Structural Design Analysis Procedures

The structural design analysis used in this project is to design slabs, beams,

columns, and foundation that the structures can withstand through ages.

Design Parameters:

According to Philippine National Standards for Steel Bars for Concrete

Reinforcement under PNS-49:2002, for low-rise buildings, the structural grade used is

Grade 33 with a yield strength (fy) of 230 MPa.

For a normal-weight concrete and lightweight, use minimum f’ c = 17 MPa (Table

419.2.1.1, NSCP 2015)

Table 419.2.1.1 Limits for f’c

Application Concrete Minimum f’c MPa Maximum f’c MPa
General Normal-weight and 17 None
lightweight
Special moment Normal-weight 21 None
frames and special Lightweight 21 35[1]
structural walls
1
The limit is permitted to be exceeded where demonstrated by experimental evidence

that members made with lightweight concrete provide strength and toughness equal to or

exceeding those pf comparable members made with normal weight concrete of the same

strength.

Source: National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015

 Strength reduction factor,∅, shall be in accordance with Table 421.2.1 (Sec.

421.2.1, NSCP 2015). Strength reduction factor for moment, axial force, or combined

moment and axial force shall be in accordance with Table 421.2.2.

Table 421.2.1
Strength Reduction Factors, ∅
Action or Structural
∅ Exceptions
Element
Moment, axial force, or 0.65 to 0.90 Near ends of pretensioned members where
combined moment and strands are not fully developed, ∅shall be
axial force in accordance with 421.2.3.
Shear 0.75 Additional requirements are given in
Section 421.2.4 for structural designed to
resist earthquake effects.
Torsion 0.75 -
Bearing 0.65 -
Post-tensioned anchorages 0.85 -
zones
Brackets and corbels 0.75 -
Struts, ties, nodal zones, 0.75 -
and bearing areas designed
with strut-and-ties method
in Section 423
Components of 0.90 -
connections of precast
members controlled by
yielding of steel elements
in tension
Plain concrete elements 0.60 -
Anchors in concrete 0.45 to 0,75 -
elements
Source: National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015

Table 4221.2.2

Strength Reduction Factor, ∅, for Moment, Axial Force, or Combined Moment and

Axial Force

∅
 Net tensile Classification Type of transverse reinforcement
Strain, ϵ t Spiral conforming to Other
Sec. 425.7.3
ϵ t ≤ ε ty Compression 0.75 a 0.65 b
controlled
ϵ ty <ε t <0.005 Transition[1] (ε t −ε ty ) c 0.65 + 0.25 d
0.75 + 0.15 (ε t −ε ty )
(0.005−ε ty )
(0.005−ε ty )
ϵ t ≥0.005 Tension 0.90 e 0.90 f
controlled
[1]
For sections classified as transition, it shall be permitted to use ∅ corresponding to

compression-controlled sections.

Source: National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015

Values of β 1 shall be in accordance with Table 422.2.2.4.3 (Sec.422.2.2.4.3, NSCP

2015).

Table 422.2.2.4.3
Values of β 1 for Equivalent Rectangular Concrete Stress Distribution
f ' c, MPa β1
17 ≤ f ' c ≤ 28 0.85 (a)
28 ¿ f ' c < ¿ 55 0.05(f ' c −28) (b)
0.85
7
f ' c ≥ 55 0.65 (c)
Source: National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015

1. Design of One-Way Slab Using Moment Coefficient Method

Design Parameters:

L
According to ACE Specifications, when ≥ 2, it is a one-way slab.
S

Minimum Thickness specified in Sec. 407.3.1.1.1 of NSCP 2015.

a. For simply supported beam

 L f
t=
20(0.40+ y
700 )
b. For both end continuous

L f
t=
28(0.40+ y
700 )
c. For one-end continuous

L f
t=
24(0.40+ y
700 )
d. For Cantilever Section

L f
t=
10(0.40+ y
700 )
Minimum clear spacing covering = 20 mm (Table 420.6.1.3.1, NSCP 2015).

For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a horizontal layer, clear spacing

shall be at least the greatest of 50 mm, db, and (4/3)dagg (Sec. 425.2.1, NSCP 2015)

Maximum spacing of deformed bars shall be the lesser of 3h and 450 mm (Sec.

407.7.2.3, NSCP 2015).

The spacing of deformed shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall not

exceed the lesser of 5h and 450 mm (Sec. 424.4.3.3, NSCP 2015).

