Module 1

History of Civil Engineering

Introduction

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design,
construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public
works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines, structural
components of buildings, and railways.
Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines. It is considered the
second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it is defined to distinguish non-
military engineering from military engineering. Civil engineering takes place in the public sector
from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual
homeowners through to international companies.

Ancient History of Civil Engineering

It is difficult to determine the history of emergence and beginning of civil engineering,

however, that the history of civil engineering is a mirror of the history of human beings on this
earth. Man used the old shelter caves to protect themselves of weather and harsh
environment, and used a tree trunk to cross the river, which being the demonstration of
ancient age civil engineering.

Civil Engineering has been an

aspect of life since the beginnings of
human existence. The earliest practices of
Civil Engineering may have commenced
between 4000 and 2000 BC in Ancient Egypt
and Mesopotamia (Ancient Iraq) when
humans started to abandon a nomadic
existence, thus causing a need for the
construction of shelter. During this time,
transportation became increasingly
important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing.

Until modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and
architecture, and the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations
referring to the same person, often used interchangeably. The construction of Pyramids in
Egypt (circa 2700-2500 BC) might be considered the first instances of large structure
constructions.
 Around 2550 BC, Imhotep, the first documented
engineer, built a famous stepped pyramid for King Djoser
located at Saqqara Necropolis. With simple tools and
mathematics he created a monument that stands to this
day. His greatest contribution to engineering was his
discovery of the art of building with shaped stones.
Those who followed him carried engineering to
remarkable heights using skill and imagination.

Ancient historic civil engineering constructions include the Qanat water management
system (the oldest older than 3000 years and longer than 71 km,) the Parthenon by Iktinos
in Ancient Greece (447-438 BC), the Appian Way by Roman engineers (c. 312 BC), the Great
Wall of China by General Meng T’ien under orders from Ch’in Emperor Shih Huang Ti (c. 220
BC) and the stupas constructed in ancient Sri Lanka like the Jetavanaramaya and the
extensive irrigation works in Anuradhapura. The Romans developed civil structures
throughout their empire, including especially aqueducts, insulae, harbours, bridges, dams
and roads.

Other remarkable historical structures are Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan built in

691 BC; Li Ping's irrigation projects in China (around 220 BC); Julius Caesar's Bridge over
the Rhine River built in 55 BC, numerous bridges built by other Romans in and around
Rome(e.g. the pons Fabricius); Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct, Nimes, France) built in 19
BC; the extensive system of highways the Romans built to facilitate trading and (more
importantly) fast manoeuvring of legions; extensive irrigation system constructed by the
Hohokam Indians, Salt River, AZ around 600 AD; first dykes defending against high water
in Friesland, The Netherlands around 1000 AD; El Camino Real - The Royal Road, Eastern
Branch, TX and Western Branch, NM (1500s AD).
Machu Picchu, Peru, built at around 1450,
at the height of the Inca Empire is considered an
engineering marvel. It was built in the Andes
Mountains assisted by some of history’s most
ingenious water resource engineers. The people
of Machu Picchu built a mountain top city with
running water, drainage systems, food
production and stone structures so advanced
that they endured for over 500years.

A treatise on
Architecture, Book
called Vitruvius' De Archiectura, was published at 1AD in Rome and
survived to give us a look at engineering education in ancient
times. It was probably written around 15 BC by the Roman
architect Vitruvius and dedicated to his patron, the emperor
Caesar Augustus, as a guide for building projects.
 Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction
was carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters, rising to the role of
master builder. Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by advances.
Structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were
incremental.
One of the earliest examples of a scientific approach to physical and mathematical
problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of Archimedes in the 3rd century BC,
including Archimedes Principle, which underpins our understanding of buoyancy, and
practical solutions such as Archimedes’ screw. Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician,
used arithmetic in the 7th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, for excavation
(volume) computations.

A. Civil Engineering in Modern Times

The beginnings of civil engineering as a separate discipline may be seen in
the foundation in France in 1716 of the Bridge and Highway Corps, out of which in 1747
grew the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (“National School of Bridges and
Highways”). Its teachers wrote books that became standard works on the mechanics of
materials, machines, and hydraulics, and leading British engineers learned French to read
them. As design and calculation replaced rule of thumb and empirical formulas, and as
expert knowledge was codified and formulated, the nonmilitary engineer moved to the front
of the stage. Talented, if often self-taught, craftsmen, stonemasons, millwrights, toolmakers,
and instrument makers became civil engineers. In Britain, James Brindley began as a
millwright and became the foremost canal builder of the century; John Rennie was a
millwright’s apprentice who eventually built the new London Bridge; Thomas Telford, a
stonemason, became Britain’s leading road builder.

John Smeaton, the first man to call himself a civil engineer, began as an instrument
maker. His design of Eddystone Lighthouse (1756–59), with its interlocking masonry, was
based on a craftsman’s experience. Smeaton’s work was backed by thorough research,
and his services were much in demand. In 1771 he founded the Society of Civil Engineers
(now known as the Smeatonian Society). Its object was to bring together experienced
engineers, entrepreneurs, and lawyers to promote the building of large public works, such
as canals (and later railways), and to secure the parliamentary powers necessary to execute
their schemes. Their meetings were held during parliamentary sessions; the society follows
this custom to this day.

The École Polytechnique was founded in Paris in 1794, and the Bauakademie was
started in Berlin in 1799, but no such schools existed in Great Britain for another two
decades. It was this lack of opportunity for scientific study and for the exchange of
experiences that led a group of young men in 1818 to found the Institution of Civil Engineers.
The founders were keen to learn from one another and from their elders, and in 1820 they
invited Thomas Telford, by then the dean of British civil engineers, to be their first president.
There were similar developments elsewhere. By the mid-19th century there were civil
engineering societies in many European countries and the United States, and the following
century produced similar institutions in almost every country in the world.

Formal education in engineering science became widely available as other countries

followed the lead of France and Germany. In Great Britain the universities, traditionally seats
 of classical learning, were reluctant to embrace the new disciplines. University College,
London, founded in 1826, provided a broad range of academic studies and offered a course
in mechanical philosophy. King’s College, London, first taught civil engineering in 1838, and
in 1840 Queen Victoria founded the first chair of civil engineering and mechanics at
the University of Glasgow, Scot. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, founded in 1824, offered
the first courses in civil engineering in the United States. The number of universities
throughout the world with engineering faculties, including civil engineering, increased
rapidly in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Civil engineering today is taught in universities
on every continent.

B. Educational and Institutional History of Civil Engineering

In the 18th century, the term civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things
civilian as opposed to military engineering. The first engineering school, The National
School of Bridges and Highways, France, was opened in 1747. The first self-proclaimed
civil engineer was John Smeaton who constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse. In 1771,
Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, a
group of leaders of the profession who met informally over dinner. Though there was
evidence of some technical meetings, it was little more than a social society.
In 1818, world’s first engineering society, the
Institution of Civil Engineers was founded in
London, and in 1820 the eminent engineer Thomas
Telford became its first president. The institution
received a Royal Charter in 1828, formally
recognizing civil engineering as a profession. Its
charter defined civil engineering as: “Civil
engineering is the application of physical and
scientific principles, and its history is intricately
linked to advances in understanding of physics and
mathematics throughout history. Because civil
engineering is a wide ranging profession, including
several separate specialized sub-disciplines, its history is linked to knowledge of structures,
material science, geography, geology, soil, hydrology, environment, mechanics and other
fields.”
The first private college to teach Civil Engineering in the United States was Norwich
University founded in 1819 by Captain Alden Partridge. The first degree in Civil Engineering
in the United States was awarded by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1835. The first
such degree to be awarded to a woman was granted by Cornell University to Nora Stanton
Blatch in 1905.
C. The History and Development of Civil Engineering and its Profession in the Philippines

During Spanish Time

The history of the architecture and civil engineering profession in the Philippines were
almost synonymous to each other. In more than three-and-a-half centuries of Spanish
subjugation, there were no Filipino civil engineers. Social prejudice constrained the
repressed indio builders to content themselves to be called mere Maestro de Obras (Master
Builders) even if they could design and build any type of structure that technology could
allow at that time. Master Builders as of today were equivalent to Construction Foreman.

Civil Engineering, as practiced in the Philippines during the Spanish era, was not by
virtue of an academic title. There were no civil engineering schools in the country at that
time and the only architects/engineers with academic degrees were Spaniards.

The walled city in Intramuros was established by

the Spaniards as a model community. The Friar
Architects/Engineers during that time were the ones
who built the government buildings, bridges, residential
and other structures, incorporated European
standards in engineering and architectural
installations.

During the 18th and 19th centuries, Filipino

engineers were assigned the task of maintaining,
The Walled City of Intramuros, Manila
repairing and/or remodelling infrastructure systems in
all 'pueblos' or towns including churches, convents and
government buildings.

Maestro de Obras were called by the Ilustrados or the elite group to build structures
in villas and mansions.

