PREFACE

As civil engineering is based on the project work and field work, we, the students of 4 th year
of civil engineering, presented this project titled “Pre-feasibility Study of Upper Dordi A
Hydroelectric Project” as prescribed by the Tribhuvan University, as a practice of case
study and helping tool to get familiar with the practical problem that every professional has to
face in their professional life. The report is prepared with the application of knowledge we
gained from our respectable teachers and supervisor and from the theoretical knowledge that
we gained during our engineering study period.
The project work motivates in developing and strengthening the skill on layout of
hydropower station. It also helps in the evaluation of possible power potential of the river
flow.
In this concern, classes conducted on fluid mechanics, hydraulics, hydrology and hydropower
in different semesters are especially helpful in our project. These courses really helped us in
study of hydropower project and provide us the knowledge to study the hydrology.
This project work encouraged us to work with team spirit and coordination for the long-term
work and getting through the problems effectively. It was a real enthusiasm and self-
satisfaction to work under the guidance of our project supervisor Er. Anup Khanal sir who
always guided us with valuable tips while tackling the problem and gave necessary
knowledge of hydropower and its development practices in Nepal. We believe that his
valuable guidance will always help us in our future professional life.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our deepest appreciation to I.O.E Thapathali Campus Civil
Department for giving us the opportunity to conduct project on “Pre-feasibility study on
Upper Dordi A Medium Hydropower Project”. We would like to express our sincere
gratitude to our supervisor Er. Anup Khanal sir for his precious suggestions, guidance,
continuous support and encouragement. We were really privileged by his deepest concern to
our work and constructive criticism and suggestion on our project activity. We are highly
grateful to our respected Head of Department Er. Rewant Kumar Rawat and Former HOD
Shailendra Raj Khanal sir for providing immense support and full cooperation throughout
the semester. We would also like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude to the
Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) and their staff members for their
friendliness and their cooperation for providing us with the required hydrological data for our
study.
Further, we are thankful for the support and coordination of our friends from different project
groups.
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Upper Dordi Hydropower Project is located at Lamjung District in Western Development

Region of Nepal. It is a run‐off‐river (ROR) type of hydropower project with installed
capacity of 18.17MW with net head of 303m and design discharge of 7.425 m3/s at Q40%.
Major components of Upper Dordi HEP is located in Dhodeni and Faleni VDC of
Lamjung District. Dordi Khola is a tributary of Marsyandgi Khola in Lamjung.
Geographical coordinate of the project area is located between longitudes 28o15' 00“N to
28o16' 20“N and latitudes 84 o28' 46“E to 84o31' 59“E .The project site is accessible from
Prithivi Highway up to Dumre and further from Dumre to Bhoteodar via a Blacktopped
road . From Bhoteodar to Jhumswara village is a earthen road and 3Km of access road is to
be built upto the headworks. Dordi khola is a perennial river being major tributary of
Marsyangdi River. The hydrological study of the project indicates that total design
discharge of 7.425 m3/sec (Q40)) can be taken for power generation. Mean monthly flow
series has been adopted from catchment area method of gauged rivers. The 10% of minimum
flow shall be released from the intake. The design flood for Dordi Intake is 411.161 m3/s.
T he Project belongs to the Lesser Himalayan Region, Western Nepal. Three alternatives
layout of the components are selected and studied and best alternative is selected or tunnel
length and head obtained
The main components of the projects are Headwork’s, gravel trap, settling basin, headrace
tunnel, surge tank, Penstock, surface powerhouse, tailrace canal and 132kV transmission
line .A free flow diversion weir of 3m height across the river is proposed to divert water the
side intakes. Intakes are connected with gravel trap on the right bank of the river. There will
be two chamber settling basins of 27.9m each remove the fine particles up to 0.2mm. There
is 3.6km long inverted D shaped, 1.7m dia, headrace tunnel proposed for water
conveyance up to underground surge shaft. The surge tank will be 15m in diameter.

Total project cost is found to be 238 Crore (13.1 Crore per MW). The Project Cost and
Financial indicators shows the B/C ratio 1.65, IRR of 17.38%, and payback period of 4
years 9 months. Hence the project is feasible. The project is strongly recommended for
implementation from technical, financial and economical points of view.
 SALIENT FEATURES

Project Upper Dordi A Hydropower Project

Location 28⁰15' 00“N 84⁰28' 46“E to

28⁰16' 20“N 84⁰31' 59“E

General
Types of Schemes Run off river
Development Region Western Development Region
District Lamjung
Zone Gandaki
River Dordi
Location of Headwork’s Jhumswara village

Hydrology
Catchment Area at Intake 191.6 Km2
Catchment Area at Powerhouse 212.97Km2
Design Discharge at 40% Exceedance 7.425 m3/s
Downstream minimum Release 0.225 m3
Design flood 1 in 100 Years 411.161m3/s

Power and Energy

Gross Head 303 m
Net Head 279.48m
Installed Capacity 18.17MW
Dry Season Energy 16.692 GWh
Wet Season Energy 78.350 GWh
Annual Energy 95.04 GWh

