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Relationship Between Linear and Angular Motion

1. Linear and angular kinematics are related through concepts like tangential velocity (vT) and radial acceleration (aR). vT describes the linear velocity of a point on a rotating object, and is calculated as vT = ωr, where ω is angular velocity and r is the radius. 2. aR describes the acceleration needed to change the direction of an object moving in a curved path, and is calculated as aR = vT2/r. A higher vT or smaller r results in a higher aR and greater forces needed to maintain the curved path. 3. Tangential acceleration (aT) describes the rate of change of vT, and can be positive (speed

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263 views13 pages

Relationship Between Linear and Angular Motion

1. Linear and angular kinematics are related through concepts like tangential velocity (vT) and radial acceleration (aR). vT describes the linear velocity of a point on a rotating object, and is calculated as vT = ωr, where ω is angular velocity and r is the radius. 2. aR describes the acceleration needed to change the direction of an object moving in a curved path, and is calculated as aR = vT2/r. A higher vT or smaller r results in a higher aR and greater forces needed to maintain the curved path. 3. Tangential acceleration (aT) describes the rate of change of vT, and can be positive (speed

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deshpravin
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Linear and Angular Kinematics (continued) 17

Relationship Between Linear and


Angular Motion
A very important feature of human motion...
Segment rotations combine to produce linear
motion of the whole body or of a specific point
on a body segment or implement (e.g., a distal
location on the segment or implement)

e.g., running...
coordinated joint rotations result in
translation of the entire body
e.g., softball (underhand) pitch...
goal is to generate high linear velocity of
the ball at release
e.g., hitting a golf ball...
goal is to maximize clubhead speed at
impact

Key concept: The motion of any point on a rotating


body (e.g., bicycle wheel) can be described in linear
terms (i.e., curvilinear motion).

Key information: axis of rotation, location of point of


interest relative to axis.
18

Mathematical Relationships between Linear and


Angular Motion

1. Combining linear and angular distance:

ℓ = φ.r Linear distance that point of


interest is located from the
axis of rotation: i.e., "radius of
rotation"

Linear distance Angular distance through


that the point of which the rotating object
interest travels travels

**WARNING**
φ must be expressed in _______
for this expression to be valid!

e.g., bicycling electronic odometer


r
Device effectively measures
distance ____ per wheel
rotation for a point on the
outer edge of the tire...
19

You set r (bicycle wheel radius) e.g., 33 cm


Device counts rotations (1 rev = 2Β rad)

ℓ = φ.r = (6.28 rad)(33 cm) = 207.4 cm

i.e., bike moves 2.074 m per wheel


rotation

e.g., Staggered start in 200 m race in track

Object: to equate the


linear distance
traveled by all sprinters C
through the curve B
A

ℓ = φ.r

The farther a sprinter is positioned from the


center of the turn (i.e., as r increases), the
smaller the angular distance that must be
traveled to cover a given linear distance.

What of the lanes does a sprinter prefer?


Mechanically?
Psychologically?
20

Question: How much farther would you run


when completing 4 laps on a 400 meter
track if you chose to use lane 8 instead of
lane 1?

Any difference in distance traveled in the


straightaways?

What do you need to know?

2. Combining linear and angular velocity:

vT = ω r Radius of rotation of
point of interest

Tangential velocity Angular velocity of


(i.e., linear velocity - the rotating body
at any instant, it is (must be expressed
oriented along a in ________)
tangent to the
curved path
21

e.g., golf - clubhead velocity

e.g., baseball - linear velocity of bat at point of


contact with ball

e.g., Discus throw - a critical performance


factor: vT of discus at instant of release

vT

discus

r
center of
rotation

A discus thrower is rotating with a velocity of


1180 deg/s at the instant of release. If the
discus is located 1.1 m from the axis of rotation,
what is the linear speed of the discus?

ω = (1180 deg/s) (1 rad/57.3 deg) = _________


vT = ω r = (20.6 rad/s)(1.1 m) = __________
22

e.g., Recall our discussion of shoulder internal


rotation in throwing...