1571

Miguel Lopez de Legaspi founded the City of Manila on June 24, 1571

The Spaniards started building Fort Santiago (Fuerte de Santiago) after the
establishment of the city of Manila under Spanish rule on June 24, 1571.

1577

With the arrival of the Franciscan Order to Manila in 1577, they began with
construction of wood and cane churches that succumbed to natural catastrophes. In 1739
they constructed a stone church that was financed by the public charity and became one of
richest in Intramuros.

1586

Designed and built by Jesuit priest Antonio Sedeno from 1586 to 1587, it is one of the
oldest stone fortifications in Intramuros. Began as a circular fort called Nuestra Senora de
Guia. Renovated in 1593 to join the walls of the city. Fort fell in disrepair and, in 1644,
construction began for a new baluarte which was completed between 1653 and 1663.
Resembling an ace of spades, it housed a foundry during the 18th century.

The baluarte was breached by British forces with cannon fire in 1762. Restored and
strengthened after the British occupation but was damaged during the 1863 earthquake. It
was destroyed during the Battler of Manila in 1945. Restoration began in 1979 and
completed in 1992.

1599

St. Augustine Church is the oldest stone church in the Philippines. It was built in 1599:
however, it was also destroyed and rebuilt many times. It is an immense structure of thick
walls of Corinthian and Ionic designs.

1621

In 1621, Don Bernardino Castillo, a generous patron and a well-known devotee of St.
Sebastian. Patron of Archers, donated his lot, which is now the present site of the San
Sebastian Church. The original church, which was made of wood, was burned in 1851
during a Chinese uprising. The succeeding structures were destroyed twice by fire and an
earthquake in 1859. 1883. and 1880 respectively.

Father Esteban Martinez, the parish priest at that time, approached the Spanish
Architect Genero Palacios with a plan to build a fire and earthquake-resistant church made
entirely of steel. Ambeth Ocampo states that the present San Sebastian church was ordered
knockdown in steel parts from the Societe Anonyme des Enterprises de Travaux Publiques
in Brussels. Belgium.

Two Belgian engineers supervised the construction of the church. On June 12. 1888,
the first shipments of steel parts were brought to the Philippines. For two years, the church
was assembled with local artists and craftsmen joining the Belgian firm in applying the final
finishing touches on this new church of steel. The stained glass windows were imported
from the Henri Oidtmann Company, a German stained glass firm. The engineering
technique used in the construction of the church, including metal fixtures and the overall
structure, were from Gustave Eiffel, the creator of the Eiffel Tower. This was confirmed
when Chinese-American architect. I. M. Pei, visited the Philippines in the late 70's. He came
to confirm what he heard about Gustave Eiffel designing a steel church in Asia.

1632

Puente Grande was the first bridge to be erected across the grand Rio del Pasig. Built
in 1632, this wooden bridge connects Intramuros and Binondo together, making it easier
and relatively faster to travel from one end to the other. It underwent several reconstructions
and renovations as it was always heavily damaged by earthquakes. After the 1883
earthquake. Puente Grande was renamed to Puente de Espatia. The bridge was replaced
in 1875 widening its spans to masonry of six and two central houses. It can accommodate
both pedestrians and vehicles including horse or carabao drawn carts and carriages, and
tranvia. This bridge was replaced for the last time with a neo-classical design by Juan
Arellano in the 1930s and was called the Jones Bridge.

1645

Manila was hit by an earthquake and was reconstructed

1686
 Irrigation and Water System

The first artesian wells were built in Bells, Pampanga by Fr. Manuel Camanes. The
water system in Manila (now MWSS) had its beginning from the water works constructed
by Fr. Juan Peguero in 1686. The first irrigation system was constructed in Tanay, Rizal by
Fr. Jose Delgado.

(17th Century)

Cavite Friar Land Irrigation System is one of the oldest irrigation systems in the
Philippines. Sometimes in the 17th century, the Spanish period encomiendas or Spanish
Royal lands grants were implemented in Cavite. The priests were granted by the Spanish
King, portions of the agricultural land in Cavite. They subdivided the lands in to four estates
namely: Naic Estate. Santa Cruz de Malabon (Tanza) Estate, San Francisco de Malabon
(General Trias) Estate and Imus Estate, all of which are now popularly called as Cavite Friar
Lands.

1846

The Pasig River Light House was the first lighthouse (masonry-built) erected in the
Philippines. It was first lighted on 1846 and deactivated on 1992. It was then located on the
north jetty at the mouth of Pasig River, (San Nicolas, Manila) marking the entrance to the
river for vessels around Manila Bay, looking to dock on the ports along the banks of the
river in Manila.

A light station has been established on the site since 1642. The first lighthouse
structure was erected by the ruling Spanish government and lit on September 1. 1846. From
its location at the mouth of the historic river, which divides Manila into two sections, it was
a welcoming beacon for over a century to all mariners of inter-island vessels when bringing
their vessels up into the river for berthing along its busy wharves.

The lighthouse, which was known locally as Farola (Spanish for lighthouse") was one
of the most conspicuous landmarks in the harbor of Manila in the early part of the 20th
century. The building and later expansion of the Port of Manila, south of the light station and
subsequent land reclamations, has greatly altered the location of the lighthouse obscuring
it from the wide expanse of Manila Bay

The lighthouse was demolished in 1992 and was replaced with an architecturally
simpler lighthouse with the new tower built on the foundation of the old one. The Philippine
Coast Guard Station of Manila is located adjacent to the lighthouse and the community that
developed from the reclaimed lands is now known as 'Parole (Filipino for "lighthouse").

The present tower is a white conical concrete structure with a height of 46 feet (14.02
m) and a focal plane of 43 feet (13.11 m). The old tower was taller at 49 feet (14.94 m).
Lighthouses in the Philippines are maintained by the Philippine Coast Guard.

1852

Puente Colgante (which is the term for a suspension bridge in Spanish: literally.
hanging bridge) was the first suspension bridge built in Southeast Asia when it was started
in 1849 and completed in 1852. It was built and owned by Ynchausti y Compaiiia, the
business headed by Jose Joaquin de Ynchausti. He commissioned the design from Basque
engineer Mafias Menchacatorre. The bridge was first named Puente de Claveria, likely in
honor of the Governor-General of the Philippines Narciso Claveria, who served from 1844-
1849.

Puente Colgante was the first suspension bridge, not only the Philippines but in South
East Asia as well, and probably the first toll bridge of its kind in the Philippines, a precursor
of the modem Sky Way, albeit for pedestrian use only.

The suspension bridge measured 110 metres (360 ft) long and 7 metres (23 ft) wide,
and had two lanes that allowed passage of horses and carabao-drawn carriages. It was
also opened for pedestrians traveling on foot between Quiapo and Intramuros and nearby
areas.

In 1854 Ynchausti brought together the Ynchausti family holdings under the above
name. A Basque Spaniard born in Cadiz, de Ynchausti immigrated to the Philippines in the
second quarter of the nineteenth century and built a business empire. In 1889 Ynchausti y
Compaiiia was the largest company in the Philippines.

The 20th-century writer Nick Joaquin described the bridge as it was in the 1670s:
`Across the city's river now arched ... the amazing Puente Colgante, suspended in the air,
like a salute to the age of science and engineering. The Industrial Age found its expression
in the Philippines in the form of a bridge unparalleled throughout Asia."

Historians dispute local traditions that say the bridge was designed by Gustave Eiffel,
who designed the Eiffel Tower in Paris. (This is also asserted about the Puente de Ayala.)
They note the original bridge has been documented as designed by a Basque. (In addition.
the 1930s work was performed a decade after Eiffel died in 1923.)

1867

The project for public supply of fresh water to the city dates from the early 18th
century. Before this, the city had to be content with a fresh water supply based on cisterns.
In 1867, the town council decides to take on the challenge of a project to supply fresh water
to the whole of the city. In 1882 the first public water fountain gushed forth its waters, and
shortly after this, the technology of the times was successful in providing Manila with a fresh
water supply from sources up-river.

1868

It was in 1868 when the Bureau of Public Works and Highways (Obras Publicas) and
Bureau of Communications and Transportation (Communicationes y Meteologia) were
organized under a civil engineer known as 'Director General'.

1878-1918

The founding of Carriedo Waterworks

 Manila didn't get running water until 1878, when the municipal waterworks was
established by Governor Domingo Moriones, with money from a fund that by then had
become legendary as the Carriedo Legacy.

A 'public-spirited citizen." Don Francisco Carriedo y Peredo was a Basque from

Santander who during his life conferred immense benefits on the Philippines, having
migrated in the Philippines eady in the 18th century. One of his 'obras pias" (pious works),
was a legacy he left in his will for the building of a Manila water system. Though Sefior
Carriedo did not live long enough to see his legacy since he died in 1743. Manila was to be
without running water for more than a century longer. Thanks to Govemor Moriones who
acted on providing Manila with running water that the Carriedo Legacy was finally fulfilled.

