Reinforced Concrete Design Workshop

- Day 3 Overview

Presented by
Amirkia Etemad and Debbie McMillan
Topics Covered in the Design Workshop

• DAY 1
– Basics including load combinations, durability and
material properties
– Strength
– Design
– Serviceability
– Beams
– Deflection
– Slabs
Topics Covered in the Design Workshop (cont)

• DAY 2
– Column Design
– Wall Design
– Shear
– Footing Design
– Development Lengths & Detailing of
Reinforcement
Topics Covered in the Design Workshop (cont)

• DAY 3
– Advanced Deflection Calculations
– Crack Control
– Longitudinal Shear
– Torsion in Beams
– Two Way Slabs on Multiple Columns
– Column Biaxial Bending
– Strut & Tie Element Design
– Vibration in Beams
Serviceability –Crack Control

Presenter : Amirkia Etemad

Introduction

• Types of Serviceability Limit States

- Excessive crack width
- Excessive deflection
- Undesirable vibrations
- Fatigue
• Concrete is a brittle material and even minor tensile strain will cause it to crack to some
degree, in service.
Two basic types of cracking in concrete are:

1-Plastic-Shrinkage Crack
Occur in the first hours after casting. They are due to the tearing or pulling apart of the concrete and are
usually wide but discontinuous

2-Cracking of the hardened Concrete :

Caused by tensile strains resulting from restraint or flexure. They propagate until the tensile
strain in the concrete is less than the fracture limit.
1-Plastic-Shrinkage Crack
Usually do not affect structural capacity but may penetrate to a layer
of reinforcement and require sealing if exposed to aggressive
conditions, e.g. salt-laden air
Usually this form of cracking occurs when concrete surface is
exposed to wind and temperature sufficient to cause rapid drying of
the surface. They may also be caused by restraint to vertical
settlement of the concrete mass.
Crack Width Control
Crack Width Control
• The structural and durability requirement of AS3600
are based on a nominal crack width of 0.3 mm that
are not expected to exceed that width do not need
repairing.
 Crack Width Control

Reasons for crack width control?

• Appearance
• Leakage (Liquid-retaining structures)
• Corrosion
(cracks can speed up occurrence of corrosion)
• Crack Control based on AS3600
 Using smaller diameter bars
 Reducing bar spacing
 Distributing bars uniformly across tension zones
 Reducing stress in reinforcement at serviceability loads
 Increasing the amount of reinforcement
 Providing bars at re-entrant corners and other significant
discontinuities
 Curing
 TABLE 8.6.1(A)
Maximum Steel Stress For Tension or Flexure In Beams
Nominal Bar Diameter Maximum Steel Stress MPa
10 360
12 330
16 300
20 240
24 210
28 185
32 160
36 140
40 120
 TABLE 8.6.1(B)
MAXIMUM STEEL STRESS FOR FLEXURE IN BEAMS

Center-Center Spacing (mm) Maximum Steel Stress (Mpa)

50 360

100 320

150 280

200 240

250 200

300 160
 TABLE 8.6.1(A)
Maximum Steel Stress For Tension or Flexure In Beams
Nominal Bar Diameter Maximum Steel Stress MPa
10 360
12 330
16 300
20 240
24 210
28 185
32 160
36 140
40 120
(IV) For beams primarily subject to flexure the calculated steel stress (fscr) shall not exceed the maximum steel
stress given in Table 8.6.1(A) for the largest nominal diameter d b of the bars in the tensile zone, and under
direct loading the calculated steel stress (fscr) shall not exceed 0.8 fsy. Alternatively the calculated steel stress
(fscr) shall not the maximum steel stress given in Table 8.6.1(B) for the largest centre-to-centre spacing of
adjacent parallel bars in the tensile zone, and under direct loading the calculated steel stress fscr.1 shall not
exceed 0.8 fsy. Bars with diameter less than half the diameter of the largest bar in the section shall be ignored
when determining spacing.

