aguilar (haa832) – Section 1.

7 – tsishchanka – (54175) 1
This print-out should have 37 questions. To determine the solutions of this vector
Multiple-choice questions may continue on equation we use row operations to reduce the
the next column or page – find all choices corresponding augmented matrix to echelon
before answering. form:
 
001 10.0 points 2 4 −2 0
 −2 −6 2 0 
4 7 h 0
The columns of a matrix A are linearly  
independent when the equation Ax = 0 has 2 4 −2 0
the solution x = 0. ∼  0 −2 0 0
0 −1 h + 4 0
True or False?
 
2 4 −2 0
1. TRUE ∼  0 −2 0 0
0 0 h+4 0
2. FALSE correct
 
Explanation: 1 0 −1 0
The equation A x = 0 always has the trivial ∼ 0 1 0 0 ,
solution x = 0. For the columns of A to 0 0 h+4 0
be linearly independent, the trivial solution
x = 0 has to be the only solution. showing that the solutions of the original vec-
tor equation are
Consequently, the statement is
x3 (h + 4) = 0, x2 = 0, x1 = x3 .
FALSE .
But then if h + 4 6= 0, the only solutions are

002 10.0 points x3 = 0, x2 = 0, x1 = 0,

while if h + 4 = 0, x3 is a free variable. Conse-

Find all values h for which the vectors quently, the vectors are linearly independent
      if and only if
2 4 −2
 −2  ,  −6  ,  2 
4 7 h h 6= −4 .

are linearly independent.

003 10.0 points
1. h 6= −4 correct The vectors
Explanation:      
2 4 −2
The vectors  −2  ,  −6  ,  2 
     
2 4 −2 4 7 h
a1 =  −2  , a2 =  −6  , a3 =  2  ,
4 7 h are linearly independent when h = 4.
True or False?
are linearly independent if and only if the only
solutions of 1. FALSE
x1 a 1 + x2 a 2 + x3 a 3 = 0 2. TRUE correct
are x1 = x2 = x3 = 0. Explanation:
 aguilar (haa832) – Section 1.7 – tsishchanka – (54175) 2
The vectors are linearly independent when h = −4.
      True or False?
2 4 −2
a1 =  −2  , a2 =  −6  , a3 =  2  ,
1. TRUE
4 7 h
are linearly independent if and only if the only 2. FALSE correct
solutions of
Explanation:
x1 a 1 + x2 a 2 + x3 a 3 = 0 The vectors
are x1 = x2 = x3 = 0.
     
2 4 −2
To determine the solutions of this vector a1 =  −2  , a2 =  −6  , a3 =  2  ,
equation we use row operations to reduce the 4 7 h
corresponding augmented matrix to echelon
form: are linearly independent if and only if the only

2 4 −2 0
 solutions of
 −2 −6 2 0 
4 7 h 0 x1 a 1 + x2 a 2 + x3 a 3 = 0
 
2 4 −2 0 are x1 = x2 = x3 = 0.
∼  0 −2 0 0
0 −1 h + 4 0 To determine the solutions of this vector
  equation we use row operations to reduce the
2 4 −2 0 corresponding augmented matrix to echelon
∼  0 −2 0 0 form:
0 0 h+4 0  
  2 4 −2 0
1 0 −1 0  −2 −6 2 0 
∼ 0 1 0 0 , 4 7 h 0
0 0 h+4 0  
2 4 −2 0
showing that the solutions of the original vec- ∼  0 −2 0 0
tor equation are 0 −1 h + 4 0
x3 (h + 4) = 0, x2 = 0, x1 = x3 .  
2 4 −2 0
But then if h + 4 6= 0, the only solutions are ∼  0 −2 0 0
0 0 h+4 0
x3 = 0, x2 = 0, x1 = 0,  
1 0 −1 0
while if h + 4 = 0, x3 is a free variable. ∼ 0 1 0 0 ,
Consequently, the statement is 0 0 h+4 0