1875

On June 25. 1875. King ALFONSO XII of Spain promulgates the Royal Decree
directing the Office of the Inspector of Public Works of the Philippines to submit a general
plan of railroad in Luzon

1876

The General Plan for Railways was drawn up in 1876 for the island of Luzon. and
included a network totalling 1.730 kilometers. A 192 Km stretch of track was constructed
between Manila and Dagupan. This operated a regular service as from 1892. The most
outstanding works carried out on the railway system were the bridge over the great
Pampanga River and the building of Tutuban Station. in the Tondo district.

The tremendous growth of the city of Manila led the administration to contemplate. in
1878. the setting up of a public transport network. Five tramway lines would link the city with
its outskirts.

1878

The concession for constructing five tramways in Manila and its suburbs was
approved. The plan included a main station at San Gabriel and the crossing of the river via
the "Puente de Espana"

1880

School for Maestro de Obras called Escuela Practica y Artes Oficios de Manila was
founded. Its first Filipino graduates were Julio Hernandez (1891). Isidro Medina (1894).
Arcadio Arellano (1894) and Juan Carreon (1896)

Puente de Convalecencia or better known as the Ayala Bridge was completed in

1880. Originally it is composed of two separate spans connected by the Isla de
Convalecencia. which is home to Hospisio de San Jose. dropping point for abandoned
babies. the bridge over this island was originally made of wooden arched trusses.

1883
 On November 1. 1883. the study of the first railroad project between Manila and
Dagupan done by Antonio dela Camara was approved

1887

On July 31. 1887. construction of the Manila-Dagupan railroad was started 1892 On
November 24. 1892. the entire line from Manila to Dagupan. with a total length of 195.4
kms. was completed and put into commercial operations

18th and 19th CENTURY

Road work in the Philippine Islands during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
under the Spanish regime. consisted in the opening of routes of communication throughout
the Islands. in a very thorough manner. and leaving a very valuable asset to the present
Government in the matter of the width of right of way. which was incorporated into the law
and became a part of the public domain. The location of these routes has been justified.
inasmuch. that few changes have been made in the general alignment. except when new
sections have opened up and a change in location justified. Grades have been improved
and method of construction changed. The right of way. as established by law. has made
possible the construction methods of to-day. The use of broken stone or gravel on road
work seems not to have been practiced by the Spaniard. as little evidence is found to
promulgate this berief.

Two types of construction under Spanish regime were practiced: First. pavement of
cut Spanish road. Cut adobe stone pavement. Stone. This was usually of the adobe quality.
probably used because it is easily quarried. cut. and handled. the size used called
"ordinario" 20 by 20 centimeters and 50 centimeters long. This makes a very smooth and
pretty pavement. but. where an ordinary amount of traffic is encountered. wears very rapidly.
Had a hard stone been used. the result would have been of a permanent nature.

Second. Spanish road. rubble-stone pavement cobblestones. The pavement of

cobblestone consisted of boulders probably taken from river beds varying in size from 10 to
30 centimeters in diameter. This type was very durable and lasting. so long as the individual
stones retained their position in a bed of earth. Owing to the size used there was no bond.
and stones were easily displaced. unless covered with earth. sand. or gravel. This pavement
was very rough and. had a second or top course of small gravel been used and bound
together with a binding material. would have been in use to-day. Attention is often called to
the good roads that existed during the Spanish regime.

First Philippine Republic (Aguinaldo)

1898

The Organic Decree issued by Gen. Emilio Aquinaldo establishing the Philippine
Revolutionary Government created four (4) government departments among which was the
Department of War and Public Works.

In 1896. after four (4) centuries of Spanish colonization. our Filipino forebears started
the revolutionary movement and the struggle to gain freedom began. On June 12. 1898.
Gem Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippine Independence in Kawit. Cavite. The Organic
Decree of the Philippine Revolutionary Government on June 23. 1898 issued by Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo provided for the creation of four (4) Departments in the government. one of which
was the DEPARTMENT OF WAR AND PUBLIC WORKS.

Though once included in the Department of War. now Department of National

Defense. its functions as builder and maintainer of roads. bridges and other public works
structures are inherent in the present Department_ The inclusion of public works in the War
and Department can be explained by the exigencies of the revolutionary period. The
construction of fortifications and trenches was needed in the cause for freedom which our
heroes had fought for.

When Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States in 1898. the public works and
activities were placed under the U.S. Army engineers. 1899 The Malolos Constitution was
ratified during a general assembly of Congress. and the first Council of Government of the
First Philippine Republic was created.

1899

The Malolos Constitution was ratified during a general assembly of Congree and the
first Council of Government of the First Philippinr Repyblic was created.

From January 21. 1899 to May 7. 1899. with Apolinario Mabini as President of the
Cabinet (i.e. Prime Minister). Gracio Gonzaga served as the Secretary of Public Welfare.
which included the transportation and communications portfolio.

When Mabini was replaced by Pedro Paterno as President of the Cabinet. among the
seven departments set up was the Communicaciones y Obras Publicas (i.e. the
Communications and Public Works Department). Maximo Patemo was appointed as
Secretary of Public Works and Communications. Since then. Public Works. Transportation.
and Communications have been grouped into one department.

During American Regime

The coming of the Americans brought about drastic changes in our engineering
culture. The new colonizers pursued -benevolent' policies that focused on English
education. public health. free enterprise. and representative governance thus bringing with
them were military engineers. Thomasite teachers. doctors and evangelist.

Under the civil government established in July. 1901. such 'assimilation" manifested
itself physically in the form of infrastructures. Highways. bridges. schools. hospitals. and
government buildings steadily transformed the Philippine landscape.

1899

In his letter dated January 4. 1899 to Filipinos. US Major-General Elwell S. Otis. the
Military Governor of the Philippines. announced US President William McKinley's
instructions for the islands' Benevolent Assimilation. The instructions stated that the
management of public property and revenue. and the use of all public means of
transportation. were to be conducted by the military authorities (i.e. by the US Army) until
such time that they would be transferred back to civilian authority. Thus. the Bureau of
Engineering was placed under the supervision of American military engineers. The ports
were opened to commerce for all foreign nations.

1900

Foundation of the Liceo de Manila. a private institution offering academic course for
maestro de obras and headed by Leon Ma. Guerrero. The first private school to offer an
academic title for Maestro de Obras. (the forerunner of formal education in
architecture/engineering)

The introduction of reinforced concrete in the Philippines was in the 1900s and its use
in the construction of the Masonic Temple (Grand Lodge of the Philippines). the first multi-
structure in Escotta. Manila.

On April 20. 1900. the US military authorities returned the railroad to its owner

Early 1900's

Transportation in the Philippines was depended largely on trails. waterways. railroad.

earth roads and partially-gravelled roads. Highway in the Philippines at that time is nothing
more than a dream to most Filipinos. The US government initiated the development of
roadways in the Philippines connecting towns. cities and provinces. The popular Macadam
road type was introduced. It gained acceptance because of abundant supply of stones and
gravel.

1901

By virtue of Act No. 83 passed by the Philippine Commission on February 6. 1901.

public works and projects were placed under the Provincial Supervisions'.

The 1901 municipal code (February 6. 1901) provided for popularly elected municipal
board members who were responsible for collecting taxes. maintaining municipal
properties. and undertaking necessary construction projects.

1902

The first professional association of architecture and surveyors was born on

September 14. 1902 with the creation of the Academia de Arquitectura y Agrimensura de
Filipinas (AAAF).

Bureau of Engineering and Construction of Public Works and Bureau of Architecture

and Construction of Public Buildings - were created by Act Numbers 222 and 268 of the
Philippine Commission and placed under The Department of Commerce and Police
 The Philippine Commission passed Act Nos. 222 and 268 creating the Department of
Commerce and Police which gave birth to the Bureau of Engineering and Construction of
public works and the Bureau of Architecture and Construction of public buildings.

The Philippine Bill of 1902 (July 1. 1902) or the Philippine Organic Act authorized the
Government of the Philippine Islands to provide for the needs of commerce. This includes
improving harbours. constructing maintaining bonded warehouses. wharves. piers. light-
houses. signal and life-saving stations. buoys. and like instruments of commerce. as well
as to adopt and enforce regulations. (The US Congress authorizes the Philippine
Government to grant franchise and concession for the construction of public utilities and
services)

On December 8, 1902, the first Railroad Legislation Act (Philippine Commission Act
No. 554) was passed granting the Manila Railroad Company (MRRCo) the right to construct
branch lines

1903

AAFF changed the name of association to Academia de Arquitectura. Ingeniera y

Agrimensura de Filipinas (AIAAF) — including civil engineers and surveyors

But everything was confused and disorganized under our tolerant new masters. Even
in government. it took several years before the Philippine commission could buckle down to
work and create the first Philippine assembly.

1904

The above-mentioned Academia merged with the Liceo and established the Escuela
de Ingeniera y Arquitectura, which offered a five-year course in architecture and civil
engineering.

