIMALS AND FISH FOR LIVELIHOOD
Many Filipinos raise animals and fish to improve the quality of their lives. A lot of families today both in rural
and urban areas engage in raising animals and fish to have food supply sustain their daily needs and have an
additional means of income.

Those people in the community whose occupation is to raise four-legged animals are called animal raisers,
while those who are engaged in raising fish are called fish farmers. There are many opportunities that await
those who want to engage in this kind of venture whether it will be on a backyard or a commercial basis.

***Animal raising is a popular backyard business, as well as a means of livelihood of Filipino families. It is one
of the most important industries in our country today.
15 | T L E 6 (2nd Quarter)

Kinds of Four-Legged Animals/Fish Being Raised as Means of Livelihood

Animal raising is taking care of domestic animals such as poultry, cattle, goats, and rabbits. These animals are
raised int the farm or backyard for the purpose of selling and making a profit.

It would be beneficial for animal raisers to know how to plan, raise, take care, and market animals. Raising
animals as pets, like what you learned in Grade 4 and for food and profit now that you are in Grade 6 will
surely interest you. Animal raising is a source of income for farmers and a worthwhile hobby that gives
additional income for retired employees. With knowledge, skills, and hard work, one would find it a very
profitable business.

Raising Four-Legged Animals

Do you have any idea how to raise four-legged animals? Those who are interested to venture in this field need
to consider many things to guarantee the growth and development of animals.

Animals particularly four-legged ones can be raised in the backyard for work or for food. These animals are
kept by humans for personal and commercial purposes. Some examples of these animals are the following:

1. Pig is an animal that is commonly domesticated or commercially produced.

Select pigs with active, long bodies and short legs because they are a good
breed. Pigs can be raised for various purposes. They can be sold as pork
meat in markets or be sold and traded live for lechon raising.

2. Cow is a domesticated ungulate, a member of the family

Bovidae. Cows are raised as livestock for meat (beef and veal),
dairy products (milk) and as draught animals (pulling carts,
plowing, among others). Raising cows is also called cattle
raising.

3. Goat is an animal that is easy to raise, resistant to diseases, and

eats plants such as dry grasses. Growing goats does not require
wide spaces and the abundant supply of grasses in the farm makes
it an ideal place for the production of these animals.

Raising Fish

Our fish supply from the sea becomes scarcer as more fishermen go to the sea to fish. Also, water pollution
from wrong agricultural practices contributes to fish scarcity in almost all fishing grounds in the world.
Another factor that brought about the decrease of marine life is the habit of nonselective fishing that means
even small fishes are harvested.
Raising fish species within a controlled environment increase the supply of fish for human consumption. This
practice was brought about by the increasing demand for fish due to the rapid increase in population and
decreasing supply of fish.

Fish farming or pisciculture involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures such as fish ponds, usually
for food. It is the principal form of aquaculture, while other methods may fall under mariculture. A facility that
releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species' natural numbers is
generally referred to as a fish hatchery. Demand is increasing for fish and fish protein, which has resulted in
widespread overfishing in wild fisheries.
16 | T L E 6 (2nd Quarter)

As early as 1950s, the government encouraged the practice of raising fish in communities to help increase the
income of families. Some fish species commonly raised are the following:
1. Milkfish is a bright and silver-colored fish species that can be raised in
brackish or soft water ponds and also in marine water fish pens. Milkfish
farming in the Philippines started about four to six centuries ago. In the
1970s, investments have been made to do extensive research and

development of infrastructure for modern milkfish farming.

2. Tilapia is a species of fish that can be raised in farm cultured ponds.
This type of fish is usually grown in freshwater and its culture started
in the 1970sin Laguna de Bay. The fingerlings are produced
commercially and distributed by private operators to many fish
farmers in different region.

3. Catfish is a type of fish that has a large head and long

thin parts that look like a cat’s whiskers around its
mouth. This type of fish has the ability to live for a
long time out of water like during droughts.

4. Carp is one of the most farmed fish out of the many

ornamental fish species.