Components Features

Weir
Type Ogee type Concrete weir
Crest Level 1263 m
Length of Weir 37.2 m
Height of Weir 3m
RL of river Bed 1260 m
Under sluice
Gate Type Vertical lift gate
Number of Opening 1 No’s
Gate opening (B*H) 2 m*6 m

Intake
Type Side Intake
Number of Orifice 2 nos.
Opening size (B*H) 3 m*1.5 m
Intake Discharge 8.91 m3/s

Trash Rack
Thickness 20 mm
Bar spacing 50 mm
Inclination 70°

Gravel Trap
Type Gravity Flushing
Size of Rectangle (L*B*H) 15m*10.3m*3.2m
Particle size to be trapped 2mm
Flushing flow 0.931 m3/s

Settling Basin Type Double bay,

Continuous flushing type
Dimension 27.9*8.7*5.8
Particle Size to be settled <0.2 mm
Number of Bays 2 Nos.

Approach canal (intake to gravel trap) Length 40 m

Size (B*H) 3.1 m * 1.6 m

Approach canal (gravel trap to settling basin)

Length 43.6 m
Size (B*H) 2.8 m * 1.4 m

Surge tank
Type Cylindrical
Discharge 7.425m3/s
Diameter 15.00m
Storage capacity 2203.57 m3
Headrace Tunnel
Type Inverted “D” Shape
Tunnel Length 3600 m after Settling Basin
Size of Tunnel 1.7 m Diameter
Average tunnel slope 1:500

Penstock
Type Surface
Material Torr steel
Length 2573 m
Diameter of pipe 1.6 m
Thickness of Pipe 7 cm

Power House
Type Subsurface type with RCC Structure
Dimension (L*B*H) 54 m * 18 m * 20 m

Turbine
Type Pelton
No. of Turbine 2 units
Design Flow 7.425 m3/s in each
Rated Speed 666.67 rpm
Rated Capacity 18.17 MW
Diameter 3.1m

Tail Race Canal

Type RCC box culvert inside powerhouse and
Stone masonry open canal outside the
compound up to the river.
Length 132m
Width 4m
Height 1m
Longitudinal slope 1 in 666

Cost and Finance

Project Cost NRs. 2,380,407,796
Cost per MW Power NRs. 131,029,217.6
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 17.38 %
Net Present Value (NPV) NRs. 1,854,060,956
B/C Ratio 1.65
Simple payback period 4 Years 9 Months
Handover period 30 Years
Construction Period 4 Years
MARR 12
 SYMBOL AND ABBREVIATION

amsl Above Mean Sea Level

B Width
BCR Benefit Cost Ratio
Cd Discharge coefficient
cm Centimeter
Cu.m Cubic Meter
DHM Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
Dia. Diameter
D/S Downstream
e Eccentricity
f Frictional Factor
Fig. Figure
Fr Froude Number
FOS Factor of Safety
GWh Giga Watt Hour
H Height
HFL High Flood Level
Hgross Gross Head
HP Horse Power
Hz Hertz
INPS Integrated Nepal Power System
IPPs Independent Power Producers
IRR Internal Rate of Return
Kw Kilo Watt
Kwh Kilo Watt Hour
L Length
LS Lump Sum
m Meter
m/s Meter per Second
3
m /s Cubic meter per second
MARR Minimum Attractive Rate of Return
MIP Medium Irrigation Project
2
m Square Meter
MW Mega Watt
MVA Mega Volt Ampere
n Manning’s Rugosity Coefficient
NEA Nepal Electricity Authority
NRs. Nepali Rupees
CAR Catchment Area Ratio method
ɳ Efficiency
MWI Monsoon Wetness Index
NEA Nepal Electricity Authority
NPV Net Present Value
NWL Normal Water Level
N Synchronous Speed
Ns Specific Speed
O/H Overhead
P Pole
PCC Plain Cement Concrete
P/H Power House
Q Discharge
Qd Design Discharge
R Hydraulic Radius
RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete
RL Reduced Level
ROR Run-off-River
rpm Revolution per Minute
S Longitudinal Slope of river
t Shell thickness of Penstock Pipe
TEL Total Energy Line
U/S Upstream
VDC Village Development Committee
V Velocity
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
Acknowledgement
Executive Summary
Symbol and Abbreviation
Salient Features VI
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.2 Reason for focusing on hydropower projects
1.3 History of hydropower development
1.4 Hydropower development in Nepal
1.5 Hydropower potential of Nepal
1.6 Advantages of hydropower over other sources
1.7 Justification of Medium hydropower project
1.8 Challenges and issues in Nepal’s power sector

Chapter 2 THE PROJECT AREA

2.1 Location of the project site
2.2 Physical features
2.3 Accessibility

Chapter 3 HYDROMETEROLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Importance of hydro-metrological investigation
3.3 Major river basins of Nepal
3.4 Physiographic characteristics of the basin
3.5 Stream flow analysis
3.5.1 Correlation method
3.5.2 MIP method
3.6 Flood flow analysis
3.6.1 Gumbel method
3.6.2 Log Normal distribution
3.6.3 Log Pearson Type III distribution
3.7 Construction flood
3.8 Low flood analysis
 3.9 Justification Conclusion and Recommendation