1905

The Escuela ceased to operate after its first year of inception. The Bureau of Public
Works was created and placed under Department of Commerce and Police on October 26,
1905

Act No. 1401 of the Philippine Commission passed on October 4, 1905, abolished
engineering districts and positions of district engineers. On October 26 of the same year.
however, by virtue of a Reorganization Act. the Bureau of Public Works was created and
placed under the Department of Commerce and Police. Along with the economic growth of
the country was the need for a more extensive road network that would penetrate the rural
areas. In order to achieve that end, provincial boards were created in 1907 with authority to
collect double cedula taxes to finance the construction of provincial roads and bridges. In
addition, the national government appropriated P1,700,000 as aid to such constructions.

1906
 On July 7. 1906, Philippine Commission Act No. 1510 was enacted giving the
concession of the railway to Speyer and Co. with Mr. Horace Higgins as General Manager

1907

The Faculty of Engineering of the University of Santo Tomas (UST) is the oldest
engineering school in the Philippines. It was established on May 18, 1907, as School of Civil
Engineering with one program offering leading to the degree of Master of Science in Civil
Engineering (MSCE). From faculty records, it appeals that it was only in 1912 when the
earliest batch of students was conferred their MSCE degrees.

Don Ramon Irureta-Goyena headed the UST-COE. During the early years of U.S.
occupation, most of the civil engineers in our country came from America. The College was
patterned after the University of Havana in Cuba and was fast set up at the second floor of
the old UST building in Intramuros.

1908

The above-named Escuela was reorganized and reopened its doors to students but
this time offered a three-year course for architecture, civil engineering and electrical
engineering.

1909

Wawa Dam (also known as Montalban Dam) is a gravity dam constructed over the
Marikina River in the municipality of Rodriguez in Rizal province. Philippines. The slightly
arched dam is situated in the 360-metre (1,180 ft) high Montalban Gorge or Wawa Gorge,
a water gap in the Sierra Madre Mountains, and east of Manila. It was built in 1909 during
the American colonial era to provide the water needs for Metro Manila. It used to be the only
source of water for Manila until Angat Dam was built and Wawa was abandoned. Due to
insufficiency of water supply for Metro Manila, there was a strong clamor to reuse the dam.

1910

The Board of Regents of the University of the Philippines. in a resolution passed on

June 3. 1910, appointed Mr. W.J. Colbert as acting Dean of the College of Engineering. His
appointment was set to effect on June 13. 1910 thereby creating the College of Engineering.
Dean Colbert was authorized to prepare the curriculum and select the necessary teaching
personnel for the new course. Initially, a four-year course leading to the degree of Bachelor
of Science with an additional degree of Civil Engineer upon completion of an extra year of
study was approved. The first instructor to be appointed was Mr. Jose P. Katigbak of the
City Engineer's Office of Manila, as instructor in graphics (drawing) on a part-time basis.

The first appearance of motor vehicles in the Philippine highways in 1910. Roads and
bridges had to be kept in good condition at all times. Naturally. there was a need for funds
to keep the roads passable the whole year round.

1911
 In 1911. the AIAAF was dissolved when the civil engineers (and other engineering
profession) withdrew to form their own professional organization (The Philippine Society of
Engineers), but not before it has struggled for the passage of an Engineers and Architects
Law.

1912

The Escuela was closed.

The Irrigation Act of 1912: Under the American regime, the government initiated
policies to stimulate national economic growth through irrigation development. The Irrigation
Division under the Bureau of Public Works (BPW) was established in 1908 (the friar lands
were sold to govt. which in turn were sold to the tenants in 1902). The Irrigation Act was
passed in 1912. This regulated the appropriation of public waters, investigation,
construction, operation and maintenance of irrigation systems. It also regulated the
appropriation of public waters, prescribed rules on water rights and provided for the securing
of payments for irrigation services from the beneficiaries.

1913

The first NIS, the San Miguel River Irrigation System in Tarlac with a service area of
6000 hectares was inaugurated in 1913. During World War I. all appropriations for irrigation
was withdrawn and the Irrigation Division was downgraded to a section in the Design
Division of the BPW. Through legislative Act No. 2562, financial assistance was given to
existing private irrigation systems covering a minimum of 25 ha., through duly organized
corporations or associations of landowners.

1914

Communal irrigation systems (CIS) were simple structures. The earliest on record is
as far back as 1914, mostly located in the Ilocos area of northern Philippines and known as
the zanjera. The term zanjera is derived from the Spanish term for turnout and used locally
to refer to a co-operative irrigation society the function of which was to secure a stable and
reliable supply of water for its members. Most zanjeras may have two or more sittios or
barrios. Membership may comprise of all land owner or tenants or a combination of both.
Water from these systems were usually obtained from river diversions by bamboo and rock
structures-the brush dam." Being temporary structures, the community was brought
together in its reconstruction on a regular basis. Different zanjeras may share a single main
or diversion dam. In this case, necessary social adaptations were made to settle conflicts
between individuals or groups. The construction, repair and maintenance costs of the
physical system were shared by all the members through contributions in materials or labor.

1916

On February 4, 1916. By authority of Philippine Legislature Act No. 2574, former

Governor General Harrison negotiates the acquisition of the MRRCo by the Philippine
Government

The Reorganization Act 2666 as amended by Act No. 2803 dated November 18. 1916
gave birth to the Department of Commerce and Communications (Department of
Commerce and Police transformed to The Department of Commerce and Communications),
consisting of the Bureau of Commerce and Industry. Bureau of Supply. Bureau of Public
Works. Bureau of Posts. Bureau of Labor and Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey.

To raise such needed funds, motor vehicles and drivers plying the highways were
required to register with fee in 1921. To keep pace with further development in
transportation and communications, the Department of Commerce and Police was
transformed into the Department of Commerce and Communications under Reorganization
Act No. 2666 of 1916.

18 January 1917 - 03 October 1922

When the first cabinet comprised of Filipinos was organized. Gov. Gen. Francis. B.
Harrison appointed Cebu governor Dionisio Jakosalem as Secretary of Commerce and
Communication. The construction of roads and public buildings marked his administration
as governor of Cebu. He is credited with having linked the southern and northern parts of
the province with roads.

1919 —1954

Metropolitan Water District was founded 1921

The Engineers and Architects Law (Act No. 2985) passed on February 23. 1921. The
law created separate Board of Examiners for civil engineering and architecture. They were
schooled abroad as civil engineers and architects. Due to the Engineers and Architects Law
of 1921. Filipinos were allowed to practice as Architects and Engineers because of their
experience as Maestro de Obras in the Spanish Period.

Public Act No. 2985 was enacted empowering the Secretary of Commerce and
Communication to appoint members of the boards of the architecture and engineering
professions. The Act, which contained very general provisions on the regulation of
engineering and architecture, was later amended by Acts No. 3159 and 3182.

1928

A group of civil engineers from the government sector formed the Philippine Society
of Civil Engineers (PSCE) which was the first civil engineering organization in the
Philippines with Engr. Marcia! Kasilag as its first president.

Engr. Kasilag thereupon received the honor of holding PRC Registration Number 1
for Civil Engineers. He then occupied a high-ranking position in the government and the
early members of PSCE were government engineers. There were relatively few civil
engineers in private practice during that time as most of the early graduates were readily
engaged by the various government agencies.

1930's
 Puente Colgante Bridge was replaced by a modern steel arch bridge during early
1930's. It was renamed Quezon Bridge after Manuel L Quezon, the president of the
Philippines at that time.

1931

Department of Commerce and Communications renamed as the Department of Public

Works and Communications

More development for the Department took place in 1931 when the Philippine
Legislature passed on May 1 of that year Act No. 4007, renaming the Department of
Commerce and Communications as Department of Public Works and Communications.
This Ac, however, did not state the proper composition and functions of the DPWC.

Commonwealth Government

1935

On August 2. 1935. Act Number 4211 was enacted — permitting under-aged persons
to take the board exam on condition that they will not practice their profession until they
attained the required age of 21.

During the inauguration of the Commonwealth Government on November 15. 1935.

a reorganization of the DPWC was undertaken. Under the set up. it was composed of the
Bureau of Public Works. Ports. Aeronautics. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Metropolitan
Water District Division of Marine. Railway and Repair Shop. National Radio Broadcasting.
Irrigation Council and Board of Examiners for Civil. Mechanical. Chemical and Mining
Engineers.

1937

The Philippine Association of Civil Engineers (PACE) was formed from a group of civil
engineers in the private sector with Engr. Enrique Sto. Tomas Cortes as its first president

The objectives of both organizations were similar with each other in which both of
them wants to: "elevate the standards of the profession, encourage research and
engineering knowledge and technology, foster fellowship among members, and promote
interrelation with other technological and scientific societies".

The PACE being the most active than the PSCE led to the transfer of many PSCE
members to PACE.

1938

In 1938, statutes for practice of architecture from engineering separated by law —

National Assembly Bill No. 1850

On January 31. 1938, the first Bicol train was put into operation
 On May 8. 1938, the unified system of railroad from San Fernando. La Union in the
North to Legazpi in the South was formally inaugurated

1940

Highway 54 was the former name of the Epifanio delos Santos Avenue (EDSA).
Stretching some 54 kilometers. Highway 54 serves as a lifeline for hundreds of thousands
of Filipinos passing or doing business in Metro Manila.