Benefits from Raising Four-legged Animals

❖ Animals such as cow and goats can be used as source of milk. Milk can be processed into other dairy
products such as yogurt, cheese, butter, or ice cream
❖ Animal manure increases crop yields by spreading it on fields. It can also be used to make plaster for
walls, floors, and as fuel for fires as well. The blood and bone of animals can also be used as fertilizers.
❖ Animals such as horse and carabao can also be used as source of nonhuman labor such as ploughing
fields and transporting goods.
❖ The natural grazing of animals such as cows, carabaos, goats, and other four-legged animals is used to
control weeds and reduce the risk of fire.

Benefits from Raising Fish

❖ Fish, whether fresh or preserved, provide protein in the diet of people.
❖ Fish is also a source of income in terms of exports.
❖ Fish can also be a source of food for poultry animals.

With the Filipino’s initiative coupled with patience and perseverance, livestock or animal raising
remains a rewarding and sustainable business enterprise.
17 | T L E 6 (2nd Quarter)

Possible Hazards That Animal Raising Can Cause to The People and Community

Hazards in Raising Animals

Farmers and animal raisers are exposed to numerous hazards daily. Serious injuries may be prevented if
appropriate protective equipment is used, A safe workplace prevents illness and injury, not only to the farmer
but to the animals as well.

Here are some hazards that need important attention to prevent serious and fatal injuries:

❖ Danger of slipping the needle while vaccinating, giving medications, or drawing blood from animals
when animal is moving or when the farmer is recapping a used needle.
❖ Several infections transmitted to humans especially those with serious outcomes. Some of those diseases
are ascariasis, animal influenza, scabies, ringworm, salmonellosis, and other animal diseases.
❖ Exposure of animal raisers and farmers to loud noise from both animals and equipment in the farm. This
type of noise might induce hearing damage in teenagers that works on farms,
❖ Electrical shocks from damaged cords or light sockets and equipment that are not properly guarded and
maintained.

Farmers and animal raisers are at risk of developing injury, illness from their work. It is very important
to follow safety rules by using dust masks and ear plugs. Avoid entering into waste storage pits without
wearing self-contained breathing apparatus. It is advised to practice good personal hygiene to avoid any
problem.

Hazards in Raising Fish

A number of threats to wildlife and the environment can come from open aquaculture. A facility should be
prepared to give remedy to emergency situations especially where immediate containment or clean-up are
necessary.

According to various studies, farm-raised fish contains higher levels of chemical pollutants than wild grown
fish, including carcinogen (a substance that can cause cancer), because of their higher concentrations in the fish
feed. Use of antibiotics is also a threat with farm-raised fish that can affect customers indirectly. Fishes may
develop many bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics, thus, making diseases less treatable. Water pollution is
another concern due to excess feeds, feces, antibiotics, and other algae and bloom.

Health and Safety Practices in Taking Care of Animals and Fish

Animal farm owners must not only be after the right type of housing and suitable environment for the animals
but must also ensure to keep these livestock and fish animals healthy in a sanitary environment.

It is not only the veterinarian’s duty to treat the injuries of animals and to prevent the disease and parasites, but
the animal or livestock owners must also ensure in keeping the animals alive. It is their responsibility to support
and supplement the work of the animal doctor handling the health problems in animal raising. Some practices to
maintain the health of animals are the following:

❖ Practice good management in breeding and feeding to prevent pests and diseases.
❖ Comply with complete sanitation and precautionary measures like practicing cleanliness at all times,
following good feeding methods, and vaccinating or immunizing the animals as needed before sickness
or disease strikes.
❖ Select and isolate sick animals.
❖ Keep proper fences to prevent the spread of pests and diseases.
❖ Refrain from overcrowding the animals to give them enough space for movement.
❖ Always provide suitable shelter with proper lighting and ventilation.