Chapter 4 HYDRAULIC DESIGN

4.1 Diversion weir
4.2 Undersluice
4.3 Spillway
4.4 Intake
4.5 Approach canal
4.6 Gravel trap
4.7 Settling basin
4.8 Headrace tunnel
4.9 Surge Tank
4.10 Penstock
4.11 Powerhouse
4.12 Electromechanical unit
4.12.1 Turbine
4.12.2 Generator
4.12.3 Transformer
4.13 Tailrace Canal

Chapter 5 POWER OUTPUT AND ENERGY GENERATION

5.1 Some definitions
5.2 Power Energy and Revenue
5.2.1 Power Generation
5.2.2 Revenue Generation
5.3 Installed Capacity of Plant

Chapter 6 PROJECT PLANNING AND SCHEDULING

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Planning
6.3 Phase of construction
6.4 Project scheduling
6.5 Project schedule of Upper Dordi Khola A Project

Chapter 7 PROJECTS COST ESTIMAION AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

 7.1 Criteria and Assumptions
7.2 Estimating Methodology
7.2.1 Main civil works estimate
7.2.2 Electrical and mechanical equipment
7.2.2.1 Penstock and hydro mechanical
7.2.2.2 Transmission line
7.2.2.3 Development cost
7.2.3 Contingency sums
7.3 Project cost estimate

Chapter 8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

8.1 Conclusion
8.2 Recommendation
Reference
ANNEX
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1Background

Hydropower is a prominent source of renewable energy which is formed by the movement of flowing mass
of water on the surface of the earth with the help of positional difference. Generation of electricity in
hydropower is carried out by generators that are connected to the turbines via the help of a rotating shaft.
The high velocity water exerts influx hydraulic pressure on the blades of the turbines. The rotating motion of
the turbines sets the rotor of the generator to spin, due to which electromagnets attached to the rotor, located
within coils of copper wire are rotated. Electricity is generated and it is distributed through the transmission
lines from the powerhouse to the grid circuits. Nepal has 83,000 MW gross hydropower potential out of
which 44,000 MW is technically feasible and about 42,000 MW is economically viable. The advent of
Medium hydropower development in Nepal was Pharping Hydropower station in 1911 B.S. with an installed
capacity of 500 KW as a first station in Nepal knowing immense importance of hydropower to fulfill the
energy crisis, Nepal has established several programs related to energy and power under government and
private sectors such as Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA), Water and Energy Commission Secretariats
(WECS), Ministry of Energy, Department of Electricity Development (DoED), Alternative Energy
Promotion Centre(AEPC),etc.

1.2 Reasons for focusing on Hydropower Projects

Nepal has huge hydropower potential. Nepal has so many numbers of rivers with the significant head from
which hydropower can be generated easily. In the developing country, like Nepal, the main problem of
growth of population and scarcity of food for their nourishment. So we need energy for the efficient
production of food to cope with such challenging scenario. The scenario of energy consumption is at the
increasing rate. This causes depletion in non-renewable and exhaustive sources of energy, which may invite
energy in future.
Hydropower, one of the most reliable and common renewable sources of energy is abundantly available in
the hilly regions like Nepal. Again, hydraulic conveyance circuit can be beneficial for multipurpose use
(irrigation, water supply etc.). Consumption of this energy is environmental friendly because it uses water as
fuel and no harmful by products are produced. It does not emit greenhouse gases that cause ozone layer
depletion and global warming.
Because of abundant water resources and potential hydropower sites available, there is huge possibility of
hydropower power production. Large projects involve huge amount of funds and the gestation period is large
hence activities regarding development of Medium Hydropower Projects are accelerating in these days
which is technically, financially and socially sustainable at the present scenario.

1.3 History of Hydropower Development

Water has been harnessed for energy right from the beginning of human civilization. It is evident that Greek
and Roman Civilization had used water for better and quality life. Development of electricity gain its
momentum after 1890, after demonstration of Michel Faraday i.e. conversion of mechanical energy into
electrical energy and vice versa (Law of Electro Magnetic Induction). With the evolution of time electric
generators got more and more developed leading to their application in generating electric power from
running waters.
The history of hydropower generation in the world dates back to the 19 th century. The first Edison
hydroelectric power plant, the Vulcan Street Plant (12 KW), began operating September 30, 1882, in
Appleton, Wisconsin. By 1900, common source electrical energy became the hydropower plants. Due to less
efficiency in power transmission over the long distance, in the early 19thcentury, development of hydropower
was retarded to some extent. But after 1930, pace of hydropower again took up. In the former Soviet Union,
hydropower was considered synonymous with industrialization and economic prosperity after 1920. To
address severe economic hardship in 1929, U.S. made a policy to invest in water based projects to create
jobs for unemployed and to stimulate economic recovery in the country which gave positive results. After 2 nd
world war, leaders of African and Asian nations have replicated the western US model to meet energy and
water needs of their own countries and many large scale hydropower projects were built in India, Pakistan
and Egypt between 1950 and 1980.None of the projects in US, former Soviet Union and India had the
objective of exporting energy to its neighboring to earn revenue for the country. In recent decades, the
concept of production of electrical energy has been changed. Now, it has been traded between two or more
nations after agreement upon certain terms of trade. Exporting electricity to a neighboring country to earn
revenue for the government is one of the stated objectives of developing large scale hydropower projects in
Nepal.