It formed a major part of the circumferential roads in Metro Manila. From the south. it
passes through five cities Pasay. Makati. Mandaluyong. Quezon City, and Caloocan. Its
southem endpoint is at the rotunda near the SM Mall of Asia in Pasay City while its northern
point is at Monumento in Caloocan City near the Andres Bonifacio monument.

When the avenue was constructed in 1940 by engineers led by Florencio Moreno and
Osmundo L. Monsod. it was first named as North and South Circumferential Road. But at
the end of World War II, the American occupiers changed the name to Highway 54.

But in 1959, by virtue of Republic Act 2140, the highway was renamed in honor of
Epifanio de los Santos, a famous statesman of the province of Rizal.

During Japanese Occupation (World War II)

1941

The tides of war in the Pacific came in December 1941 and thereby interrupted the
normal operations of the schools and colleges. By order of the President of the Philippines,
all schools were closed. When the Japanese forces entered Manila in January 1942, they
occupied the College/School buildings.

In 1941, outbreak of World War II, the Department of Public Works and
Communications (DPWC) and other government offices were practically abolished due to
dislocation of manpower, lack of funds, materials and equipment, installation of enemy
administration and the setting up of resistance movement.

24 December 1941 to 01 August 1944

During the Japanese occupation, the exiled Commonwealth government of President

Manuel Quezon issued Executive Order 396, which reorganized and grouped the cabinet.
The Department of Public Works and Communication became the Department of National
Defense. Public Works. Communications and Labor with Basilio Valdes as Secretary.

1942

On Philippine soil, to mitigate the sufferings of the people under the iron-clad rule of
the Japanese, the Philippine Executive Commission was established. Under President Jose
P. Laurel's administration. Quintin Paredes served as Minister of Public Works and
Communications.
 Caliraya Dam is an embankment dam located in the town of Lumban province of
Laguna, in the Sierra Madre Mountain Range of the Philippines. The reservoir created by
the dam. Lake Caliraya, initially supplied one of the oldest hydroelectric plants in the
Philippines, and later became a popular recreational area for numerous water sports and
fishing. The dam construction was started in 1939 and a small hydroelectric plant was
operated in 1942.

Continuation of Commonwealth Government (After the War)

After the Second World War, the new independent Philippine government continued
the rehabilitation and construction of roads, bridges, buildings and other infrastructures,
through the reparations and war damages paid by the Japanese government. Other
financial grants and aids received from the US government were used in the construction
and rehabilitation of roads, bridges, buildings and other infrastructures.

1944

President Sergio Osmena issued Executive Order 15-W on August 8. 1944

reorganizing and consolidating the Executive Departments of the Commonwealth
government with Secretary Basilio Valdes as Secretary of National Defense and
Communications.

1945

The reorganization of the government after it was re-established on Philippine soil

was undertaken with Executive Order No. 27 on February 27. The Department of National
Defense and Communications was again named Department of Public Works and
Communications.

08 March 1945-1946

Justice Sotero Cabahug replaced Secretary Valdes as Secretary of Public Works and
Communications.

Third Republic

1946

Resuming its operation in 1946, the Department of Public Works and Communications
(DPWC) started with limited human resources, funds, materials and equipment. An office of
the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads was set up to cooperate with the Philippine Bureau of
Public Works in implementing the highway program as authorized by the Philippine
Rehabilitation Act of 1946.

1946 -1948

Ricardo Nepumoceno served as Secretary of Public Works and Communications

under the administration of President Manuel Roxas, lie continued to do so under the
administration of President Elpidio Quirino.
1947

The authority of the Department of Public Works and Communications was further
expanded when, in 1947, the Motor Vehicles Office was placed under its direct supervision.

1948

The country's premiere airport. Manila International Airport Authority was originally a
US Air Force base until 1948, when it was turned over to the Philippine government's
National Airport Corporation. The fledgling civil aviation airport's facilities were nothing more
than the current domestic runway and a small building as its only passenger terminal.

1949 Laws separating statutes between architects and engineers passed 1950's. The
momentum to rebuild from the ashes of WWII and replace destroyed public edifices and
utilities made the 1950s an eventful decade for the construction industry.

1950 — 1956

The Ambuklao dam was the highest and biggest in the Far East. It is made of earth
and rockfull which measures 129 meters in height and 452 meters in length. The elevation
of its crest is 758 meters and the roadway that runs through the top of the dam has an
elevation of 756 meters. There are 8 Tainter radial gates at the clam's spillway. Each
spillway measures 12.5 meters by 12.5 meters and is 127 meters in length. The gross
storage capacity of the dam's reservoir is 327,170,000 cubic meters and it has a usable
storage capacity of 258,000,000 cubic meters. The drainage area is 686 square kilometers
and is 11 km long with a maximum width of 1 km. Construction began on July 1950 and
opened on December 23, 1956.

1950

On June 17, 1950, the Architects (Philippine Institute of Architects) prepared and
lobbied the passing of the first Architect's law (RA 545) while the Civil Engineers (Philippine
Association of Civil Engineers), the Civil Engineering law (RA 544, through the efforts of
PACE President Alberto Guevarra) was also passed the same year. They jointly celebrated
the passing of their respective laws at the Manila Hotel Winter Garden.

1951

Department of Public Works and Communications (DPWC) was reconstituted as The

Department of Public Works, Transportation and Communications (DPWTC)

President Elpidio Quirino under Executive Order No. 392 in 1951, the DPWC was
again reconstituted to Department of Public Works. Transportation and Communications
(DPWTC) to include the Bureaus of Public Works. Posts. Telecommunications. Motor
Vehicles Office, Irrigation Council. Flood Control Commission. Radio Control Board,
National Transportation Board and Government Quarters Committee.

Taking cognizance of the social impact of the road network to national growth, the
Philippine Highway Act of 1953 or Republic Act No. 917 providing for an effective highway
administration modified apportionment of highway funds and gave aid to provinces and
cities for the improvement and maintenance of roads and bridges.

In relation to road and bridge construction and maintenance, the Bureau of Public
Highways was created in 1954 by virtue of the Republic Act No. 1192 and placed under the
Department of Public Works, Transportation and Communications. This Act provided for a
more effective management of the Philippine Highways under a Commissioner. Active plans
& programs were formulated & implemented.

With the abolition of National Airport Corporation in 1951, ownership and

management of the airport fell to the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CM) under the
Department of Commerce & Industry. In 1956, the CAA was transferred to the Department
of Public Works, Transportation & Communications.

1954

Bureau of Public Highways (BPH) was created and placed under The Department of
Public Works, Transportation and Communications (DPWTC)

R.A. No. 1192, AN ACT TO CREATE THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC HIGHWAYS,

ABOLISHING THE DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS OF THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC WORKS
Approved, August 25, 1954.

R.A. No. 1080 was enacted on June 15, 1954 — making bar and board exam
(passers) are equivalent to First-Grade Civil Service eligibility.

1955

REPUBLIC ACT No. 1383 was approved on June 18. 1955 "AN ACT CREATING A
PUBLIC CORPORATION TO BE KNOWN AS THE NATIONAL WATERWORKS AND
SEWERAGE AUTHORITY'

The first road classification system in the country was established through Republic
Act No. 917, known as the Philippine Highway Act, enacted in 1953 and Executive Order
113, series of 1955 which classified roads into national roads (national primary and national
secondary), 'national aid' roads (roads of sufficient importance for eventual reclassification
at a later stage) and provincial/city/municipal/barangay roads.

1955 -1970

National Waterworks and Sewerage System Authority (NAWASA) was created

through RA 1383

1956

On June 16. 1956, the Civil Engineering law was further amended by Republic Act
No. 1582. On the same year, the Architecture law was further amended by Republic Act
No. 1581.
 Ambuklao Dam is part of a hydroelectric facility in Brgy. Ambuklao. Bokod. Benguet
province in the Philippines. The development of the Agno River for purposes of hydroelectric
power generation, flood control, and irrigation had been conceived as eady as the late
1940s. Preliminary investigations for development at Ambuklao and Binga Dam sites were
undertaken as early as January 1948. With maximum water storage capacity of
327.170.000 cubic metres (265.240 acre•ft), the facility, which is located 36 km (22 mi) from
Baguio city, can produce up to 105 megawatts of electricity to Luzon grid. The main source
of water comes from the Agno River which originates from Mt. Data.

Ambuklao Dam bagan its construction on July 1950 and opened on December 23.
1956.

1957

Agusan Dam started construction on May 1956 and it opened on December 29. 1957.