Table 420.6.1.3.1

Specified Concrete Cover for Cast-in-Place Non-Prestressed Concrete Members

Concrete Member Reinforcement Specified Cover,

 Exposure mm
Cast against and All All 75
permanently in
contact with ground
Exposed to weather All 20 mm ∅ through 50
or in contact with 58 mm ∅ bars
ground 16 mm ∅ bar, 40
MW200 or MD200
wire, and smaller
Not exposed to Slabs, joists, and 40 mm ∅ and 58 40
weather or in walls mm ∅ bars
contact with ground 36 mm ∅ bar and 20
smaller
Beams, columns, Primary 40
pedestals, and reinforcement,
tension ties stirrups, ties,
spirals, and hoops
Source: National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015

The ratio of deformed shrinkage and temperature reinforcement area to gross

concrete area shall satisfy the limits in Table 424.4.3.2.

Table 424.4.3.2

Minimum Ratios of Deformed Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement Area to

Gross Concrete Area

Minimum Reinforcement
Reinforcement Type fy, MPa
Ratio
Deformed bars ¿ 420 0.0020
0.0018 x 420
Deformed bars or welded Greater
≥ 420 fy
wire reinforcement of:
0.0014
Source: National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015

Number of bars required in “one” meter width of slab = 1000/s. Thickness of slab

should not be less than 75 mm. If the slab is permanently exposed to the ground

minimum clear concrete cover is 70 mm.

Steps in Designing One-Way Slab (USD)

a. Assume thickness of slab using the minimum code requirements.

b. Consider the width to be one meter.

c. Compute the factored load (Wu).

Wu = 1.2D + 1.6L

d. Compute the ultimate moment (Mu).

It shall be permitted to calculate Mu due to gravity loads for continuous beams

and one-way slabs satisfying (d.1) through (d.2).

d.1 Members are prismatic;

d.2. L ≤ 3D; where D refers to the dead load.

Source: Sec. 406.5.1, NSCP 2015

Mu due to gravity loads shall be calculated in accordance with Table 406.5.2 (Sec.

406.5.2).

Table 406.5.2 Approximate Moments for Non-Prestressed Continuous Beams and

One-Way Slabs

Moment Location Condition Mu

Positive End Span Discontinuous end integral with W u l n2
support 14
Discontinuous end unrestrained W u l n2
11
Interior Spans All W u l n2
16
 Negative Interior face of Member built integrally with W u l n2
exterior support supporting spandrel beam 24
Member built with supporting W u l n2
column 16
Exterior face of Two spans W u l n2
first interior 9
support More than two spans W u l n2
10
Face of Other All W u l n2
supports 11
Face of all a.) Slabs with spans not W u l n2
supports satisfying exceeding 3m. 12
(a) or (b) b.) Beams where ratio of sum
of column stiffness to beam
stiffness exceeds 8 at each
end of span
Source: National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015

e. Compute the value of the effective depth (d).

d = t – clear covering – ½ ∅

f. Compute “ω” from the equation:

Mu = ∅f’c b d2 ω (1-0.59ω)

g. Compute the value of the steel ratio, ρ.

ωf ' c
ρ=
fy

h. Check the steel ratio. It should be within ρmin & ρmax .

h.1. when ρ> ρ max, increase the slab thickness.

h.2. when ρ< ρ min, decrease slab thickness.

i. Compute the required steel area.

As = ρbd

j. Compute the spacing of main bars.

1000 π ∅2
( s )( )
4
=¿ As; s ¿ 3h or 450 mm

k. Compute the required area of temperature bars.

l. Compute the spacing of temperature bars.

1000 π ∅2
( s )( )
4
=¿ Ast s ¿ 5h or 450 mm

2. Design of Two-Way Slab

L
According to ACE Specifications, when <¿ 2, it is a two-way slab.
S

For non-prestressed slabs with beams spanning between supports on all sides, overall slab

thickness h shall satisfy the limits in Table 408.3.1.2.

Table 408.3.1.2 Minimum Thickness of Non-Prestressed Two-Way Slabs with

Beams Spanning Supports on All Sides

α fm[1] Minimum h, mm
α fm ≤ 0.2 Sec. 408.3.1.1 applies (a)
0.22 ¿ α fm ≤ 2.0 Greater f (b)[2][3]
of: (
l n 0.8 y
1400 )
36+5 β (α fm−0.2)
125 (c)
α fm >2.0 Greater fy (d)[2][3]
of: (
l n 0.8
1400 )
36+ 9 β
 90 (e)
[1] α fm is the average value of α f for all beams on edges of a panel and α f shall be

calculated in accordance with Section 408.10.2.7.

[2]
ln is the clear span in the long direction, measured face-to-face of beams (mm).

[3]
β is the ratio of clear span in long to short directions of slab.

Source: National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015

For a panel with beams between supports on all sides, Eq. 408.10.2.7a shall be

satisfied for beams in the two perpendicular directions (Section 408.10.2.7 of NSCP

2015).