1.4 Hydropower development in Nepal

Nepal, being a developing country, is facing a lot of challenges to raise its economic status. To achieve the
sustainable and remarkable development of any country, it is necessary to use its available natural resources.
Nepal is endowed with rich hydropower resources which is the major potential source of renewable energy.
Hence the major achievements in the socio-economic development of Nepal could be possible through
power harnessing of the water resources potential. First approach in hydropower development in Nepal was
the power generation from the construction of Pharping Hydropower station (500 KW) in 1911. But the
progressive development was gradual only after the Sundarijal (600 KW) and Panauti (2400 KW)
Hydropower Stations came into operation after long interval of 23 and 29 years.
The completion of Dhankuta Hydropower station (240 KW) in 1971 was regarded as the bench mark of
Medium hydel development of Nepal. The establishment of Medium hydel development board in 1975 was
another milestone under which several Medium hydro schemes such as Jhupra (345 KW), Doti (200 KW),
Jumla (200 KW) etc. were made during 1975 to 1985. Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA), established 1985,
responsible for generation, transmission and distribution of electric power brought the revolution in
hydropower development. Many potential sites for hydropower generation had identified by private
consultancies and companies in collaboration with NEA.
Prior to 1960, all the hydropower stations were constructed through grant aid from friendly countries like the
USSR (Panauti), India (Trishuli, Devighat, Gandak, Surajpura- Koshi) and China (Sunkoshi). Since 1970,
hydropower development took a new turn with the availability of bilateral and multilateral funding sources.
The major donor countries in the period were Japan, Germany, Norway, South Korea, Canada, Finland,
Denmark, Sweden and USA. The financial lending agencies were the World Bank, Asian Development
Bank (ADB), Japanese Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), Saudi Fund for Development, Kuwait
Fund and others.
Before 1992, only the government sector had the financial authority in the field of hydropower. But after the
government adapted new hydropower policy and electricity act in the year 1992, the investment scene for the
private hydropower developers changed drastically and they also started financing in this sector. In
particular, Butwal Power Company (BPC), Himal Power Limited (HPL), Bhotekoshi Power Company
(BKPC), Hydro solutions, Sanima Hydropower, National Hydropower Company (NHPC), etc have been the
most prominent private sector institutions that have been actively involved in the hydropower investment
spectrum.
Since the introduction of hydropower as an energy source in our country, we haven’t seen much progress in
this field if we compare it to other countries with hydropower potential around the world. Development of
hydropower in Nepal is a very complex task as it faces numerous challenges and obstacles. Some of the
factors attributed to the low level of hydropower development are lack of capital, high cost of technology,
political instability, and lower load factors due to lower level of productive end-use of electricity and high
technical and non-technical losses.

1.5 Hydropower potential of Nepal

Nepal, lying between India and China against the impressive Himalayas, comprises of the most diverse
climatic ranges and physical environment in the world. From the Ganngetic plains at about 70m altitude, to
the Mt. Everest at 8,848 m altitude, there is only the distance of about 170 km. These slopes are the steepest
slopes in the world resulting high hydropower potential. Because of the existence of snow feed perennial
rivers, several tributaries and countless streams, Nepal, is considered as the World's 2 nd richest country in the
gross hydropower potential. The average annual precipitation is about 1700mm (80% of which occurs
during monsoon season from June to September).
In reality, however, only about 700 MW (including isolated micro and Medium hydropower plants), which
is less than 0.7% of the total potential, has been exploited so far resulting only 40% of the total population
having access to electricity supply. Approximately 6000 big and Medium rivers have been identified in
Nepal carrying about some 225 billion m3 of surface water flows thorough Nepalese territory annually
(WWC and IHA, 2003). This gives specific runoff of about 0.12 million m3/km2/year, being about four
times the world average.
The abundant hydropower potential of the country can be utilized to boost up the economic growth of the
country. Government of Nepal (GoN) has also urged to harness the hydropower potential for the overall
development of the nation.Realizing the fact that, efforts from the government only will not be sufficient as
open and free policy has been adopted for expediting hydropower development with private sector
investment. Necessary laws and regulations including the hydropower development policy (2001) have been
proclaimed to encourage the independent power producers (IPPs) to build, own, operate and transfer
hydropower project. Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) has also made a commitment to purchase generation
from hydropower projects of capacity up to 25 MW with the fixed purchase price. So far interests shown by
IPPs seem to be encouraging as many promoters\developers have signed Power Purchase Agreement (PPAs)
with NEA following the issuance of survey and development licenses by the Ministry of Energy (MoE).