1960's

Philippines had created one of the top countries in the world that produces architects
and engineers since the 60's

Private and infrastructure developments were not in existence in the country to make
use of these new architects and engineers

Shortage of projects in the country have resulted to an influx of Filipino architects and
engineers migration to the US and Europe which started in the 60's

Inexpensive labor and be able to communicate in English of these Filipino

professionals made them attractive to be hired by these developed countries

Due to their proficiency in English (compared to other immigrants). Filipino

architects/engineers have successfully assimilated in the political and economic structure
in their host country

Many architects and engineers have established their own firms and/or had 'broken
the ceiling" within their firms

Due to their numbers. Filipino architects and engineers globally have formed their own
groups and made alliances with other Filipino associations

Many Filipino architects and engineers in the Philippines have found contract work
overseas

The North Luzon Expressway (NLE or NLEx), and which is formerly called the North
Diversion Road and Manila North Expressway (MNEX), and officially known as Radial Road
8 is a 2 to 8-lane limited-access toll expressway that connects Metro Manila to the provinces
of the Central Luzon region in the Philippines. It is one of the two branches of the Radial
Road 8 (R-8) of Metro Manila (Quirino Highway is the other). It was built in the 1960s.
 The North Luzon Expressway (NLE or NLEx), and which is formerly called the North
Diversion Road and Manila North Expressway (MNEX), and officially known as Radial Road
8 is a 2 to 8-lane limited-access toll expressway that connects Metro Manila to the provinces
of the Central Luzon region in the Philippines. It is one of the two branches of the Radial
Road 8 (R-8) of Metro Manila (Quirino Highway is the other). It was built in the 1960s.

The expressway begins in Quezon City at a cloverleaf interchange with EDSA: a

continuation of Andres Bonifacio Avenue. It then passes through Quezon City. Caloocan,
and Valenzuela in Metro Manila. Meycauayan. Marilao. Bocaue. Balagtas. Guiguinto.
Malolos. Plaridel, and Pulilan in Bulacan. San Simon. San Fernando. Mexico and Angeles
in Pampanga. The expressway currently ends at Mabalacat and merges with the MacArthur
Highway, which continues northward into the rest of Central and Northern Luzon.

Presently, it was maintained by Tol!ways Management Corporation with a total length

of 84 km

1960-1980's

The automobile age. It was during the decade that road construction becomes a
matter of priority of the government under the slogan: This nation is on Wheels."

1960

Binga Dam is a dam connected to a hydroelectric power plant situated at Barrio Binga.
Barangay Tinongdan in Itogon. Benguet. Philippines. The plant was constructed in 1956
and was opened in 1960, three years after Ambuklao Dam was opened. It is located 31 km
southeast of Baguio City and 19 km downstream of Ambuklao Dam. Improvement of the
dam is on-going for it had received heavy damage during the 1990 Luzon earthquake, and
its installed capacity of 100 MW is being upgraded to 120 MW.

In 1960, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures prepared a system of

units designated the 'Systeme Internationale d' Unites' with the abbreviation SI for
worldwide adoption. It has been adopted and used by most of the over 160 countries in the
world, with the exception of Borneo, the Sultanate of Brunei, Liberia and notably the United
States.

1961

The first thirteen years of the airport were marked by the building of infrastructure
dedicated to international flights. The international runway and associated taxiway were
built in 1953, and 1961 saw the completion of a control tower and a terminal building for the
exclusive use of international passengers at the southwest intersection of the runways. This
system came to be officially known as the Manila International Airport (MIA).

The Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP) was founded.

1961-1967
 Angat Dam located at Norzagaray. Bulacan started its construction on November
1961 and opened on October 16. 1967 with height of 131 meters, length of 568 meters and
base width of 550 meters. The source of darn is the Angat River, with a capacity of 850
million cubic meters

1963

REPUBLIC ACT No. 3597 was approved on June 22. 1963 (NAWASA Act)

AN ACT AMENDING CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED

THIRTEEN HUNDRED EIGHTY-THREE. ENTITLED "AN ACT CREATING A PUBLIC
CORPORATION TO BE KNOWN AS THE NATIONAL WATERWORKS AND SEWERAGE
AUTHORITY'

The National Irrigation Administration is a government-owned and controlled

corporation tasked with the development and operation of Irrigation Systems all over the
country. It was created under RA 3601 which was signed on June 22. 1963 by then
President Diosdado P. Macapagal.

Its forerunner was the Irrigation Division of the defunct Bureau of Public Works. By
virtue of Presidential Decree (PD) No. 1 issued by President Ferdinand Marcos, all irrigation
activities were integrated under the NIA. The Agency's power was likewise broadened and
capitalization increased from P300 M to 2 B by the issuance of PD 552 on September 11.
1072. Capitalization was further increased to P10 B under PD 1702 on July 17. 1980.

NIA absorbed the functions of the Irrigation Division of the Bureau of Public Works
and the Irrigation Unit of the Bureau of Lands and Friar Lands Irrigation System. This hybrid
nature of MA enabled it to use funds from the government treasury for constructing and
rehabilitating irrigation systems, the underlying premise being that irrigation benefited not
only the farmers, but the broader society as well.

1964

On June 20. 1964. Republic Act No. 4156 is enacted. It changes the corporate name
of Manila Railroad Company (MRRCo) to Philippine National Railways (PNR)

1965

R.A No. 4566 was enacted on June 19. 1965 — regulating constructions or The
Contractor's License Law'

1967

Angat Dam is a concrete water reservoir embankment hydroelectric dam that supplies
the Manila metropolitan area water. It was a part of the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system.
The reservoir supplies about 90 percent of raw water requirements for Metro Manila through
the facilities of the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System and it irrigates about
28.000 hectares of farmland in the provinces of Bulacan and Pampanga. Construction
began on November 1961 and it opened on October 16. 1967.
 R.A. No. 5181 was enacted on September 8. 1967 — requiring residence and
reciprocity in the exercise of professions by aliens.

During Martial Law (Marcos Era)

1965-1973 President Ferdinand Marcos appointed Manuel Syquio as Acting

Secretary of Public Works and Communications.

1970's

The 70's is commonly known as the Martial Law years. Declared in 1972. the first few
years of its implementation brought about good things to our country. But its later years
proved to be the most trying times of our country. Incidentally. the construction industry in
the Middle East was at its peak and civil engineers and architects were in demand.

In the early 1970's, there were already 591 national and municipal ports plus 200
private ports scattered all over the country necessitating the need for long-range planning
and rationalization of port development.

1971 - 1997

On 19 June 1971. Republic Act 6234 was enacted. It dissolved the National
Waterworks and Sewerage System (NAWASA) and created in its place the Metropolitan
Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS). MWSS was thus given the mandate 'to ensure
an uninterrupted and adequate supply and distribution of potable water for domestic and
other purposes at just and equitable rates? The proper operation and maintenance of
sewerage systems was likewise part of its mandate.

1971

On August 20. 1971. Republic Act No. 6366 was passed amending the PNR Charter

1972

PACE President Engr. Cesar A. Caliwara, exerted a serious effort in merging the two
organizations. Leaders of PACE and PSCE negotiated, and talked about the choice of
name. Some concerns were raised such as formal accounting and turnover of assets and
liabilities, accreditation of bonafide members and election rules for the first officers which
were sooner resolved.

1973

On June 1973. President Ferdinand E. Marcos issued Presidential Decree 223,

creating the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) regulating all professions and
accrediting only one organization to represent each profession.

On December 11, 1973, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued
Registration Certificate No.53896 to the PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS.
INC. (PICE). This was the culmination and fulfilment of a vision to merge two separate
organizations of civil engineers in the country, the Philippine Society of Civil Engineers
(PSCE) and the Philippine Association of Civil Engineers (PACE).

Presidential Decree No. 198, also known as The Provincial Water Utilities Act of 1973.'
was signed into law on May 25, 1973. That law created the Local Water Utilities
Administration or LWUA in the national level and provided for the establishment of Water
Districts in provincial cities and municipalities.

A feasibility study and airport master plan was drawn up in 1973 by Airways
Engineering Corporation. The detailed engineering design of the new MIA Development
Project (MIADP) was undertaken by Renardet-Saufiaransplan/F.F. Cruz Consultants while
the design of the International Passenger Terminal building was prepared by Architect L.V.
Locsin & Associates. A USS29.6 Million loan was arranged with the Asian Development
Bank (ADB) to finance the project.

1974

On February 1974, the first election of officers of PICE was held and Engr. Cesar
Caliwara became its first president. In order to truly unite the civil engineers of the
Philippines, provincial chapters were organized.

Bureau of Public Highways (BPH) was expanded as The Department of Public

Highways (DPH)

The former Bureau of Public Highways was expanded and restructured into the
Department of Public Highways (DPH) for a more effective administration of the country's
highway system through Administrative Order No. 2, dated July 1, 1974.

1975

The first International convention was held in the Philippines on May 20 to 24. 1975
with the theme 'Civil Engineering in Disaster Prevention Control." (Philippine Institute of Civil
Engineers)

On August 13. 1975, the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) recognized the
PICE as the only official organization of civil engineers in the Philippines with Accreditation
No. 007

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 693 (Construction of Magat Dam) was enacted on May
7. 1975

PD No. 693 - Authorizing the Construction of the Magat River Multi-Purpose Project
in Isabela. Providing for the Financing Thereof, and for Other Purposes.

