Sounds and Their Variation
Sounds and Their Variation
For example, consider the difference between the vowels in [liv] and [lɪv]. For Canadian
English, a narrow transcription would note the difference between the [i] and the [ɪ]. So
would a broad transcription, since leave and live mean different things.
1. Complementary distribution
complementary distribution is the mutually exclusive relationship between
two phonetically similar segments. It exists when one segment occurs in
an environment where the other segment never occurs.
Example :
The phones [p] and [pH] are in complementary distribution.
The phones [b] and [B] are in complementary distribution.
2. Free variation
Definition of Free Variation
Alan Cruttenden, author of Gimson's Pronunciation of English, offers a clear
definition of free variation by giving an example: "When the same speaker produces
noticeably different pronunciations of the word cat (e.g. by exploding or not
exploding the final /t/), the different realizations of the phonemes are said to be in free
variation," (Cruttenden 2014).
3. Phonetics similiarity
Phonetically similar segments are two or more sounds which share phonetic features
and are frequently found as variants of a single phonological unit in a language.
1. Plosives
plosives sounds can be voiceless, like the sounds /p/, /t/, and /k/, or voiced, like /b/,
/d/, and /g/. In phonetics, a plosive consonant is made by blocking a part of the mouth
so that no air can pass through.
2. Laterals
Lateral, in phonetics, a consonant sound produced by raising the tip of the tongue
against the roof of the mouth so that the airstream flows past one or both sides of the
tongue. The l sounds of English, Welsh, and other languages are laterals.
3. Sounds
The r sound is called the “alveolar approximant,” which means that you put your
tongue near the roof of your mouth and voice out.
The r sound is made through the mouth and is Voiced, this means you use your vocal
chords.
4. Nasal
Nasal, in phonetics, speech sound in which the airstream passes through the nose as a
result of the lowering of the soft palate (velum) at the back of the mouth.
Sounds in which the airstream is expelled partly through the nose and partly through
the mouth are classified as nasalized.
5. Fricativies
The occlusion may be made with the tongue tip or blade ([t], [d]) tongue body
([k], [ɡ]), lips ([p], [b]), or glottis ([ʔ]). Plosives contrast with nasals, where the vocal
tract is blocked but airflow continues through the nose, as in /m/ and /n/, and
with fricatives, where partial occlusion impedes but does not block airflow in the
vocal tract.
6. Vowels
vowels are classified according to the position of the tongue and lips and,
sometimes, according to whether or not the air is released through the nose.
A high vowel (such as i in “machine” and u in “rule”) is pronounced with the
tongue arched toward the roof of the mouth.
A low vowel (such as a in “father” or “had”) is produced with the tongue
relatively flat and low in the mouth and with the mouth open a little wider than for
high vowels.
Midvowels (such as e in “bed” and o in “pole”) have a tongue position
between the extremes of high and low.
Neutaralization
Neutralization is the process in the phonology that shows how two distinct
phonemes become phonetically the same. The fundamental phonetic difference between
the sounds is lost at the point of neutralization. Many languages have the process of
neutralization in their phonology. The Prague Linguistic Circle called neutralized unit as
archiphoneme, which normally expresses the common features of the sounds involved in
neutralization.
TRANSLATE
• Transkripsi luas (atau transkripsi fonemik): mengabaikan detail sebanyak mungkin, hanya
menangkap aspek pengucapan yang cukup untuk menunjukkan perbedaan kata itu dari kata
lain dalam bahasa tersebut.
Misalnya, perhatikan perbedaan antara vokal di [liv] dan [lɪv]. Untuk bahasa Inggris Kanada,
transkripsi sempit akan mencatat perbedaan antara [i] dan [ɪ]. Begitu juga transkripsi yang
luas, karena cuti dan hidup memiliki arti yang berbeda.
2. Variasi gratis
Definisi Variasi Bebas
definisi yang jelas tentang variasi bebas dengan memberikan contoh: "Ketika pembicara yang
sama menghasilkan pengucapan yang sangat berbeda dari kata cat (misalnya dengan meledak
atau tidak meledak di akhir / t /), realisasi yang berbeda dari fonem dikatakan dalam variasi
bebas, "(Cruttenden 2014).
3. Kesamaan fonetik
Segmen yang mirip secara fonetik adalah dua atau lebih bunyi yang memiliki fitur fonetik
yang sama dan sering ditemukan sebagai varian dari satu unit fonologis dalam suatu bahasa.
2. Lateral
Lateral, dalam fonetik, bunyi konsonan yang dihasilkan dengan menaikkan ujung lidah ke
atap mulut sehingga aliran udara mengalir melewati satu atau kedua sisi lidah. Bunyi bahasa
Inggris, Welsh, dan bahasa lainnya adalah huruf lateral.
3. Suara
Bunyi r disebut "alveolar approximant", yang berarti Anda meletakkan lidah Anda di dekat
langit-langit mulut dan mengeluarkan suara. Bunyi r dibuat melalui mulut dan disuarakan, ini
berarti Anda menggunakan pita suara Anda.
4. Hidung
Nasal, secara fonetik, suara bicara di mana aliran udara melewati hidung sebagai akibat dari
turunnya langit-langit lunak (velum) di bagian belakang mulut.
Suara di mana aliran udara dikeluarkan sebagian melalui hidung dan sebagian melalui mulut
diklasifikasikan sebagai nasalisasi.
5. Fricativies
Oklusi dapat dilakukan dengan ujung lidah atau bilah ([t], [d]) badan lidah ([k], [ɡ]), bibir
([p], [b]), atau glotis ([ʔ]) . Plosif kontras dengan nasal, di mana saluran vokal tersumbat
tetapi aliran udara terus berlanjut melalui hidung, seperti di / m / dan / n /, dan dengan
frikatif, di mana oklusi parsial menghalangi tetapi tidak menghalangi aliran udara di saluran
vokal.
6. Vokal
vokal diklasifikasikan menurut posisi lidah dan bibir, dan kadang-kadang menurut
apakah udara dilepaskan melalui hidung atau tidak.
Vokal tinggi (seperti i dalam "mesin" dan u dalam "aturan") diucapkan dengan lidah
melengkung ke langit-langit mulut.
Vokal rendah (seperti dalam "bapa" atau "had") dihasilkan dengan lidah yang relatif rata dan
rendah di mulut dan dengan mulut terbuka sedikit lebih lebar daripada vokal tinggi.
Vokal menengah (seperti e di "tempat tidur" dan o di "tiang") memiliki posisi lidah di antara
ekstrem tinggi dan rendah.
Neutaralisasi
Netralisasi adalah proses dalam fonologi yang menunjukkan bagaimana dua fonem
berbeda menjadi sama secara fonetis. Perbedaan fonetik mendasar antara bunyi hilang pada
titik netralisasi. Banyak bahasa mengalami proses netralisasi dalam fonologinya. Lingkaran
Linguistik Praha menyebut unit yang dinetralkan sebagai archiphoneme, yang biasanya
mengekspresikan siri-ciri umum suara yang terlibat dalam netralisasi.
Phoneme is the smallest contractive unit of language that may change the meaning of a
morpheme and, as a pursuant, a word.
Put it simply, phoneme is contrasting phonological unit.