TRUE . showing that the solutions of the original vec-

tor equation are
004 10.0 points
x3 (h + 4) = 0, x2 = 0, x1 = x3 .
The vectors
     
2 4 −2 But then if h + 4 6= 0, the only solutions are
 −2  ,  −6  ,  2 
4 7 h x3 = 0, x2 = 0, x1 = 0,
 aguilar (haa832) – Section 1.7 – tsishchanka – (54175) 3
while if h + 4 = 0, x3 is a free variable.
007 10.0 points
Consequently, the statement is
If S is a linearly dependent set, then each
FALSE . vector in S is a linear combination of the other
vectors in S.
True or False?
005 10.0 points
1. TRUE
If the equation Ax = 0 has the trivial solu-
tion, the columns of the matrix A are linearly
2. FALSE correct
independent.
Explanation:
True or False?
Not every vector in a linearly dependent set
need be a linear combination of other vectors
1. FALSE correct
in the set. A set S is linearly dependent if at
least one vector in S is a linear combination
2. TRUE
of other vectors in S.
Explanation: Consequently, the statement is
The trivial solution x = 0 is always a so-
lution of the homogeneous equation Ax = 0. FALSE .
The columns of a matrix A are linearly inde-
pendent if the equation Ax = 0 has only the
trivial solution. 008 10.0 points
Consequently, the statement is
The columns of any 4×5 matrix are linearly
FALSE . dependent.
True or False?

006 10.0 points 1. FALSE

If S is a linearly dependent set, then each
2. TRUE correct
vector in S is a linear combination of the other
vectors in S. Explanation:
If a set contains more vectors than there are
True or False?
entries in each vector, then the set is linearly
dependent. That is, any set
1. FALSE correct
{v1 , v2 , . . . , vp }
2. TRUE
in Rn is linearly dependent if p > n.
Explanation: Now when
Not every vector in a linearly dependent set
need be a linear combination of other vectors A = [a1 a2 . . . a5 ]
in the set. A set S is linearly dependent if at is a 4 ×5 matrix, there are 5 columns and each
least one vector in S is a linear combination is a vector in R4 . Because 5 > 4, the columns
of the other vectors in S. must therefore be linearly dependent.
Consequently, the statement is Consequently, the statement is

FALSE . TRUE .
 aguilar (haa832) – Section 1.7 – tsishchanka – (54175) 4
But if x, y are linearly independent, then
009 10.0 points c1 = c2 = 0. Thus c3 6= 0, so

z = −(c1 /c3 )x − (c2 /c3 )y ,

The columns of any 4×5 matrix are linearly
dependent. i.e., z is a linear combination of x, y. Hence
True or False? z is a vector in Span{x, y} when x, y are lin-
early independent and {x, y, z} is a linearly
1. FALSE dependent set.
Consequently, the statement is
2. TRUE correct
Explanation: TRUE .
If a set contains more vectors than there are
entries in each vector, then the set is linearly
dependent. That is, any set 011 10.0 points
{v1 , v2 , . . . , vp } If u and v are linearly independent and w
is in Span{u, v}, then the set {u, v, w} is
in Rn is linearly dependent if p > n. linearly dependent.
Now when
True or False?
A = [a1 a2 . . . a5 ]
1. TRUE correct
is a 4 ×5 matrix, there are 5 columns and each
is a vector in R4 . Because 5 > 4, the columns 2. FALSE
must therefore be linearly dependent. Explanation:
Consequently, the statement is If w is in Span{u, v}, then w can be writ-
ten as a linear combination
TRUE .
w = c1 u + c2 v

010 10.0 points of u and v. But then {u, v, w} is a linearly

dependent set.
If x and y are linearly independent but
{x, y, z} is a linearly dependent set, then z is Consequently, the statement is
in Span{x, y}.
TRUE .
True or False?