Hydropower Potential of Nepal (in million KW)

(Source: Water Resources in Nepal ,C. K. Sharma, 1997)

S.No. River Basins Theoretically Technically Economical

feasible feasible feasible
1 Saptakoshi 22.35 11.40 10.48
2 Karnali 34.60 24.36 24.00
3 Gandaki 17.95 6.73 6.27
4 Mahakali 1.58 1.13 1.13
5 Others 3.07 0.98 0.98
Total 83.29 44.60 42.15

1.6 Advantages of hydropower over other sources of energy

Hydropower is the only feasible and rational solution in solving the energy crisis in case of Nepal.
Hydropower is environment friendly and non-polluting system of energy. It has less direct impact on
ecology and environment compared to the other energy sources like nuclear power. Moreover, water being
recurrent in nature's streams, it is a renewable source of energy and causes no strain on nonrenewable
sources of energy like fossil fuels which are not in abundance in Nepal, thus, reducing the dependency on
them. As no fuel is used in production of the energy it is a cheap source of energy.
This source not only assists environment but also the economy. As no fuel is used and we also know that the
prices of fossil fuel are raising very high so not much cost in made on the production of electricity. Other
than that, no imports are needed to be made which saves money. The cost of this electricity is less than
electricity produced from fossil fuels and nuclear power.
The energy production value of the water doesn't deplete once it has been used meaning a number of cascade
projects are feasible on the same river thus optimizing the energy yield given the suitability of terrain.
Hydropower is efficient for peaking load system due to its efficiency in control. The closing and running
time of a hydropower plant is minutes compared to thermal or nuclear power which takes months to shut
down or start.
It is reliable. This is one of the hydropower that other renewable energy sources don’t have. Rainfall as the
energy supply can always be predicted, unlike the case with wind energy.
Hydro turbines can convert at least 95% of the energy into electricity, thus the system is very efficient.
Hydropower plants provide benefits in addition to clean electricity. Impoundment hydropower creates
reservoirs that offer a variety of recreational opportunities, notably fishing, swimming and boating. Most
hydropower installations are required to provide some public access to the reservoir to allow the public to
take advantage of these opportunities. Other benefits may include water supply and flood control.
Besides these advantages of Hydropower over other sources, it can also be used especially in Nepal to
elevate the standards of targeted groups of people. If properly developed, hydropower can be a tool to
improve nation's economy.

1.7 Justification for Medium Hydropower Project

NEA has classified the hydropower projects according to the power output into the followings groups:

I. Micro Hydro Power Plant : Less than 100

KW
II. Mini Hydro Power Plant : 100 KW – 1MW
III. Small Hydro Power Plant : 1MW – 10 MW
IV. Medium Hydro Power Plant : 10 MW – 300
MW
V. Large Hydro Power Plant : More than 300
MW

A Medium hydropower plant is found to be most feasible than both the micro hydro and large hydropower in
context of Nepal.
All hydropower projects can be completed in short period of time so people get its service in short time.
It can be carried out by the Nepalese economy and Nepalese resource only.
Most of the rivers of the country of the country are having the medium discharge and head required for the
Medium hydropower.
Hence, Medium hydropower plant is better suited and justified to generate electricity in Nepal.

1.8 Challenges and Issues in Nepal's Power Sector

From Statistical data it is found that only 40% of the population has access to some form of electricity, the
majority being in urban areas. In a steep terrain country like Nepal with dispersed villages in the hills and
mountains, electrification is very costly. The situation poses challenges in managing the financial resources
to expand the electrification network.
The electricity tariff in Nepal is high, and is beyond the capacity of many of the consumers. It is actually due
to the high project cost from which Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) has to make PPA with high rate of
selling prices.

The hydropower project is costly due to following reasons:

 The basic Infrastructure is not well developed.
 The cost of project development often includes infrastructure such as long approach roads,
transmission lines and so on.
 The major equipment and materials also have to be imported, which requires currency and
transportation overland for a long distance from the port.
 The major share of the financing for the projects is from external loans and investment, which arte to
be paid back in foreign currency under strict conditions.
 The total loss in the system is about 24% which decreases the huge amount of power which actually
produced.
 The challenges lie in developing cheap and reliable hydropower projects.
Government of Nepal, therefore, undertaking power sector reform measures with a view to bring about
improvements to remedy the situation. It is encouraging to note that private sector is gradual entering the
power market. The main challenge to the private sector is the transfer of technical know-how and easy
access to the international markets for financing mechanisms. Therefore, the following points are important
for hydropower development in Nepal.
Political Commitment for energy trading: The Concept of SAARC Grid for regional energy trading was
mooted several years back. Little progress so far.
Timely establishment of cross border transmission links: NEA has set the target for commissioning at
least two cross border 220 KV transmission lines within two years with another two lines to follow in the
next years.
Capital requirement: Requires relatively huge capital investment. Only foreign investment can meet this
requirement, as local capital market.
However national and international agencies should be encouraged for the investment in hydropower
project. Nepal government also needs the commitment on hydropower project like Upper Tamakoshi where
Nepalese investor not only at the higher level but also the local people are encouraged directly in the
investment so that project will be sustainable. Now the government policy is also changing to invest capital
in hydropower. If the law and order are strictly followed by government, people will have directed to hoist
the power of Nepal to meet the future demand as well as to reduce present (Dry season) load shedding (daily
16 hr.)
 CHAPTER 2
THE PROJECT AREA

2.1 Location of the project site

The project area is located in Dhodeni and Phaleni Village Development Committee (VDC), Lamjung
district of Gandaki zone in Western Development Region ,Nepal. The project area is located in between
longitudes 84o28'46“E to 84o31'59“E and latitude 28o15'00“to 28o16'20“N.