Fish should be protected from insects, amphibians, birds, reptiles, and mammals because they are its predators.
The following are some safety practices in raising fish:
18 | T L E 6 (2nd Quarter)

❖ Amphibians like frogs, toads, and salamanders compete with the fish for food. To get rid of them,
remove their egg using a scoop net. Quicklime is also used to destroy them. The adult amphibians are
caught in wire trap nets.
❖ Harmful insects like water beetles, water bugs, and dragonflies attack eggs and small fishes. Always
clean the swamps and grassy areas near the pond to keep them from multiplying.
❖ Hungry fishes are competitors for food. They get into the pond that has no screen at the water inlet.
Drain the pond and treat this with quicklime.

Market Demands for Animal or Fish Product and By-products

Since the demands for animals is greatly needed, marketing is not a problem. Live animals and its meat by-
products are transported to Manila by truck, train, or inter-island vessel depending on where the animals are
coming from. These animals are sold to the city and dealers retail them in the market either by live weight or as
frozen meat. Meat of these animals are sold for kilograms. Sometimes small-scale produces need not to export
their produce to the city, as their outputs supply their own localities and nearby areas.
Marketing fish needs a lot of preparation, knowledge, and skills. The fish raiser should plan the marketing
scheme in advance. The fish raiser should know ahead of time where, when, and how the fish products will be
marketed. He or she contacts all possible market outlets like local fish ports, public markets, hotels, and
restaurants. If the fish to be sold is on huge commercial scale, hitting the international market is a big
possibility.
To be more successful in this field, the following should be considered:
1. Fish products must be sold as fresh as possible, carefully sorted and packed and must pass
through strict quality control.
2. Sell products during peak season when there is high demand.
3. Sell directly to the consumer or processor for more profits.
4. Market products in areas where it will command high prices.
5. Consider cost of transportation when marketing products to adjust profits.
6. Promote and advertise the products to continuously have potential customers.
7. The internet can be a good venue for marketing products especially in large scale transactions.

Direct Selling
Direct selling to consumers guarantees the biggest earnings because all expenses of commission and extra
handling is cut out. The best way to sell directly to consumers is to deliver these products to hotels, restaurants,
resorts, inns, and clubs. Doing so only entails a one-time shipping or delivery of the entire product volume to
one place. It is easier and they pay top price. The only disadvantage of this method is the time spent in taking
orders and delivering them.

Retailers
Retailers are people who buy the products and resell them to customers. One disadvantage of reselling is the
amount of time the seller spends in going around to distribute his or her products.
19 | T L E 6 (2nd Quarter)

Successful Entrepreneurs in the Animal and Fish Raising Industry

Animals and fish raising is a profitable business that generates employment for many people. Here are two
known entrepreneurs who became successful in this field:
1. Robert Petines
Robert Petines, from Cagayan Valley is a hardworking man and always willing to utilize new
ideas. He is an ordinary fish farmer but because of his dedication and commitment to his business
venture, he became a model entrepreneur.
In 1988, he was given the prestigious award of National Gawad Saka Awardee as recognition
for his effort. The feed industry also gave him the Fish for Every Filipino Award for his great
contribution to the industry.
The Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) supported Mr. Petines when he adopted
the “Sex-Reversed Tilapia Production”. Due to this, he is now considered as the most successful
Tilapia raiser in his region.
2. Oscar Garin
Garin’s profession as a civil engineer did not stop him from going back to his original passion
and that is raising sows (fully-grown female pigs) in his backyard. In 1988, he started raising sows in
a small piggery. Because of his dedication and hard work, he became successful and he eventually
turned his small piggery into a commercial hog farm with 500 sows. He named it Octagon Farm
Product and Supply. Oscar Garin continued to raise other livestock animals like goats, cattle, sheep,
and even ventured into production of poultry animals such as turkey, duck, and game fowls. Since
Oscar Garin produces high quality breeder sows, he became a major supplier in Southern Iloilo with
30% of the pork supply from his farm. He transports the remaining 70% and sells them to Metro
Manila markets.
.