1. FALSE
012 10.0 points
2. TRUE correct If W is a plane in R3 passing through the
origin, then any three non-zero vectors in W
Explanation:
are linearly dependent.
If {x, y, z} is a linearly dependent set, then
True or False?
c1 x + c2 y + c3 z = 0
1. TRUE correct
for some choice of c1 , c2 , c3 , not all zero. Now
if c3 = 0, then 2. FALSE
c1 x + c2 y = 0 . Explanation:
 aguilar (haa832) – Section 1.7 – tsishchanka – (54175) 5
Let u, v, and w be three vectors all lying in True or False?
the same plane W in R3 passing through the
origin. Now any two vectors in R3 are linearly 1. TRUE
independent unless one is a scalar multiple of
the other, so unless u, v, and w are scalar 2. FALSE correct
multiples of each other (and hence linearly
Explanation:
dependent), at least two of them - say u and
Consider the two vectors
v - must be linearly independent.
   
But then W = Span{u, v}, and there exist 1 −2
c1 , c2 such that u =  −2  , v =  4 .
3 −6
w = c1 u + c2 v ,

since w lies in W . Thus u, v, and w are Each vector belongs to R3 , and so contains
linearly dependent. three entries. But v = −2u, so u, v are
linearly dependent.
Consequently, the statement is
Consequently, the statement is
TRUE .
FALSE .

013 10.0 points

If a set contains fewer vectors than there are 015 10.0 points
entries in the vectors, then the set is linearly If a set S of vectors in Rn is linearly depen-
independent. dent, then S contains more than n vectors.
True or False?
True or False?
1. TRUE
1. FALSE correct
2. FALSE correct
2. TRUE
Explanation:
Consider the two vectors Explanation:
    Consider the set S = {v1 , v2 },
1 −2    
u =  −2  , v =  4 . 1 −2
3 −6 v1 =  −2  , v2 =  4  ,
3 −6
Each vector belongs to R3 , and so contains
three entries. But v = −2u, so u, v are of vectors in R3 . Then v2 = −2v1 , so v2 is
linearly dependent. a scalar multiple of v1 . Thus S is a set of 2
Consequently, the statement is linearly dependent vectors in R3 .
Consequently, the statement is
FALSE .
FALSE .
014 10.0 points
If a set contains fewer vectors than there are Notice that the converse statement is true: if
entries in the vectors, then the set is linearly a set S in Rn contains more than n vectors,
independent. then it is linearly dependent.
 aguilar (haa832) – Section 1.7 – tsishchanka – (54175) 6
with −∞ < s, t < ∞. Since this can be
016 10.0 points written as
If u and v are linearly dependent vectors in
R3 , then the set of vectors x = r u, −∞ < r < ∞ ,

x = su+ tv, −∞ < s, t < ∞ , the vectors x lie on a line passing through the
origin with direction vector u.
is a plane, not a line, in R3 .
Consequently, the statement is
True or False?

1. FALSE correct TRUE .

2. TRUE
018 10.0 points
Explanation:
When u and v are linearly dependent, then If none of the vectors in the set
v is a scalar multiple of u, so v = k u for some
non-zero scalar k. In this case, S = {v1 , v2 , v3 }
x = s u + t v = s u + tk v = (s + tk) u , in R3 is a multiple of one of the other vectors,
with −∞ < s, t < ∞. Since this can be then S is linearly independent.
written as True or False?
x = r u, −∞ < r < ∞ ,
1. TRUE
the vectors x lie on a line passing through the
origin with direction vector u. 2. FALSE correct
Consequently, the statement is Explanation:
By definition, a set S = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vp }
FALSE . of two or more vectors is linearly independent
if and only if the only solution of the vector
equation
017 10.0 points
If u and v are linearly dependent vectors in x1 v1 + x2 v2 + . . . + xp vp = 0
3
R , then the set of vectors
is x1 = 0, x2 = 0, . . . , xp = 0, i.e., if and
x = su+ tv, −∞ < s, t < ∞ , only if none of the vectors in S is a linear
combination of the others. Now consider the
is a line in R3 .
following vectors in R3 :
True or False?      
1 0 1
1. FALSE v1 = 0 , v2 = 1 , v3 = 1  .
    