Figure 2.1: Location of the project area

2.2 Physical features

Upper Dordi A is one of the tributaries of Marsyangdi River. Dordi Khola has a catchment area of 191.6 km 2
from intake. The vegetation covers in the area ranges from the mixed forest to bush and barren land. All the
structures are located on the left bank of the river. The water from the powerhouse is again discharged into
the same river through tailrace canal.
2.3 Accessibility

The proposed project is located 187.4 km North-West from Kathmandu. The Proposed headworks of the
project is located at the Geographical position of 85°56’ 40” E and 27°59’ 13” N. at an elevation of 1260 m
amsl.

SN Distance from To Distance Type of Route

(Km)

1 Kathmandu(Kalanki Dumre 128.97 Prithivi Highway

)
4 Dumre Bhoteodar 33.43 Black topped district road

5 Bhoteodar Jhumswara,Village(Chhot 22 Earthen road already built

e Khola)

6 Jhumswara Village Proposed headworks site 3.0 To be constructed

Total Road Length From Kathmandu to Proposed headworks site

187.4 km.
 CHAPTER 3
HYDROMETEOROLOGY

3.1 Introduction

Hydro meteorological parameters of the watershed are very important factors to be considered before
designing any water resources related project. The characteristics indicate the distribution of the extent to
which the resources can be exploited in time and space.
There are more than 6000 rivers and rivulets in the country. Only few of them have gauging stations. Till
now, there are only about 320 gauging stations in Nepal. Hydro meteorological data are collected, reviewed
and analyzed for the determination of Hydrological parameters needed for the design of Hydraulic structures
of any hydropower project. Hydrological analysis is required for the Pre-prefeasibility and Prefeasibility
study stages for future water balance analysis of concerned catchments. Meteorological data include
precipitation, temperature and humidity data of any station. Most important type of Hydrological data
require for a hydropower study is long term stream flow record of the flow (flow-series) available for power
production. Stream flow data is used to estimate the average annual energy that can be produced from the
basin for available head. The information of the high floods is extremely important to design the structures
and to ensure the safety of the structures as well as the safety of the residents of vicinity. Idea of flow
availability during low flow seasons and during historical low flow year is also needed to estimate the
dependable capacity. If stream flow data of the required basin is not available, then, they are computed by
indirect methods like empirical methods, correlation/ regional regression of the available data of the nearby
basin having similar hydrological characteristics, drainage area, soil, precipitation pattern etc. Long term
availability and reliability of the stream flow is important in the case of Medium Hydropower Project, which
are designed as run off River Plants normally at a slight decrease in design discharge during its operation.
Several activities are carried out under the hydrological studies to achieve the following objectives:
 Determinations of long term mean monthly discharges available for power generation.
 Preparation of Flow Duration Curve for determination of installed capacity.
 Estimation of the magnitude of design flood and diversion flood for the design of spill way and
diversion facilities during the construction period.

3.2 Importance of Hydrometeorology study

Integrated analysis of hydrological and meteorological records is important to establish following parameters
of the river:
 Flow duration curve of the watershed at the intake site which is useful to determine the design
discharge.
 Frequency analysis of the flood that can be expected in the future which is useful to determine the
maximum design flood.
 Parameter such as annual hydrograph showing long term mean monthly flows which is useful to
determine the firm and secondary energy that can be produced.
 Low Flow Analysis during the dry season of the country for the D/S convergence flow to maintain
the aquatic life in the river.

3.3 Major River Basins of Nepal

 Figure 3.3: Major River Basins of Nepal

There are 5 major river basins in Nepal namely Mahakali Basin, Karnali Basin, Gandaki Basin, Bagmati
Basin and SaptaKoshi Basin. Most of the rivers confined to these major river basins and their tributaries are
originated in higher Himalaya and Tibet. All the tributaries of each major river merge before Mahabharat
range to form a big river which breaches Mahabharat range by cutting deep and narrow gorges. All the rivers
flowing south of the Mahabharat range are grouped under Southern river basin as they flow in the Southern
part of the country. The main river basins in the category are Bagamati, Babai, Kankai, Mechi, West Rapti
and Aandhi.
Koshi river basin is the largest river basin of Nepal having approximately 57,200 km² areas and lies in the
Eastern and Central part of the country. Sapta Koshi River has 3 major tributaries: Tamor from East, Arun
from North and Sunkoshi from West.
Most of the power plants in Nepal are run-of-river type with energy available in excess of the in-country
demand during the monsoon season and deficit during the dry season.