To become an ideal entrepreneur, you must understand

the market and the consumer’s motivation for buying and
In a Nutshell
selling a particular product or service based on needs.
Needs, wants and demands are the basic principle in
• Filipinos raise animals and fish to improve the quality of their
marketing.
Knowledge
lives. These on Abraham
animals are Maslow’s hierarchyfor
kept by humans of personal
needs help
or
entrepreneurs
commercial purposes. market their products and services
• Animal raisers are people in the community whose occupation
is to raise four-legged animals. While fish farmers are people
who are engaged in raising fish.
• Animal raisers must not only be after the right environment
and requirements in raising animals, they must also know how
to keep them healthy and safe.

Practical Activities
A. Conduct a research about hazards and safety practices of raising animals and fish in the Philippines. Submit
your work to your teacher.

B. Form groups. Visit a local livestock or fish farm and observe the animals that the farm is raising and its
health and safety practices. Make a written report of your findings and present it to the class.
20 | T L E 6 (2nd Quarter)

On the line, draw if the statement is correct. Draw if the statement is incorrect

________ 1. Goats are easy to raise, resistant to diseases, and eat even dry grasses.

________ 2. Farm-raised fish contains lower levels of chemical pollutants than fish raised in the natural
environment.

________ 3. Retailing products is one of the methods that guarantees the biggest earnings because all
expenses of commission and extra handling are cut out.

________ 4. You must sell fish and meat products during peak season when there is high demand.

________ 5. The use of the Internet can be a good venue for marketing products especially in large scale
transactions.

________ 6. Fish can also be a source of food for insects.

________ 7. A safe and clean workplace prevents illness and farmer and animals’ injury to the farmers and
animals.

________ 8. Cows are domesticated animals that can be sold in lechon roasting businesses.

________ 9. Always provide a suitable shelter for your animals and place proper fences to prevent the spread
of pests and diseases.

________ 10. Milkfish is a silver colored fish that can be raised in brackish saltwater ponds or marine water
fish pens.

Lesson 2
Planning a Family’s Animal and Fish Project
Every year many people venture into the fisheries and animal industry. Most of them select small to medium-
sized fish cultivation while others maintain fishponds near big towns and cities Others start a small farm to
raise four-legged animals or even raise these types of animals in their backyard if there is a space available.

This lesson focuses on discussing how to plan raising a four-legged animal and/or fish using these two animals.
pig and milkfish These examples give you an idea on what to prepare when you are ready to raise animals for
your family's livelihood.

In planning a family animal or fish project, a concept that has been practiced for so many years in many parts
of Asia may be considered. This concept is popularly known as Integrated Pig-Milkfish Culture. This is also
21 | T L E 6 (2nd Quarter)

being practiced in the Philippines because of the advantages it provides to the farm raisers. The integrated
pig-fish culture gives extra income and a good source of animal protein. The land used to raise these animals
are utilized well. Animal wastes the fish pond serve as food for the fishes.

How to Plan Raising a Four-legged Animal

The following detailed plan shows how to raise a four-legged animal particular the pig.

Raising a Pig

1. Constructing the pig pen

Construct the pig pen after the pond has been constructed dikes near the fish pond. Concrete sloping flooring
toward the pond should be constructed to catch pig manure and urine.

In preparing the pig pen, remember to provide the following:

a. Adequate shade and protection from extreme hot and cold temperature.
b. The pen should always be secured and safe.
c. All areas and structures of the pig pen must be sprayed with bleach mixture (one part bleach, four
parts water) to kill bacteria to avoid the pigs from getting sick.
d. Always keep the ground soft to enable the pigs to exercise freely
e. Provide clean and plenty supply of water.

2. Stocking
❖ Stock the pig pen with one 8-10 kg or 1.5 month-old weanling (animal newly weaned or
detached from a source of dependence).
3. Feeding
❖ Pigs may be fed twice a day. Kangkong and other supplemental feeds may be given.
4. Harvesting
❖ Sell the pigs after 4-5 months.

How to Plan Raising Fish

The following is a plan on how to raise fish.