TABLE 8.6.1(B)
MAXIMUM STEEL STRESS FOR FLEXURE IN BEAMS

Center-Center Spacing (mm) Maximum Steel Stress (Mpa)

50 360

100 320

150 280

200 240

250 200

300 160
 • Overseas Standards Examined
 ACI 318
 BS 8110
 Eurocode
The provisions of the Eurocode appeared to provide a more reliable means of
ensuring adequate crack control than either BS8110 or ACI 318
 Serviceability
– Strut and Tie & Vibration

Presenter : Debbie McMillan

Strut and Tie Design

• The plane-sections assumption of flexure theory

does NOT apply to the portion of a member for a
length approximately equal to its height from a force
or geometric discontinuity.
• These regions are called D-Regions and can be
idealised as a truss composed of a series of axially
loaded compression struts and tension ties connected
to nodes and transferring loads to the supports.
• ie Strut and Tie Design
Strut and Tie Design
Strut and Tie Design
Strut and Tie Design
Strut and Tie Design
Strut and Tie Design
Strut and Tie Design
Strut and Tie Design
Strut and Tie Design
Vibration

• AS 3600 does not prescribe any design criteria for the

control of vibration. It merely requires that vibration
be considered and appropriate action taken to ensure
that vibration does not adversely affect the
serviceability of the structure
Vibration

• Aerobics, dancing and other rhythmic human activities

have caused annoying vibrations in buildings in recent
years (particularly in cantilevers).
• The two main factors behind these problems are
– Resonance (where the natural frequency of the
floor is equal or close to the forcing frequency of
the rhythmic activity), and
– The presence of other occupancies in the building
such as offices or restaurants where people are
sensitive to vibrations generated.
Vibration

• Floor vibrations due to walking can also cause

problems but not usually for concrete construction.
Problems with vibrations from walking are usually
associated with long span footbridges.
• Annoying floor vibrations can also be generated by
mechanical equipment. These can usually be
corrected by isolating the equipment.
Vibration

• Vibration levels are usually expressed in terms of

peak acceleration as a fraction of the acceleration due
to gravity (ie amax/g).
• In an office environment, annoyance occurs when
vibration exceeds approximately 0.5%g.
• In an active environment such as dancing or aerobics,
participants will accept much greater vibrations of
approximately 10%g.
Vibration
Vibration
Vibration
Vibration
Vibration
Vibration
Vibration
Vibration
QUESTIONS?
Reinforced Concrete Design Workshop
- Day 3 Overview

Presented by
Amirkia Etemad and Debbie McMillan
Topics Covered in the Design Workshop

• DAY 1
– Basics including load combinations, durability and
material properties
– Strength
– Design
– Serviceability
– Beams
– Deflection
– Slabs
Topics Covered in the Design Workshop (cont)

• DAY 2
– Column Design
– Wall Design
– Shear
– Footing Design
– Development Lengths & Detailing of
Reinforcement
Topics Covered in the Design Workshop (cont)

• DAY 3
– Advanced Deflection Calculations
– Crack Control
– Longitudinal Shear
– Torsion in Beams
– Two Way Slabs on Multiple Columns
– Column Biaxial Bending
– Strut & Tie Element Design
– Vibration in Beams
Serviceability –Crack Control

Presenter : Amirkia Etemad

Introduction

• Types of Serviceability Limit States

- Excessive crack width
- Excessive deflection
- Undesirable vibrations
- Fatigue
• Concrete is a brittle material and even minor tensile strain will cause it to crack to some
degree, in service.
Two basic types of cracking in concrete are:

1-Plastic-Shrinkage Crack
Occur in the first hours after casting. They are due to the tearing or pulling apart of the concrete and are
usually wide but discontinuous

2-Cracking of the hardened Concrete :

Caused by tensile strains resulting from restraint or flexure. They propagate until the tensile
strain in the concrete is less than the fracture limit.
1-Plastic-Shrinkage Crack
Usually do not affect structural capacity but may penetrate to a layer
of reinforcement and require sealing if exposed to aggressive
conditions, e.g. salt-laden air
Usually this form of cracking occurs when concrete surface is
exposed to wind and temperature sufficient to cause rapid drying of
the surface. They may also be caused by restraint to vertical
settlement of the concrete mass.
Crack Width Control
Crack Width Control
• The structural and durability requirement of AS3600
are based on a nominal crack width of 0.3 mm that
are not expected to exceed that width do not need
repairing.
 Crack Width Control

Reasons for crack width control?