3.4 Physiographic characteristics of the Basin

The Dordi khola catchment lies within the Marsyangdi river Basin. The catchment is located in Lamjung
district Western Development Region of. It originates from Budhdha Himal in the Nepal-China border. The
proposed headwork lies at an elevation of 1260 m amsl and the catchment area contributing to flows at the
proposed intake site is 191.6 km2. Dordikhola is a perennial stream fed by snowmelts and monsoon, which
joins Marsyangdi at Dordi bazar. The study conducted by WECS and DHM have categorized that the
catchment area belongs to the hydrological region 1.
According to topography of the map, the catchments of the Upper Dordi A for both intake area is
categorized in Table 3.4.
 Fig: The Upper Dordi A Catchment Area

Table :Catchment Area

Description of Altitude Dordi Intake (km^2)

>5000m 14.88

3000m‐5000m 100.72
76.0
Below 3000m

191.6
Subtotal area

3.5 Stream Flow Analysis

The stream flow for the project has been analyzed from two methods. They are:

3.5.1. Correlation method or Catchment area ratio method

3.5.2. MIP (Medium Irrigation Project) Method

3.5.1 Correlation Method

When two basins are hydro-meteorologically similar, data extension may be accomplished simply by
multiplying the available long-term data at the index station with the ratio of the basin areas of the base
station (proposed site under study) and the index station. In this context of Nepal, more accurate results are
obtained by using following ratio,
Qb=Qi (Ab/Ai)
Where Qb and Qi are the discharges at the base and index stations respectively, and Ab and Ai are the
corresponding basin areas.
The long-term mean monthly stream flow data series at the proposed headwork site derived from monthly
stream flow series of Dordi khola is given below:

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Discharge 2.66 2.25 2.32 2.57 3.79 12.61 41.1 41.2 24.41 11.47 5.75 3.56

3.5.2 MIP Method

The MIP Method presents a technique for estimating the distribution of monthly flows throughout a year for
ungauged locations. For application to ungauged sites, it is necessary to obtain one flow measurement in the
low flow period from November to April.
In the MIP Method, Nepal has been divided hydrologically into seven zones.
Once the catchment area of the scheme, flow measurement in the low flow period and the hydrological zone
is identified, long term average monthly flows can be determined.
Hydrological zone can be identified based on the location of the scheme in the hydrologically zoned map of
Nepal.
For catchment area less than 100km2, MIP method is used for better results.

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Coefficien 2.40 1.8 1.3 1 2.6 6 14.5 25 16.5 8 4.1 3.1
t
Discharge 10.49 7.87 5.68 4.37 11.37 26.24 63.42 109.3 72.16 34.99 17.93 13.55
4
 Fig 3.6: Hydrological division of Nepal by MIP method

If the measured date is on 15th of the particular month, the coefficient given in the table is directly used. For
other date of measurement, coefficient for that date is found by interpolation.

𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = (1/𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ)∗ 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒

𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑦 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 ∗ 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

3.6 Flood Flow Analysis

Flood is an unusual high stage of river due to run off from rainfall or melting of snow. In
quantities too great to be confined in the normal water surface elevation of river or stream as a
result of unusual meteorological condition.
Estimation of design floods are required for the evaluation and design of water resources
projects. Reliable flood estimates are essential as the viability of a project depends on the
economy of hydraulic structures. The nature of flood hydrograph in the major river of Nepal is
highly influenced by the mountain environment. The steep mountain slope, topographic
variation of precipitation and snow components are some of the basic climatic and basin
characteristics that determine the nature of flood peak.
Therefore, different methods of flood estimation techniques are applied to estimate the flood at
the intake site.
The techniques used are:
3.6.1. Gumbel method
3.6.2. Log normal distribution
3.6.3. Log Pearson III

3.6.1 Gumbel method

This extreme value distribution was introduced by Gumbel (1914) and is commonly known as
Gumbel’s distribution. It is one of the most widely used probability- distribution functions for
extreme values in hydrologic and meteorological studies for prediction of flood peaks,
maximum rainfalls, maximum wind speed, etc.
Gumbel defined a flood as the largest of the 365 daily flows and the annual series of flood
flows constitute a series of largest values of flows. According to his theory of extreme events,
the probability of occurrence of an event equal to or larger than a value of x0
P[X > 𝑥0] = 1 − 𝑒−𝑒−𝑦 where, y is a dimensionless variable given by
y = α(x − a)
a = 𝑥̅ − 0.4505𝜎 x

From, p = 1 − 𝑒−𝑒−𝑦 And, p=

For y→ ∞, 𝑌̅n = 0.577 and Sn = 1.2825

Thus,
𝑌𝑇 0 557

Where, 𝑌̅n is known as reduced mean and Sn is known as reduced standard deviation. Their
value for different value of n is taken from tables.

x mean and x standard deviation of the variate X.