Raising Milkfish
22 | T L E 6 (2nd Quarter)

1. Constructing the pond

In constructing the pond for your milkfish raising business, consider the location. It should be constructed near
a water source. The pond must be free from flooding to maintain the depth following the required
measurement Construct a canal to divert excess manure into a compost pit.
a. Digging blade or spade is a tool that is firm and rigid tempered iron with a handle at one end and
flat spoon on the other end.
b. Sliding board made of wood is needed and set in inclined position to help in the movement of mud
blocks from the excavation to the construction of the dike.
c. Wooden post from matured betel nut or trunks of anahaw tree is placed along the side of the
bamboo stakes to support both the perimeter of the fishpond and the fence.
d. Bamboo is used in building the railings or gabay, stakes or tulas, and battering rams or suhay.
e. Nylon or polyethylene twine or rope no. 8 is used for tying the nets to the railings of the bamboo.
f. Anchor materials are composed of stone sinkers or bamboo pegs that are to secure the end of the
perimeter and the breaker nets as well.
g. Synthetic nets are materials such as nylon, polyethylene, and nets made of polyester.
2. Stocking
❖ Fingerlings are held in hapa nets for a while before placing them in the pond, or stocking. Then
the fingerlings are transferred to the pond directly once they are ready for stocking.
3. Feeding
❖ Feeding may be done either by hand or by dropping small amounts into the pond. Refrain from
overfeeding to avoid water pollution.
❖ The nature and abundance of food depend upon how fish is cultivated. The growth of algae,
diatoms, plankton, and others is determined by the fertility of the bottom soils. However, fish
farmers know that all kinds of freshwater fishes require no particular kind of feed so they may
be given small pieces of supplementary food such as copra, rice mill sweepings, corn and rice
bran, fish meals, leftovers, and pieces of bread.
4. Harvesting
❖ Milkfish are caught by using a gill net.

In a Nutshell
When planning to raise fish or a four-legged
animal, digging a pond or constructing a pen,
feeding, stocking, and harvesting must be
considered.
23 | T L E 6 (2nd Quarter)

Lesson 3
Monitoring Growth and Progress of Animals and Fish
In this lesson monitoring the growth and progress of a four-legged animal and/or a fish will be discussed using
the example of animals from the previous lesson: pig and milkfish.

Monitoring the Growth and Progress of Four-Legged Animals

Monitoring the Growth and Progress of Pigs

As a business venture, raising pigs does not require a big amount of capital to start with. However, it demands
careful attention and skill for it is prone to being affected by diseases due to insufficient nutrition, poor
sanitation, extreme climate and inadequate housing It is also important to monitor its growth and progress.

A pig's growth and appearance are determined through its genetics, which are traits inherited from parents
and the environment that includes nutrition, facilities, care, exercise, and health.

Care

It is necessary to allocate time with the pigs every day. Touch them as often as possible that may include
brushing, scratching, rubbing etc. Pigs that are hard to tame should be given attention by offering treats like
vanilla waters. Keep the pen clean and pick up trash like wire, broken feeders, or pieces of plastic papers that
can cause injury and internal damage if pigs swallow them

Food/Diet

A starter ration is given to pigs from weaning day up to two months. Weaning is the process of withdrawing
the piglets from feeding.By this time, they should weigh around 10 to 25 kilos. An increased rate of flock
growth is expected if given the needed nutrients. Aside from the ready mix-ration, pigs must be fed with some
24 | T L E 6 (2nd Quarter)

green feeds like grass, ipil-ipil, and kangkong. These are good sources of vitamins and minerals and will lessen
the cost of feeds for the livestock.

The best way to feed the young is through a self-feeder. Fasten the lid so that they will learn where to eat and
after a few days, they will lean to lift the lid. In this way, becomes easy whenever pigs want to eat, day or night
During it is good to wet down the pigs several times a day to improve their appetite.

Aside from water, there are five more basic nutrients in a pig's ration and these are water, crude protein,
metabolizable energy, minerals, vitamins, and protein and amino acids.