• Appearance
• Leakage (Liquid-retaining structures)
• Corrosion
(cracks can speed up occurrence of corrosion)
• Crack Control based on AS3600
 Using smaller diameter bars
 Reducing bar spacing
 Distributing bars uniformly across tension zones
 Reducing stress in reinforcement at serviceability loads
 Increasing the amount of reinforcement
 Providing bars at re-entrant corners and other significant
discontinuities
 Curing
 TABLE 8.6.1(A)
Maximum Steel Stress For Tension or Flexure In Beams
Nominal Bar Diameter Maximum Steel Stress MPa
10 360
12 330
16 300
20 240
24 210
28 185
32 160
36 140
40 120
 TABLE 8.6.1(B)
MAXIMUM STEEL STRESS FOR FLEXURE IN BEAMS

Center-Center Spacing (mm) Maximum Steel Stress (Mpa)

50 360

100 320

150 280

200 240

250 200

300 160
 TABLE 8.6.1(A)
Maximum Steel Stress For Tension or Flexure In Beams
Nominal Bar Diameter Maximum Steel Stress MPa
10 360
12 330
16 300
20 240
24 210
28 185
32 160
36 140
40 120
(IV) For beams primarily subject to flexure the calculated steel stress (fscr) shall not exceed the maximum steel
stress given in Table 8.6.1(A) for the largest nominal diameter d b of the bars in the tensile zone, and under
direct loading the calculated steel stress (fscr) shall not exceed 0.8 fsy. Alternatively the calculated steel stress
(fscr) shall not the maximum steel stress given in Table 8.6.1(B) for the largest centre-to-centre spacing of
adjacent parallel bars in the tensile zone, and under direct loading the calculated steel stress fscr.1 shall not
exceed 0.8 fsy. Bars with diameter less than half the diameter of the largest bar in the section shall be ignored
when determining spacing.

TABLE 8.6.1(B)
MAXIMUM STEEL STRESS FOR FLEXURE IN BEAMS

Center-Center Spacing (mm) Maximum Steel Stress (Mpa)

50 360

100 320

150 280

200 240

250 200

300 160
 • Overseas Standards Examined
 ACI 318
 BS 8110
 Eurocode
The provisions of the Eurocode appeared to provide a more reliable means of
ensuring adequate crack control than either BS8110 or ACI 318
 Serviceability
– Strut and Tie & Vibration

Presenter : Debbie McMillan

Strut and Tie Design

• The plane-sections assumption of flexure theory

does NOT apply to the portion of a member for a
length approximately equal to its height from a force
or geometric discontinuity.
• These regions are called D-Regions and can be
idealised as a truss composed of a series of axially
loaded compression struts and tension ties connected
to nodes and transferring loads to the supports.
• ie Strut and Tie Design
Strut and Tie Design
Strut and Tie Design
Strut and Tie Design
Strut and Tie Design
Strut and Tie Design
Strut and Tie Design
Strut and Tie Design
Strut and Tie Design
Vibration

• AS 3600 does not prescribe any design criteria for the

control of vibration. It merely requires that vibration
be considered and appropriate action taken to ensure
that vibration does not adversely affect the
serviceability of the structure
Vibration

• Aerobics, dancing and other rhythmic human activities

have caused annoying vibrations in buildings in recent
years (particularly in cantilevers).
• The two main factors behind these problems are
– Resonance (where the natural frequency of the
floor is equal or close to the forcing frequency of
the rhythmic activity), and
– The presence of other occupancies in the building
such as offices or restaurants where people are
sensitive to vibrations generated.
Vibration

• Floor vibrations due to walking can also cause

problems but not usually for concrete construction.
Problems with vibrations from walking are usually
associated with long span footbridges.
• Annoying floor vibrations can also be generated by
mechanical equipment. These can usually be
corrected by isolating the equipment.
Vibration

• Vibration levels are usually expressed in terms of

peak acceleration as a fraction of the acceleration due
to gravity (ie amax/g).
• In an office environment, annoyance occurs when
vibration exceeds approximately 0.5%g.
• In an active environment such as dancing or aerobics,
participants will accept much greater vibrations of
approximately 10%g.
Vibration
Vibration
Vibration
Vibration
Vibration
Vibration
Vibration
Vibration
QUESTIONS?