α f 1 l 22
0.2 ≤ 2
≤5.0 (408.10.2.7a)
αf 2 l1

Where α f 1 and α f 2 are calculated by

E cb I b
αf = (408.10.2.7b)
E cs I s

Where:

α f = ratio of flexural stiffness of beam section to flexural stiffness of a width of

slab bounded laterally by centerlines of adjacent panels, if any, on each side of the beam.

α fm = average value of α f for all beams on edges of a panel.

α f 1 = α f in direction of l1

α f 2 = α f in the direction of l2.

 Ecb = modulus of elasticity of beam, MPa.

Ecs = modulus of elasticity of slab concrete, MPa.

Ib = moment of inertia about centroidal axis of gross section of beam, mm4

Is = moment of inertia of slab about centroidal axis, mm4

Two-Way Slab Design Using the Coefficient Method (Edwards, 2019)

The Coefficient Method is a method of designing two-way slabs that are

supported by edge beams. Previously known as Method 3 of the 1963 ACI Code. This

method makes use of tables of moment coefficients for a variety of slab edge conditions.

The coefficients are based on elastic analysis but also include considerations for inelastic

moment redistribution.

The moments in the middle strips are calculated using formula (1) and (2):

Ma = Ca w la2 (1)

Mb = Cb w lb2 (2)

Where: Ca = moment coefficient from table

Cb = moment coefficient from table

W = uniform load

la = clear span length in short direction

lb = clear span length in long direction

 The panel must be divided into middle strips and edge strips in both the short and

long direction. The width of the middle strip in each direction is equal to ½ the clear span

length. The 2 edge strips are then ¼ the width of the clear span length, Fig. 3.

Figure 3

As expected in two-way slabs, the moments in both directions are larger in the center

portion of the slab than the edges. Therefore, the middle strip must be designed for 1/3 of

the maximum value of the calculated moment.

The ACI Coefficient Tables are designed to give appropriate coefficients based on

the edge conditions of the slab. The floor plan below gives the different edge conditions.

The numbers corresponds to the edge conditions in the following tables:

Case 4: 2 edges continuous, 2 edges discontinuous

Case 8: Figure
3 edges4continuous, 1 edge discontinuous

Case 2: 4 edges continuous

At continuous edges, moments are negative similar to continuous beams at interior

supports.

Table 1 gives the moment coefficients for Negative Moments at Continuous Edges. The

coefficient use depends on the ratio la/lb and the edge conditions of the panel in question.

The maximum negative moment is computed for full Dead Load and Live Load.

Negative moments at discontinuous (free) edges are assumed to be 1/3 of the positive

moment in the same direction.

Table 2 gives the moment coefficients for Positive Moment due to Dead Load. Again,

the coefficient used depends on the ratio of short span to long span as well as the edge

conditions.

Table 3 gives the moment coefficients for Positive Moment due to Live Load. This table

is used in the same manner as Table 2. The reason for the separation of Dead and Live

Load positive moments is due to Live Load placement to achieve maximum effect. For

live load, the maximum positive moment in the panel occurs when the full live load is on

the panel and not on any adjacent panel. This produces rotations at all continuous edges

of the panel which require restraining moments. Dead load across all the panels creates

rotations that cancel each other out (or closely enough).

Placing Reinforcement

The main reinforcement for the two-way edge-supported slab panel should be

placed orthogonally (parallel and perpendicular) to the slab edges. The reinforcement in

the short direction (la) should be placed lower than the reinforcement in the long direction
(lb). Negative reinforcement should be placed perpendicular to the supporting edge

beams.

All other requirements for minimum reinforcement (temperature & shrinkage)

should be observed. For two-way slab systems, the spacing of reinforcement should not

exceed twice (2) the slab thickness (tslab).

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3. Design of Beams and Girders

a. Determine the factored corrected moments using moment distribution method with

sway and non-sway analysis and using the design load combination in Eq. 203-5.

b. The design of beams and girders used in the process is using hand calculation.

M 2 −M 1 WL
V1¿ +
L 2

V2 = WL - V1

Where: M1 = moment at left end

M2 = moment at right end Figure 5

V1 = shear reaction at left end

V2 = shear reaction at right end

X = distance from left end to the point in which the maximum moment

occurs

W = factored moments of live load, and dead load. The weight in roof

deck is to be added with factored ponding load

L = clear span of a beam or girder

c. Compute the maximum positive or negative moment.

M+ or M- = -M1 – (W)(X2/2) + (V1)(X)

d. Since the beams and girders are continuous, the maximum positive moments,

maximum negative moments, and maximum shear of the continuous beams and girders

should be used.

e. Check the dimension of the beam.

For non-prestressed beams not supporting or attached to partitions or other

construction likely to be damaged by large deflections, overall beam depth h, shall satisfy

the limits in Table 409.3.1.1 (Sec. 409.3.1.1, NSCP 2015).