0 0 0
2. TRUE correct
Explanation: Then no vector in S is a multiple of any other
When u and v are linearly dependent, then vector in S, but v3 = v1 + v2 so v3 is a linear
v is a scalar multiple of u, so v = k u for some combination of other vectors in S. Thus S is
non-zero scalar k. In this case, a linearly dependent set of three vectors such
that no vector in S is a multiple of another
x = s u + t v = s u + tk v = (s + tk) u , one.
 aguilar (haa832) – Section 1.7 – tsishchanka – (54175) 7
Consequently, the statement is then v2 is not a multiple of v1 , and v3 is not
a linear combination of v1 , v2 . However, the
FALSE . set {v1 , v2 , v3 } is linearly dependent because
any set containing the zero vector is automat-
ically linearly dependent.
019 10.0 points
Consequently, the statement is
If S = {u, v, w} is a set of linearly inde-
pendent vectors, then u, v, and w are not
vectors in R2 . FALSE .
True or False?
021 10.0 points
1. FALSE
Suppose that v1 , v2 , and v3 are vectors in
2. TRUE correct R5 such that
Explanation: (i) v2 is not a scalar multiple of v1 ,
If a set contains more vectors than there
are entries in each vector, then the set is (ii) v3 is not a linear combination of v1 , v2 ,
linearly dependent. Since S = {u, v, w} is Then S = {v1 , v2 , v3 } is a linearly indepen-
a linearly independent set of three vectors, dent set.
these vectors cannot therefore contain fewer
than three entries. Hence u, v, and w cannot True or False?
be vectors in R2 .
1. FALSE correct
Consequently, the statement is
2. TRUE
TRUE .
Explanation:
Suppose
020 10.0 points
0 1 0
     
Suppose that v1 , v2 , and v3 are vectors in
5 0 0 1
R such that
v1 =  0  , v2 =  0  , v3 =  0  .
     
(i) v2 is not a scalar multiple of v1 , 0 0 0
(ii) v3 is not a linear combination of v1 , v2 , 0 0 0
Then S = {v1 , v2 , v3 } is a linearly indepen- Then v2 is not a multiple of v1 , and v3 is
dent set. not a linear combination of v1 , v2 . However,
True or False? the set {v1 , v2 , v3 } is linearly dependent be-
cause any set containing the zero vector is
1. FALSE correct automatically linearly dependent.
Consequently, the statement is
2. TRUE
Explanation: FALSE .
Suppose
0 1 0
     
0 0 1 022 10.0 points
v1 =  0  , v2 =  0  , v3 =  0  ,
     
0 0 0 Which of the following matrices is an eche-
0 0 0 lon form of a 2x2 matrix where A is a matrix
 aguilar (haa832) – Section 1.7 – tsishchanka – (54175) 8
with linearly dependent columns? The nota-
tion ♣ means a number different than zero, 3. λ 6= −3
while ♦ means any number.
4. λ = 1
A.  
♣ ♦
. 5. λ 6= −2
0 ♣
B.   6. λ 6= 1
0 ♦
. Explanation:
0 0
The vectors {v1 , v2 , v3 } will be linearly
C.   dependent if the vector equation
0 ♣
.
0 0 x1 v1 + x2 v2 + x3 v3 = 0
D.
has a non-trivial solution, i.e., when the ho-
 
♣ ♣
. mogeneous system
♣ 0
E.   4x1 − 2x2 + 6x3 = 0,
♣ ♦
. 9x1 + 3x2 + 6x3 = 0,
0 0
x1 + 2x2 + (λ + 2)x3 = 0,
1. B and C only.
has a non-trivial solution. This occurs when
2. A and C only. the augmented matrix
 
4 −2 6 0
3. A and B only. A = 9 3 6 0
1 2 λ+2 0
4. All of them.
associated with this system has a free variable.
5. A, B, and C only. Now
 