If shoulder internal rotation was the only


motion used to generate ball velocity and
the shoulder's angular velocity at ball
release was 1800 deg/s, how fast would the
ball be traveling linearly at release?
vT
What do you need to
know? vT

If two individuals had the same internal


rotation velocity but one had a longer
arm than the other, which would
generate the higher ball velocity?
23

What does vT = ω r tell us about performance?

In many tasks, an important biomechanical goal


is to ________ vT (i.e., the linear velocity of a
point located distally on a rotating body)...
e.g., golf clubhead velocity, the ball in
throwing for maximum speed or distance

Theoretically, vT can be increased if...


ω can be increased while r is maintained, or
r can be increased while ω is maintained.

Problem: It is difficult for an athlete to maintain


ω if r is increased and vice versa.
e.g., it is harder to maintain an object's
rotation when its mass is distributed
farther from the axis.
(A full explanation of this will have to wait
until we talk about angular _______.)
24

3. Combining linear and angular acceleration:

Radial acceleration (aR) - the linear acceleration


that serves to describe the rate of change in
direction of an object following a curved path.

e.g., while running around a curved path at


constant speed:

into turn out of turn

center of
curvature v5

v4

radius of v3
curvature
v1 v2

Note: v1=v2=v3=v4=v5 which means that ______


is not changing.
However, ________ is changing. WHY?
25

In order for the runner to accomplish this


continual change in direction (i.e., aR), there
must be a FORCE on the runner pushing toward
the center of the curvature. This is called
____________. The runner gets this force from
pushing laterally outward against the ground.
The ground, in turn, pushes inward against the
runner (toward the center of curvature). (More
on this later when we discuss kinetics.)

Another example: As a hammer thrower spins


just before release of
the hammer, the
hammer (ball on the
end of the cable)
follows a curved path
because of the
restraining effect of
the cable.

Equation for radial acceleration:

aR = =

This demonstrates that:


26

A. for a given r, higher vT is related to a higher


aR; which means a higher force is needed
to produce aR (i.e., to maintain the curved
path).

B. for a given vT, lower r (i.e., tighter "turning


radius") results in a higher aR (and the need
for a greater force to maintain curved path).

e.g., aR of an Indy car driver through a


curve?

vT = car speed e.g., 200 mph = 89.4 m/s


r = radius of turn e.g., 1/4 mi = 403 m

aR = vT2 / r
aR = (89.4 m/s)2/(403 m) = _________
i.e., about 2g's

Consider inertia of
head: need for
aR strap to assist neck
muscles in
maintaining upright
aR
head position.
27

Tangential acceleration (aT) - the linear acceleration


that serves to describe the rate of change in
magnitude of tangential velocity (i.e., the rate at
which one is speeding up or slowing down).

Equations for tangential acceleration:

(1) aT = =

(2) aT = (Watch your units! Why?)

e.g., goal of a hammer thrower's prerelease


rotations is to increase the hammer's linear
speed.

What forces are applied to a hammer during


the body rotations prior to release?
28

Another example: Running around a curved


path at a non-constant speed (usually while
slowing down):

into turn out of turn

center of
curvature
v5

v4

radius of v3
curvature v2
v1

Speed is decreasing (v1>v2>v3>v4>v5) Velocity


is both decreasing in magnitude and changing
in direction.

In the above example (running around a curve


while slowing down) say v2 = 10 m/s, v3 = 8 m/s,
v4 = 6 m/s t2 = 39.2 s, t3 = 39.5 s, t4 = 39.8 s.
29

What is the average tangential acceleration


during the time interval t2 to t4 (in both m/s2
and g’s)?

What is the runner’s radial acceleration (in


both m/s2 and g’s)?

Total acceleration (resultant


acceleration) is the vector r
sum of radial and tangential aR
accelerations at any given
point in time. aT vT
The resultant force also points in the same direction
as the resultant acceleration, so if you can figure the
way the acceleration points, you can figure out
which way the force points. (Oops, that is kinetics!
We’ll have to wait until later to expand on this.)

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