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Imp B.Tech - ECE - 7th - Sem - (Telecommunications - Notes)

Telecommunication has evolved from early long-distance communication methods like drums and flags to modern electrical, radio, and optical signals. The first major development was the telegraph in the 1830s, allowing for transmission of signals over wires. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated the telephone, enabling long-distance voice calls. Early networks connected subscribers directly, but switching systems were later introduced to connect subscribers through a central exchange, evolving from manual to electro-mechanical like step-by-step switching to modern electronic digital switches controlled by computers.

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83 views

Imp B.Tech - ECE - 7th - Sem - (Telecommunications - Notes)

Telecommunication has evolved from early long-distance communication methods like drums and flags to modern electrical, radio, and optical signals. The first major development was the telegraph in the 1830s, allowing for transmission of signals over wires. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated the telephone, enabling long-distance voice calls. Early networks connected subscribers directly, but switching systems were later introduced to connect subscribers through a central exchange, evolving from manual to electro-mechanical like step-by-step switching to modern electronic digital switches controlled by computers.

Uploaded by

Sudheer Kumar
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Evolution of Telecommunication

• The field of telecommunication has evolved from a stage when signs, drum beats and
semaphores were used for long distance communication to a stage when electrical, radio
and electro-optical signals are being used.
• The first technological development in the field of modem telecommunications was the
transmission of telegraphic signals over wires.
• Telegraphy was introduced in 183 7 in Great Britain and in 1845 in France.
• In March 1876, Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated his telephone set and possibility of
telephony i.e. long distance voice transmission using a point-to-point telephone
connection as shown in figure.

Telecommunications (ECE- 701) by RASHMI VERMA Monday, August 3, 2020


Evolution of Telecommunication
• Connectivity in telecommunication networks is achieved by the use of switching
systems.
• Some kind of signalling is required with each link between called and calling subscribers.
If a called subscriber is engaged, a suitable indication should be given to the calling
subscriber by means of signalling.
• In point-to-point network, a calling subscriber chooses the appropriate link to establish
connection with the called subscriber.
• In last figure, to connect the I entity to all other entities, we require (n - 1) links. With
this, 2" entity is already connected to the I entity, so now we need (n - 2 ) links to
connect the 2" entity to the others. For the 3' entity, we need (n - 3 ) links, for the 4
entity (n -4) links and so on. Therefore, total number of links
L = (n - 1 ) + (n - 2 ) + .... + 1 + 0 = n (n- 1)/2
• Networks with point-to-point links among all the entities are known as fully connected
networks.
• Practically, the number of links required in a fully connected network becomes very
large. For example, we require 1225 links for fully interconnecting 50 subscribers. The
direct connection of each link can be solved by the use of switching system or switching
ex chang e.
• The functions performed by a switching system in establishing and releasing connections
are known as control f unctions.

Telecommunications (ECE- 701) by RASHMI VERMA Monday, August 3, 2020


Evolution of Telecommunication
• In such switching system, subscribers are not connected directly to one another instead
they are connected to the switching system as shown in figure. When a subscriber wants
to communicate with another, a connection is established between the two at the
switching system.
• Early switching systems were manual and operator oriented but after these automatic
exchanges came into existence which may be classified as electro-mechanical and
electronic.
• Electro-mechanical switching systems include step-by-step and crossbar systems.
• The step-by-step system is known as Strowger switching system after its inventor A. B.
Strowger. The control functions in this switching system are performed by circuits
associated with the switching elements in the system.
• Crossbar systems have hard-wired control sub-systems which use relays and latches.
These sub-systems have limited capability and it is virtually impossible to modify them
to provide additional functionalities.
• In electronic switching system, the control functions are performed by a computer or a
processor. Hence, these systems are called stored program control (SPC) systems. New
facilities can be added to a SPC system by changing the control program.

Telecommunications (ECE- 701) by RASHMI VERMA Monday, August 3, 2020


Evolution of Telecommunication
• The switching schemes used by electronic switching system may be either space division
switching or time division switching.
• In space division switching, a dedicated path is established between the calling and
called subscribers for the entire duration of the call.
• The space division switching technique is also used in Strowger and crossbar system.
• An electronic exchange may use a crossbar switching matrix for space division switching
i.e. a crossbar switching system with SPC qualifies as an electronic exchange.
• In time division switching, sampled values of speech signals are transmitted at fixed
intervals. This switching may be analog or digital.
• In analog time division switching, the sampled voltage levels are transmitted as they are.
• In digital time division switching, they are binary coded and transmitted. If these coded
values are transferred during the same time interval from input to output, the technique is
called as space switching. If the values are stored and transferred to the output at a later
time interval, the technique is called time switching.
• A time division digital switch may also be designed by using a combination of space and
time division switching techniques.

Telecommunications (ECE- 701) by RASHMI VERMA Monday, August 3, 2020


Basic Terms of Telecommunication
• A major component of switching system or an exchange is the set of input and
output circuits are called as Inlets & outlets.
• Primary function of switching system is to establish an electrical path between given
inlet-outlet pair.
• The hardware used for establishing above connection is called switching matrix or
switching network.
• If the number of inlets N is equal to the outlets M, then it is said to be symmetric
switching network.
• When all inlets/outlets are connected to subscriber lines. In this, output lines are
folded back to input and called as folded network.
• One for whom the call is destined is known as called subscriber.
• One who initiates the call is known as calling subscriber.
• When a subscriber requests a connection, there are no switching paths free in the
network and hence denied connection. In this case, subscriber is said to be blocked
and switching network is called blocking network.
•
The probability that a subscriber may get blocked is known as blocking probability.

Telecommunications (ECE- 701) by RASHMI VERMA Monday, August 3, 2020

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