Table 409.3.1.1

Minimum Depth of Non-Prestressed Beams

Support Condition Minimum h[1]

Simply Supported l/16
One end continuous l/18.5
Both end continuous l/21
Cantilever l/8
[1]
Expressions applicable for normal weight concrete and fy = 420 MPa. For other cases,

minimum h shall be modified in accordance with Sections 409.3.1.1 through 409.3.1.1.3,

as appropriate.

Source: National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015

For fy other than 420 MPa, the expressions in Table 409.3.1.1 shall be multiplied

by (0.40 + fy/700) (Sec. 409.3.1.1.1, NSCP 2015).

Suggested width and depth proportion:

½ ≤ b/d ≤ 2/3

For Positive Moment, M+

f. Check the beam or girders if it is rectangular or T-beam section.

From ACI Code:

For effective flange width “b”:

b ≤ center to center spacing of beams

b = base of web, bw + clear distances to the next beam

b = bw + 16hf; hf = thickness of flange

b ≤ ¼ of span length

Use “b” whichever is smaller.

Determine the location of the neutral axis (NA):

f.1 If Muf ¿ Mu: NA will be in the flange

Therefore, design as rectangular beam.

f.2 If Muf ¿ Mu: NA will be in the web

Therefore, design as T-beam.

Note: Mu is the maximum positive moment computed from c.

Muf = ultimate moment capacity of the flange alone.

 hf
Mnf = Cf(d – ); Cf = 0.85 f’c hf b
2

Muf = ∅ Mnf

For Case 1: Design of Rectangular Beam

f.1.1 Solve for ρ , from the formula of Mu.

ω f 'c
Mu = ∅f’c b d2ω(1 - 0.59ω); ρ=
fy

d = total depth – effective covering from Table 420.6.1.3.1.

f.1.2 Solve for ρmax and ρmin .

1.4 f 'c 600

ρmin =
fy
; ρmax =0.75 ρb; ρb =0.85 β1
( )(
fy 600+f y )
If ρmin < ρ< ρmax , then use ρ.

If ρ< ρ min < ρmax , then use ρmin .

If ρmin < ρmax < ρ, then use ρmax .

f.1.3 Solve for the area of steel requirements.

As = ρbd where ρ is either ρ , ρmin , ρmax .

f.1.4 Determine the number of bars needed.

No. of bars, N = As/A1; A1 = area of a steel bar.

f.1.5 Check the spacing between longitudinal bars.

 Spacing should not be less than 25 mm and should not be less than the bar

diameter (ACI-code 2005). Specified covering for beams should be refer to Table

420.6.1.3.1.

For Case 2: Design of T-Beam

f.2.1 Solve for Mu2.

Mu2 = ∅ Mn2 -to be resisted by the flange beam

Mn2 = C2 (d – hf/2)

Mn2 = 0.85 f’c hf(b – bw)(d – hf/2)

f.2.2 Solve for Asf.

C2 = T2

0.85 f’c hf (b – bw) = Asf fy

0.85 f ' c h f ( b−b w )

Asf =
fy

f.2.3 Solve for Mu1.

Mu1 = Mu – Mu2

f.2.4. Solve for the restricted steel ratio.

ρ1=0.85
f 'c
fy [ √
1− 1−
2−M u 1
0.85 ∅ f ' c bw d 2 ]
f.2.5 Check for steel ratio.
Determine ρmin and ρmax from f.1.1

f.2.6 Solve for As1.

As1 = ρbd where ρ is either ρ1 , ρmin , ρmax .

f.2.7 Solve for the total steel requirement, As.

As = As1 + Asf

f.2.8 Refer to f.1.4 for the spacing between longitudinal bars.

For Negative Moment, M-

g. Determine the area of steel requirement, As, and the number of bars needed for top bars

using the maximum negative moment. Follow the procedures from f.1.1 to f.2.8.

Design of Shear, Vu

Vu
ØVc/2

d
X

h. Solve for the design shear, Vu and nominal shear, Vn.

Vu = V-Wd; d = effective depth

i. Check if the design needs shear reinforcement.

1
Vc = f' bd
6√ c
 ∅Vc
Vu ¿ ; Requires web reinforcement
2

∅Vc
Vu ¿ ; Does not require web reinforcement
2

j. Solve for Vs.

Vu
Vs = - Vc
∅

k. Solve for the total cross-sectional area of web reinforcement, Av.

Av = 2As; As = cross-sectional area of stirrups

l. Determine the spacing of stirrups.

Av f y d
S==
Vs

m. Determine the maximum spacing.

1
m.1 S = d/2 or 600 mm; use whichever is smaller when Vs ¿ f' bd
3√ c

1
m.2 S = d/4 or 300 mm; use whichever is smaller when Vs ¿ f' bd
3√ c

m.3 Desirable spacing of stirrups = 100 mm

m.4 The first stirrups should be 50 mm from the face of support.