Table 10. Pig’s basic nutrients

Basic Nutrients Functions
1. Water This is the most important nutrient for proper growth
and development of pigs.
2. Crude Protein This is a higher protein level needed for proper
growth of pigs.
3. Metabolizable Energy This nutrient contains carbohydrates and fats. This is
for the proper maintenance of the pig's body, its
movement, and heat production.
4. Minerals Minerals are important for bone growth of pigs.
5. Vitamins Vitamins are needed to maintain the pig's health and
keep it healthy against diseases.
6. Protein and Amino acids Growing pigs need more lysine than other essential
amino acids. Lysine is a crystalline essential amino
acid C6H14N202 obtained from the hydrolysis of
various proteins. Inadequate amount of lysine and
other essential amino acids to pig’s ration will result
to less development of muscle, more fat, and slow in
growth.
Maintenance and Breeding

The premises of the farm should be properly cleaned. All equipment, especially the feeding facilities, must be
kept clean at all times. They must be scrubbed and disinfected before feeding the animals. Proper cleaning
must be carried throughout the production period at scheduled times. The caretaker must also be clean to
prevent parasites and disease germs from entering the farm.

The young pig should be 8 to 9 months old before it can be used for breeding. Mate it when in heat or in
condition to breed. It is done on the third day of the heat period. Take note of the date and add 112 to 114
days and this will be the date for farrowing or giving birth. Prepare the place for farrowing and see to it that
the place is free from ants and other insects. On the third or fourth day, the dam (female parent) should be
allowed to walk under the sun. Give sufficient feeds to the mother to be able to generate enough milk.

Monitoring the Growth and Progress of Fish

Monitoring the Growth and Progress of Milkfish
25 | T L E 6 (2nd Quarter)

Starting a milkfish farming business requires intensive study. The actual technique in fish production as well as
proper budgeting of the expenses used for equipment, maintenance, and research can both help venture to
be profitable.

Care

The growth rate of milkfish raised in ponds is fast in the first year and from being a fingering to marketable
size in five months from stocking. The growth is high if the fish is well fed and quality food (natural and
supplementary feeds) is always assured.

Food/Diet

There are two types of milkfish feeds and supplementary feeds.

❖ Natural feeds such as bentho and plankton are produced in ponds.

❖ Supplementary feeds such as rich bran, wheat bran, sesame oil cake, mustard oil cake, among others
are produced by humans and sold in animal or pet stores.

Maintenance and Breeding

❖ Great care should be given in maintaining the ponds. It should be provided with water retentive soil
base that is exposed by digging of top soil of the site to pond bottom and embankments.
❖ Source of water should be adequately available for the entire size of the culture. The water
temperature should be checked daily.
❖ Milkfish reaches maturity at 1.5 kg or 3.3 lbs that takes eight to ten years in ponds.
❖ Three to four million eggs of milkfish are produced each breeding cycle using natural environmental
cues or signals.

Harvesting fish is a very important part of fish farming. Harvesting should be done during cool weather (water
temperature must be 60-65 degrees) if possible.

Two of the most common harvesting methods are

❖ Draining and seining (a large net with sinkers on one edge and floats on the other that hangs vertically
in the water). This method is also called total pond harvest.
❖ Multiple or partial harvest. Harvest is selected according to fish size. Proper size of nylon nets are used
to assure that only the marketable size are caught.

In a Nutshell
❖ A pig's growth and appearance are determined through its
genetics that are traits inherited from parents and the
environment that includes nutrition, facilities, care, exercise, and
health.
❖ Milkfish reaches sexual maturity at 1.5 kg or 3.3 lb that takes eight
to ten years in ponds. Three to four million eggs of milkfish are
produced each breeding cycle using natural environmental cues or
signals.
26 | T L E 6 (2nd Quarter)

Lesson 4
Marketing Animal or Fish Products

As your animal or fish raising business progresses, efficient harvesting, marketing, processing, and distribution
of products and by-products will occur one after another. It becomes a routine part of the animal or fish
marketing system.

Marketing Animals and Fish Products

The successful animal and fish raiser must not only be a productive producer of first-class meat and fish
products, but must also be a capable salesperson of the business.

A variety of markets are open to the animal or fish raisers and according to his or her location and production,
he or she may choose any of the following methods of selling.