National Housing Authority (NHA) was created under PD 757 to oversee housing
development on a national level.

The Philippine Ports Authority was created under Presidential Decree No. 505 which
was subsequently amended by P.D. No. 857 in December 1975.
 In 1975. President Ferdinand Marcos, by a Presidential Decree, the System
International (SI) system of units was mandated in the Philippines

1976

With the shift in the form of government, national agencies were renamed from
Departments to Ministries. In 1976. Department of Public Works. Transportation and
Communications (DPWTC) became Ministry of Public Works. Transportation and
Communications (MPWTC) & Department of Public Highways (DPH) as Ministry of Public
Highways (MPH).

In 1976, the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) was created through the
National Water Code of the Philippines Mater Code of the Philippines) to coordinate policies
concerning water resources.

1977

PD 1096, otherwise known as the National Building Code of the Philippines (the
'NBCP") signed by then Pres. Ferdinand Marcos on 19 February 1977 and its Implementing
Rules and Regulations ('IRR'):

Pantabangan Dam is an earth-fill embankment dam on the Pampanga River located

in Pantabangan in Nueva Ecija province of the Philippines. The multi-purpose dam provides
water for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation while its reservoir. Pantabangan
Lake, affords flood control. The reservoir is considered one of the largest in Southeast Asia
and also one of the cleanest in the Philippines. Construction on the dam began in 1971 and
it was completed in 1977.

In May 1969, the Congress of the Philippines authorized the development of the
Pampanga Basin with Republic Act No. 5499. In October of that year, detailed studies of
the Pantabangan site were carried out and lasted two years. By June 11. 1971.
Pantabangan was an old town of around 300 years old. President Ferdinand Marcos and
many others arrived for a ground breaking ceremony in Palayupay. Pantabangan. Nueva
Ecija, to signal the beginning of the construction of Pantabangan Dam. The dam went into
operation in February 1977 and was completed later in May. Approximately 1.300 people
were relocated from the dam's reservoir zone.

1978

Under the 1973 Constitution, a Parliamentary Form of governance was established

and departments were renamed into ministries establishing the formal ministry system.
Hence, the Department of Public Works and Communications became the Ministry of Public
Works. Transportation and Communications (MPWTC).

The National Engineering Center (NEC) was established as per P.D. No. 1295. It is
an agency supported by the National Government and by the UNDP. The NEC will be an
umbrella body under which the non-teaching activities of the college will be administered.
These units include: The National Hydraulics Research Center (NHRC), the Training Center
for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry (TCAGP), the UP Industrial Research Center
(UPIRC), and the Transport Training Center (ITC), and the Building Research Services
(BRS).

On June 11. 1978. Presidential Decree Number 1594 or The Prescribing Policies.
Guidelines. Rules and Regulations for Government Infrastructure Contracts' was
promulgated.

Presidential Decree No. 1350 was promulgated on April 7. 1978 — allowing applicants
for citizenship to take the board exam pending the approval of their petition.

1978 -1982

The construction and appurtenant structures was authorized by P.D. 693 signed on
May 7. 1975 by the late President Ferdinand E. Marcos. The Magat Dam was constructed
in 1978 and inaugurated by the Late Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos on October 27. 1982 and
started operations in 1983.

Implementation of this multipurpose project was based on the preliminary study

conducted in 1973 by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) with the assistance of the
United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) and the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID).

It was a Rock-fill dam with a height of 114 meters and length of 4. 160 meters.

1979

On July 23. 1979 under Executive Order No. 546. MPWTC was again restructured
into two (2) Ministries — the Ministry of Public Works (MPW) and the Ministry of
Transportation and Communications (MOTC), integrating all bureaus and offices concerned
with public works functions and activities under the Ministry of Public Works. The same went
true with all offices involved in transportation and communications which were placed under
the supervision and administration of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications.
Minister Jose P. Dans served as head of the MOTC.

On July 23. 1979. by Executive Order No. 546. PNR becomes one of the attached
agencies of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, now DOTC 1980's Major
highways and expressways were constructed through the financial assistance and loans
from foreign banks

1980

In 1980 President Marcos founded the Rural Waterworks Development Corporation

(RWDC), responsible for water supply in areas where neither MWSS nor LWUA carries out
the service or assists the LGUs, respectively. The RWDC was expected to create rural water
supply associations in order to construct, operate, and maintain their own water supply
systems in communities with fewer than 20, 000 inhabitants.

On July 12, 1980, the country's president. Ferdinand E. Marcos, created the Light Rail
Transit Authority (LRTA) as a government agency. The Chairman was the then First Lady
and Governor of Metro Manila. Imelda Romualdez Marcos. This LRTA confined its activities
to determining policies, to the regulation and fixing of fares, and to the planning of
extensions to the system. The project was called Metrorail and was operated by a sister
company of the former tramway company Meralco called Metro, Inc.

Initial assistance for building the LRT project came from the Belgian government
which granted a P300 million "soft" and interest-free loan with a repayment time of 30 years.
The project was expected to pay for itself within a period of 20 years out of revenue alone.
A Belgian consortium consisting of ACEC (Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de
Charleroi, BN), (Constructions Ferroviaires, et Metalliques, fomierly Brugeoise et Nivelles).
TEI (Tractionnel Engineering International) and TC (Transurb Consult) provided an
additional loan of P700 million. The consortium provided the cars, signalling, power control,
telecommunications, training and technical assistance. The entire system was expected to
be financially "in the red- well into 1993. Against an expected gross revenue of P365 million
for the first operating year, government losses were thought likely to reach P216 million.
The system was designed as a public utility rather than as a profit center.

Construction of the line started in October 1981, and was the responsibility of CDCP
(Construction and Development Corporation of the Philippines), with assistance from the
Swiss firm of Losinger and the American company Dravo, the latter, through its Philippine
subsidiary. The government appointed Electrowatt Engineering Services of Zurich
(Switzerland) to manage and supervise the project. Electrowatt set up offices in Manila and
became responsible for extension studies of the system which eventually comprised 150
km of routes along all major corridors in about 20 years' time.

Martial Law executed Letter of Instruction 1000 on March 20, 1980 — the Malacanang
edict of having just one organization for each profession to be accredited by the Professional
Regulations Commission.

1981

MPW and MPH were merged to become The Ministry of Public Works and Highways
(MPWH)

Under Executive Order No. 710 dated July 27. 1981, the Ministries of Public Works
and Public Highways were merged for a more effective and sustained implementation of
infrastructure projects. Under the restructured set-up, the agency was known as the Ministry
of Public Works and Highways (MPWH) with 14 regional offices. 94 districts and 60 city
engineering offices, five (5) bureaus and six (6) service offices, in addition to corporations
and councils attached to the Ministry for administrative supervision.

In as early as 1981, the Philippine Board of Examiners for the Various Licensure
Examinations for the Practice of Engineering and Architecture began to use the new system
of units. SI.

1980's

The increase of handheld calculators revolutionized engineering, with faster and more
efficient calculations leaving the old slide rule behind.
1982

Magat Dam is a large rock-fill dam on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. The dam
is located on Magat River, a major tributary of Cagayan River. Construction of the dam
started in 1975 and completed in 1982. Magat Dam is one of the largest dams in the
Philippines and has two primary purposes: as a source of irrigation water and as a provider
of hydroelectric power.

The construction and appurtenant structures was authorized by P.D. 693 signed on
May 7. 1975 by the late President Ferdinand E. Marcos. The Magat Dam was constructed
in 1978 and inaugurated by the Late Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos on October 27. 1982 and
started operations in 1983.

Implementation of this multipurpose project was based on the preliminary study

conducted in 1973 by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) with the assistance of the
United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) and the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID).

Subsequent detailed and extensive dam site investigation and engineering studies
further confirmed the feasibility of what is now known as NIA's most daring infrastructure
project and one of Asia's biggest dams today.

It was Southeast Asia's first large multipurpose dam. The dam is pad of the Magat
River Multipurpose Project (MRMP) which was financed by the World Bank and whose
purpose is to improve on the existing Magat River Irrigation System (MARIS) and to triple
the production of rice in the Cagayan River basin. The project was jointly financed by the
Philippine Govemment and the World Bank which extended a USS150M loan to finance the
foreign exchange requirement. In addition, a USS9M loan from Bahrain was obtained for
the purchase of other equipment for the diversion tunnels, soils laboratory and model
testing. The total project cost is USS3.4B (yr. 1975).

The Magat Dam is located on the Magat River at the boundary between the
municipalities of Alfonso Lista in the province of Ifugao and Ramon in Isabela both on the
island of Luzon, approximately 350 kilometres (220 mi) north of Metro Manila. The Magat
River is the largest tributary of the Cagayan River, the longest river in the country.

1984

Ipo Dam is a gravity concrete water reservoir dam found in the Philippines. The dam
is located about 7.5 kilometres downstream of the Angat Dam in Norzagaray. Bulacan
province. It was a pad of the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system. Its normal level is 110 m.