6. B, C and E only. correct 1 0 0 0
rref(A) =  0 1 0 0,
Explanation: 3
0 0 − 5 (λ + 3) 0
The correct answer is B, C and E only. The
correct answer is self-explanatory. so A will have a free variable only when λ+3 =
0.
023 10.0 points Consequently, {v1 , v2 , v3 } will be linearly
dependent only when
For which value(s) of λ will the vectors
      λ = −3 .
4 −2 6
v1 =  9  , v2 =  3  , v3 =  6  ,
1 2 λ+2 024 10.0 points
Which of the following 2 × 2 matrices is in
be linearly dependent? echelon form when ♣ means a number differ-
ent from zero, while ♦ can be any number.
1. λ = −2 A.  
♣ ♦
.
2. λ = −3 correct 0 ♣
 aguilar (haa832) – Section 1.7 – tsishchanka – (54175) 9
B.   True or False?
0 ♦
.
0 0 1. FALSE correct
C.  
0 ♣ 2. TRUE
.
0 0
Explanation:
D.   This is not true because, for instance, the
♣ ♣
. set of two parallel vectors in R5 is linearly
♣ 0
dependent in spite there are only two vectors
1. A, B, and C only. correct with 5 entries.
Consequently, the statement is
2. A and B only.

3. B and C only. FALSE .

4. A and C only.
027 10.0 points
5. All of them.
If u1 , u2 , and u3 are vectors in R7 and u3
6. C and D only.
is not a linear combination of u1 and u2 , then
Explanation: the set S = {u1 , u2, u3 } is linearly indepen-
A, B, and C only. dent.

025 10.0 points True or False?

1. FALSE correct
The columns of a 5x6 matrix A are linearly
dependent. 2. TRUE
True or False?
Explanation:
If u1 , u2 are vectors in R7 such that u2 =
1. FALSE
2u1 , then the set u1 , u2 , u3 is always linearly
dependent because
2. TRUE correct
Explanation: 2u1 − u2 + 0u3 = 0
The columns of a 5x6 matrix A are linearly
dependent because the set whose vectors are for every vector u3 in R7 .
the columns of A, contains more vectors than
there are entries in each vector. Consequently, the statement is
Consequently, the statement is
FALSE .
TRUE .

026 10.0 points 028 10.0 points

When x, y, w and z are vectors in Rn such
If a set of vectors contains fewer vectors that y, z are linearly independent and
than there are entries in the vectors, then the
set must be linearly independent. z = 5x + 3y, w = 10x − 4y − 2z ,
 aguilar (haa832) – Section 1.7 – tsishchanka – (54175) 10
which of the following Consequently, only
I: Span{x, y} = Span{x, w, z} ,
II: Span{x, z} = Span{y, w} , I and III hold .
III: Span{y} = Span{w} ,
hold? 029 10.0 points

1. I only For each of the following pairs of vectors

{u, v} in R3 determine whether
2. III only
H = Span{u, v}
3. I and III correct
is a line in R3 .
   
4. I and II 2 6
I: u =  −3  , v =  −9  ,
5. II only 3 9
   
3 9
6. II and III
II: u =  1  , v =  −3  ,
Explanation: −2 −6
To show that sets A, B satisfy A = B, it is    
enough to show that A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A both −1 0
hold. III: u = −2 , v = 0  .
  
Now when −3 0

z = 5x + 3y, w = 10x − 4y − 2z , 1. III only

we see that 2. II and III

w = 2(5x − z) − 4y = 2(−3y) − 4y = −10y . 3. II only
Thus
4. I and III correct
I: x, y belong to Span{x, w, z}, so
5. I only
Span{x, y} ⊆ Span{x, w, z} ,

while x, w, z belong to Span{x, y}, so 6. I and II

Explanation:
Span{x, w, z} ⊆ Span{x, y} .
For vectors u, v in R3 , Span{u, v} consists
of all linear combinations
II: Since w = −10y and 3y = z − 5x,
su + tv , −∞ < s, t < ∞ .
Span{y, w} = Span{y} ⊆ Span{x, z} ,