DIRECT SELLING
SELLING TO THE
TO THE
RETAILER
CUSTOMER

ANIMAL
AND FISH
RAISERS
SHIPPING SELLING
COMMISSION TO THROUGH
MERCHANTS COOPERATIVES

ONLINE
MARKETING
27 | T L E 6 (2nd Quarter)

1. Direct selling to the customer. The most effective way of selling directly to customer is to supply
hotels, restaurants, resorts, markets, and clubs.
2. Selling to the retailer. Meat, fish and its by-products are sold directly to retailers who live in small
cities or towns and are willing to get the products and to pay a good price. Retailers resell these items
to customers with a top-off profit.
3. Shipping commission to merchants. These persons or firms contact raisers of livestock or fish products
and negotiate to sell them. Their business is to farm products consigned to them. They charge a fee or
commission and in this way, the marketing is high and the price is the lowest.
4. Selling through cooperatives. Some farmers sell their products and share their profits to cooperatives.
The customers get the products at a lower price and the farmers get a reasonable profit.
5. Online marketing. Websites are wed to tell about the farm and the products it is selling. The following
are things to consider when selling farm products online:
❖ website
❖ shopping cart software
❖ payment processing
❖ e-mail support

Computing for Profit of Animal Products Marketed

It is advisable to know the present market price of the products to be sold to be sure not to lose money in the
process. Live animals are usually sold according to weight. The price depends upon the present rate per kilo,
live or not.

Therefore, it is very important to record your expenses and sales. This will help you, as an animal raise, to
know whether there is gain or loss in the business venture.

A. Kinds of Animal/Fish Raised: ___________________________________

Example: Landrace (fattening pig) ………………………4 heads

B. Expenses
1. Pigpen
a. Materials
Wood
2 pcs 5 cm x 8 cm x 140 PHP 280.00
1.8 m
2 pcs 5 cm x 5 cm x 135 270.00
1.5 m
4 pcs 5 cm x 8 cm x 137 548.00
1.8 m
2 pcs 5 cm x 8 cm x 142 284.00
2.4 m
6 pcs 2 cm x 5 cm x 135 810.00
2.4 m

Nipa 200 pcs 15 3,000.00

Hollow blocks 200 pcs (6 in) 15 3,000.00
Gravel & sand 15 bags 140 2,100.00
Cements 5 bags 215 1,075.00

Nail (de dos) 12.00

Nail (de tres) 15.00
28 | T L E 6 (2nd Quarter)

Labor: PHP 600 X5 days 3,000.00

TOTAL PHP 14,394.00
2. Cost of Piglets (4) PHP 2,500.00 10,000.00

3. Medicine
Examples of medicine
1 bottle Dynamutelen (anti-cholera) 300.00
1 bottle Lysol (disinfectant) 329.75

TOTAL PHP 10,629.75

4. Feeds
4 sacks of rice bran 50 kg per sack PHP 800 3,200.00
4 sacks of hog mash 700 2,800.00
4 bags pigromix 300 1,200

TOTAL PHP 7,200.00

C. Summary
1. Cost of animals PHP PHP 40,000.00
10,000.00
each
2. Expenses - 32,223.75
3. Gain PHP 7,776.25

Note: *Prices of materials, medicines, feeds, etc, vary.

*The gain may grow higher next time because the expenses for the pigpen will not be
included anymore.

In a Nutshell
❖ The successful and animal fish raiser must not only be a
productive producer of first-class meat and fish products but must
also be a capable salesperson of the business.
❖ The methods of selling are direct selling to customers, selling to
retailers, shipping commission to merchants, selling products to
cooperatives and use of Internet marketing.
29 | T L E 6 (2nd Quarter)

Draw on the line if you agree with the statement. Write an X if you disagree.
_______1. Internet marketing is selling products to cooperatives.
_______2. Merchants get commission from selling products that are consigned to them.
_______3. When products are sold to cooperatives, customers get the products at a lower price and
the animal raisers will get a reasonable profit.
________4. Selling to retailers is the most effective way of selling directly to establishments such as
hotels, restaurants, and markets.
________5. Animal products can also be sold to retailers who resell these products with a top-off
profit.