The Ipo Dam is a gravity concrete dam located about 7.5 kilometres downstream of
the Angat Dam near its confluence with the Ipo River in Bulacan. It was completed in
January 1984 with a maximum storage capacity of 7.5 million cubic metres, an increase of
about 2,500 million litres per day (MLD) from the old Ipo Dam, which used to be located 200
metres upstream of the new dam.

The spill level of the dam is at an elevation of 101 metres and it has seven radial
floodgates. The watershed topography is characterised by mountainous terrain similar to
the Angat Reservoir Watershed with moderate forest cover. The watershed has an area of
about 70 square kilometers and receives an average annual rainfall of 3,500 millimeters.
Tributaries to the Angat River at this section include the Ipo, Sapa Pako and Sapa Anginon
Rivers. These tributaries drain into the Angat River from the eastern section of the
watershed.

Water from the dam is diverted to the Novaliches Portal and the La Mesa Darn through
three intake structures going down to three connecting tunnels into five connecting
aqueducts.

After EDSA Revolution

1987

Finally, by virtue of Executive Order No. 124, dated January 30, 1987, the Ministry of
Public Works and Highways (MPWH) is now known as the Department of Public Works and
Highways (DPWH) with five (5) bureaus, six (6) services, 16 regional offices, 24 project
management offices. 16 regional equipment services and 118 district engineering offices.

As the primary engineering and construction arm of the government, the DPWH is
responsible for the planning, design, construction and maintenance of infrastructures such
as roads and bridges flood control systems, water resource development projects and other
public works in accordance with national objectives.

On August 17, 1987. Republic Act No. 6639 was enacted and the MIA was renamed
the Ninoy Aquino International Airport. The MIA Authority however, retained its corporate
name since the law did not amend the original or revised charters of the MIAA.

1989

On August 23. 1989, the Tutuban Station and part of the railroad yard was leased out
for shopping mall development. PNR Management Center transfers to its Training Center
site in Caloocan City and PNR Operations Center transfers to its railway station in Paco,
Manila.

The La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park consists of the La Mesa Dam and an
ecological nature reserve site in Quezon City commissioned in 1929 in the Philippines. It is
part of the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system, which supplies most of the water supply of
Metro Manila. The La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million
cubic meters and occupying an area of 27 square kilometers. The water collected in the
reservoir is treated on-site by the Maynilad Water Services, and at the Balara Treatment
Plant further south by the Manila Water. Both water companies are private concessionaires
awarded by the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System, the government agency
in charge of water supply. It is a vital link to the water requirements of 12 million residents
of Metro Manila considering that 1.5 million liters of water pass through this reservoir every
day. It is also the last forest of its size in the metropolis.

1991
 And for the first time, a "Civil Engineering Week' for the period November 3 to 9. 1991
was declared by Maiacaiiang thru Proclamation No.799 issued on September 20. 1991 by
President Corazon C. Aquino. The C.E. week was celebrated nationwide thru coordinated
activities of all PICE chapters and the PICE National Board culminating in the most
successful and well-attended '91 PICE Annual Convention (1.400 plus registered
participants).

1993

The Board of Civil Engineering (at PRC) held its first fully computerized (board)
examinations on May 29. 1993 and released the results on November 9. 1993.

1995

On February 28. 1995, the Syllabi for the Subjects in the Civil Engineering licensure
examinations were promulgated.

1997

The privatization of MWSS

In 1997, the Legislature passed into law Republic Act 8041, also known as 'The Water
Crisis Act.' The Act, which paved the way for the privatization of MWSS, had as its primary
objectives the following:

Transfer financial burden to the private sector

Improve service standards

Increase operational efficiency

Minimize tariff impact

In August that year, the Philippine government entered into a 25-year Concession
Agreement with two private consortia comprised of local and international partners. This
effectively transferred the operational responsibilities of MWSS to Manila Water Company.
Inc. (for the East Zone) and Maynilad Water Services. Inc. (for the West Zone).

2000

RA 8981 or Professional Regulations Commission (PRC) Modernization Act of 2000

was enacted and signed into law on December 5. 2000 by President Joseph Ejercito
Estrada

2001

Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers. Inc. (PICE) has been awarded by the
Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) as the Most Outstanding Accredited
Professional Organization.
2003

The San Roque Dam, operated under San Roque Multipurpose Project (SRMP) is a
200 meters tall. 1.2 kilometer long embankment dam on the Agno River. It spans the
municipalities of San Manuel and San Nicolas. Pangasinan and is nearly 200 km north of
Metro Manila.

The dam impounds a reservoir with a surface area of about 12.8 square kilometers
extending North into the municipality of Itogon. Benguet. A gated spillway protects the dam
from overtopping. Each wet season, the run-off is stored for later release via water turbines
to generate power and irrigate crops. Agno River is the third largest river in the Philippines
with a total length of 221 kilometers and a drainage basin at the Project site of 1.225 square
kilometers. The river originates in the Cordillera Mountains, initially flows from north to
south, and divides into several channels in the flat central plain of Luzon and meanders
westerly through the provinces of Pangasinan and Tarlac before emptying into the Lingayen
Gulf.

San Roque Power Corporation (SRPC) financed and constructed the SRMP under a
power purchase agreement (PPA) with the National Power Corporation (NPC) on a Build-
Operate-Transfer (80T) basis. SRPC substantially completed the SRMP at midnight.
February 14. 2003, at which time its peaking power, irrigation, flood control and enhanced
water quality benefits became available to the surrounding regions, which include the
Northwest Luzon Economic Growth Quadrangle. In reality, all but its power benefits have
been available since mid-2002 when the dam and spillway were completed. Ownership of
the dam and spillway was transferred to NPC upon construction completion, as it
contributed funds for the non-power components on behalf of several agencies. SRPC will
own and operate the power generating facilities for 25 years, after which their ownership
transfers to NPC.

Republic Act Number 9184 or 'AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE MODERNIZATION.
STANDARIZATION AND REGULATION OF THE PROCUREMENT ACTIVITIES OF THE
GOVERNMENT AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES' was enacted by President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo on January 10. 2003.

The United Architects of the Philippines (UAP) and the Philippine Institute of Civil
Engineers (PICE) signed a joint resolution supporting the passage of Architecture and Civil
Engineering bills delineating their respective scope of practice and to strengthen their
collaborative efforts in common goals. The two professional groups through their leaders
stressed the need for the immediate passage of their respective bills, which would benefit
their hundreds of thousand members nationwide.

2004

Last March 17. 2004. RA 9266 or 'The Architecture Act of 2004' was passed into law.

Republic Act No. 9275 was approved on March 22. 2004 'AN ACT PROVIDING FOR
A COMPREHENSIVE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES"

2005
 In 2004, the Architecture Act was passed and signed into law. But in 2005, a petition
for declaratory relief filed on May 3 2005 by the PICE and Engr. Leo Cleto Gamolo to declare
null and void Sections 302.3 and 302.4 of the Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations
('Revised IRR") of Presidential Decree No. 1096 (the 'National Building Code). The said
provisions require that architectural documents submitted in applications for building
permits must be prepared, signed and sealed by architects. PICE claim that the said
sections of the Revised IRR, by effectively prohibiting Civil Engineers from also preparing,
signing and sealing architectural documents, are contrary to the National Building Code and
the Republic Act No. 544 (the 'Civil Engineering Law'), which purportedly gave Civil
Engineers the said right.

2006

Since November 2006 CE Board Exam, the Professional Regulation Commission

releases only Top 10 Board Exam Performers and stopped releasing the 11th to 20th places

Executive Order No. 566 issued by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo dated

September 8. 2006 directing the Commission on Higher Education to regulate the
establishment and operation of review centers and similar entities

2007

November 2007 CE Board Exam was invalidated (retake last January 2008 for
Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering)

Note: Results of retake exam (Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering) was

released last January 2008

Commission on Higher Education makes Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR)

based on Executive Order No. 566

2008 up to present

After several court hearings at the Manila Regional Trial Court, the PICE's motion was
denied on January 29. 2008 and the RTC ruled in favor of the architects. [National Capital
Judicial Region. Regional Trial Court. Branch 22 Manila — Philippine Institute of Civil
Engineers. Inc. and Leo Cleto Gamolo. Petitioners versus The Honorable Hermogenes
Ebdane Jr., in his capacity as Secretary of Public Works and Highways as Respondent, and
United Architects of the Philippines as Intervenor-Respondent for Civil Case Number 05-
112502 for: Declaratory Relief. Injunction with prayer for Writ of Preliminary Prohibition
and/or Mandatory Injunction and Temporary Restraining Order.
References

 https://civilshastra.com/2019/03/18/a-short-history-of-civil-engineering/
 http://www.thecivilengg.com/History.php
 https://www.britannica.com/technology/civil-engineering/Construction
 http://civilengineerthoughts003.blogspot.com/2013/08/the-history-of-civil-
engineering.html#.XzTAwuhKjIV