but z is not in Span{y} because y and z are Now if u, v are linearly dependent, then u, v
linearly independent, so are scalar multiples of each other, in which
case
Span{x, z} 6⊆ Span{y} = Span{y, w}.
Span{u, v} = { tv : −∞ < t < ∞ } ,
III: Since w = −10y,
and Span{u, v} is the line Span{v} through
Span{y} = Span{w} . the origin.
 aguilar (haa832) – Section 1.7 – tsishchanka – (54175) 11
On the other hand, if u, v are linearly inde- For vectors u, v in R3 , Span{u, v} consists
pendent, then u, v are not scalar multiples of of all linear combinations
each other and Span{u, v} contains the dis-
tinct lines Span{u} and Span{v}. In this case su + tv , −∞ < s, t < ∞ .
Span{u, v} is a plane through the origin.
Now if u, v are linearly dependent, then u, v
For the given pairs {u, v}: are scalar multiples of each other, in which
I: v = 3u, case
II: v is not a scalar multiple of u, Span{u, v} = { tv : −∞ < t < ∞ } ,
III {u, 0} always is a linearly dependent
set. and Span{u, v} is the line Span{v} through
the origin.
Consequently, only
On the other hand, if u, v are linearly inde-
pendent, then u, v are not scalar multiples of
I and III are lines . each other and Span{u, v} contains the dis-
tinct lines Span{u} and Span{v}. In this case
Span{u, v} is a plane through the origin.
030 10.0 points
For the given pairs {u, v}:
For each of the following pairs of vectors
{u, v} in R3 determine whether I: v = −3u,
II: v is not a scalar multiple of u,
H = Span{u, v}
III {u, 0} always is a linearly dependent
3
is a plane in R . set.

3
 
−9
 Consequently, Span{u, v} is a plane
I: u =  −1  , v =  3  ,
2 −6 only for pair II .
   
3 −9
II: u =  1  , v =  3  , 031 10.0 points
−2 6
    The set of vectors {v1 , v2 , v3 } is a spanning
−2 0 set for R3 when
III: u =  −1  , v =  0  .      
3 0 2 −4 6
v1 =  −6  , v2 =  13  , v3 =  −15  .
1. III only 2 −5 4

2. II only correct True or False?

3. II and III 1. FALSE

4. I and III 2. TRUE correct

5. I only Explanation:
We have to check if each x in R3 can be
6. I and II written as a linear combination

Explanation: x = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + c3 v3
 aguilar (haa832) – Section 1.7 – tsishchanka – (54175) 12
for some choice of scalars c1 , c2 , c3 . In aug- But then after elementary row operations
mented matrix form this is  
  1 −3 −1 x1
2 −4 6 x1 [A x] ∼  0 2 −1 x2 − 2x1 
[A x] =  −6 13 −15 x2  . 0 4 0 x3 − x1
2 −5 4 x3  
1 −3 −1 x1
But then after elementary row operations ∼  0 2 −1 x2 − 2x1 .
  0 0 2 x3 − 2x2 + 3x1
2 −4 6 x1
Unique values of c1 , c2 , c3 can now be found
[A x] ∼  0 1 3 x2 + 3x1 
by back substitution for each choice of x.
0 −1 −2 x3 − x1
  Consequently, the statement is
2 −4 6 x1
∼ 0 1 3 x2 + 3x1  . TRUE .
0 0 1 x3 + x2 + 2x1

Unique values of c1 , c2 , c3 can now be found 033 10.0 points

by back substitution for each choice of x.
The set of vectors {v1 , v2 , v3 } is a spanning
Consequently, the statement is set for R3 when
     
1 −1 −3
TRUE . v1 =  −1  , v2 =  3  , v3 =  2  .
−2 8 3

032 10.0 points True or False?

The set of vectors {v1 , v2 , v3 } is a spanning
1. TRUE
set for R3 when
2. FALSE correct
     
1 −3 −1
v1 =  2  , v2 =  −4  , v3 =  −3  . Explanation:
1 1 −1 We have to check if each x in R3 can be
written as a linear combination
True or False?
x = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + c3 v3
1. TRUE correct for some choice of scalars c1 , c2 , c3 . In aug-
mented matrix form this is
2. FALSE  
1 −1 −3 x1
Explanation:
[A x] =  −1 3 2 x2  .
We have to check if each x in R3 can be
−2 8 3 x3
written as a linear combination
But then after elementary row operations
x = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + c3 v3  
1 −1 −3 x1
for some choice of scalars c1 , c2 , c3 . In aug- [A x] ∼  0 2 −1 x2 + x1 
mented matrix form this is 0 6 −3 x3 + 2x1
   
1 −3 −1 x1 1 −1 −3 x1
[A x] =  2 −4 −3 x2  . ∼  0 2 −1 x2 + x1 .
1 1 −1 x3 0 0 0 x3 − 3x2 − x1
 aguilar (haa832) – Section 1.7 – tsishchanka – (54175) 13
Thus the system will be inconsistent unless x Thus
satisfies
x3 − 3x2 − x1 = 0 . c3 = x3 − 3x2 − 11x1 ,

Consequently, the statement is and back substitution gives

FALSE .
c2 = 2x3 − 5x2 − 19x1 .
034 10.0 points
The set of vectors {v1 , v2 , v3 } is a spanning
set for R3 when 035 10.0 points
     
1 −2 −1 Two vectors in R3 cannot span R3 . True or
v1 =  −3  , v2 =  7  , v3 =  1  . False?
2 −1 −7
Determine c2 so that 1. TRUE correct

x = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + c3 v3 2. FALSE
3
for an arbitrary x in R .
Explanation:
1. c2 = 2x3 − 5x2 − 19x1 correct The span of vectors u, v in R3 is a plane (or
a line) in R3 through the origin. If the span
2. c2 = 2x3 + 5x2 + 19x1 is a plane, then the normal to the plane is a
vector in R3 that does not belong to the span,
3. c2 = 2x3 + 5x2 − 19x1 while if the span is a line, then a vector in R3
not in the line will not belong to the span.
4. c2 = −2x3 + 5x2 + 19x1 Consequently, the statement is
5. c2 = −2x3 − 5x2 + 19x1
TRUE .
6. c2 = −2x3 − 5x2 − 19x1
Explanation:
The vector equation
036 10.0 points
x = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + c3 v3
If a set of vectors in Rn contains the zero
becomes vector 0, then it cannot span Rn .
 
1 −2 −1 x1
True or False?
[A x] =  −3 7 1 x2 
2 −1 −7 x3
1. TRUE
in augmented matrix form. But then by ele-
mentary row operations, 2. FALSE correct
 
1 −2 −1 x1 Explanation:
[A x] ∼  0 1 −2 x2 + 3x1  If a set S = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vp } spans Rn ,
0 3 −5 x3 − 2x1 each x in Rn can be written as a linear com-

1 −2 −1 x1
 bination
∼  0 1 −2 x2 + 3x1 .
0 0 1 x3 − 3x2 − 11x1 x = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + . . . + cp vp
 aguilar (haa832) – Section 1.7 – tsishchanka – (54175) 14
for some choice of c1 , c2 , . . . , cp . But then

x = 0 + c1 v1 + c2 v2 + . . . + cp vp ,

so {0, v1 , v2 , . . . , vp } spans Rn .
Consequently, the statement is

FALSE .

037 10.0 points

If u, v, and w are nonzero vectors in R2
and u is not a multiple of v, is w a linear
combination of u and v?

1. ALWAYS correct

2. NEVER

3. SOMETIMES
Explanation:
When u, v are nonzero vectors and u is not
a multiple of v, they are linearly independent.
But then Span{u, v} = R2 , so every vector w
in R2 is a linear combination of u, v.
Consequently, if u, v, and w are nonzero
vectors in R2 and u is not a multiple of v,
then w
ALWAYS

is a linear combination of u, v.