The 100 year return period flood by gumbel method is found to be 411.161.m^3/s. as shown in
ANNEX.
3.6.2 Log Normal Distribution

Chow (1954) reasoned that this distribution is applicable to the hydrological variables formed
as the product of other variables since if X = X1, X2, X3,….Xn, then Y = log X=
, which tends to the normal distribution for large n provided that the Xi
are independent and identically distributed. The log normal distribution has been found to
describe the distribution of hydraulic conductivity in a porous medium, the distribution of
raindrop sizes in storm, and other hydrological variables.
Steps
First transform the all of X values i.e. variate of random hydrologic series into logarithmic
form (base 10). Y = log X
For this Y series recurrence interval T is given by
YT = 𝑌̅+ KT Y
Calculate probability of exceedance p, by p = 1/T
The value of Z corresponding to probability of exceedance p can be calculated by calculating

an intermediate variable w as w = -p is substituted for p.

z=w–
Now find YT = 𝑌̅+ KT Y ,where the frequency factor KT for the normal distribution is equal to
z. So YT = Y+ zY
After finding the YT by above equation, find the XT = antilog (YT) i.e. X= 10y.
The coefficient of skew variate Cs is zero for log normal distribution so the value of KT also
can be obtained from the table of Cs and return period.

3.6.3. Log – Pearson type III

In this method the variant is first transformed into logarithmic form (base10) and the
transformed data is then analysed. If X is variant of random hydrologic series,
Steps
First transform the all of X values i.e. variate of random hydrologic series into logarithmic
form (base 10). Y = log X
For this Y series recurrence interval T is given by
YT = 𝑌̅+ KT Y
Calculate the coefficient of skewness.
Cs= 𝑁∑(𝑧−𝑧̅)3

Obtain the variation of KT = f (Cs, T) from table for Log Pearson type III distribution or by
using following formula and steps. p = 1/T

w= -p is substituted for p.
z=w–

KT = z+(z
Now find YT =𝑌̅+ KT Y ,where the frequency factor KT for the normal distribution
After finding the YT by above equation, find the XT = antilog (YT) ie. X= 10y.
3.7 Construction Flood

Generally, the construction works of the Hydropower components is done on the winter (dry
season beginning from October to end of May) and the work is stopped during monsoon when
the flood level is high. In such cases, the construction flood analysis is done by taking the
maximum mean monthly discharges of the construction period and flood magnitudes of 1 in 20
or 1 in 25 years is calculated. This flood is known as construction flood.
Construction in intake site is done in two phase: In the first phase, the coffer dam is
constructed in such a way that river flow is diverted from the intake sites and intake and under
sluice is constructed. After the completion of the construction of the intake and under sluice,
again the cofferdam is so constructed that the entire flow is directed towards under sluice and
the construction of weir is done. For the construction of the cofferdam, it is always necessary
to know about higher flood in dry periods.
Hence, flood analysis is done for the dry periods taking the highest flood that has occurred in a
year for various years.

Table: Construction Flood calculation by Gumbel method

Return period Flood (Q

(Yrs) m^3/s)
2 10.87
5 23.99
10 27.245
20 33.502
50 41.600
100 47.669
500 61.693
1000 67.722

3.8 Low flow Analysis

The minimum usable flow in a stream determines the value of reliable firm power and then,
firm energy. Knowledge of minimum stream is essential also for determination of minimum
water level that can go down to the river at the intake. Therefore, low flow analysis is essential
in the planning of hydropower in run off river. The low flow analysis has been carried out to
assess the performance of the proposed hydropower project, not only decide the design flow to
be diverted but also serve for environmental purposes as to how much water must be left in the
river system for the survival of the downstream aquatic flora and fauna. The low flow statistics
of Upper Dordi A is given in table below.
 Table 3.15: Low flow estimate by Gumbel method

Return period Flow (Q m^3/s)

(T)
2 2.071
5 2.903
10 3.440
20 3.964
50 4.641
100 5.148
500 6.321
1000 6.825

3.9 Justification Conclusion and Recommendation

We have selected design flood and design discharge of DHM gauging reference station 439.4
Ambotebagar from CAR method. The catchment area at intake is 191.6 km 2. We have taken
the values obtained from CAR method, and then Q40 is determined as 7.425 m3/s. The
discharge from CAR method of station 439.4 is taken because similar hydrological and
meteorological data are observed as the gauging station is in the same river as our project.
Discharge obtained from this method is reliable. Similarly, design flood is obtained from
Gumbel distribution method of reference hydrology station 439.4. The design flood obtained
from Gumbel distribution is 411.161m3/s for the return period of 100 years. To be safe from
over cost design, we have selected flood discharge for 100 years return period from Gumbel
distribution as it gives satisfactory result.
From the hydrological analysis, we have determined design discharge and design flood. From
low flood analysis lowest flood with 100yrs return period is found to be 5.148m^3/s. From
analysis the construction flood of 20 yrs. return period is found to be 33.502m^3/s.

120 CAR MIP

100

80
Q(m^3/sec)

60

40

20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time (month)
 CHAPTER 4
HYDRAULIC DESIGN

4.1 Diversion weir

Weir is a structure constructed at the head of canal, in order to divert the river water towards
the canal so as to ensure a regulated continuous supply of silt free water with certain minimum
head into the canal. The types of weir and its use depend upon the topography, geology,
discharge, river morphology etc. If the major part or the entire ponding of water is achieved by
a raised crest and Medium part or nil part of it is achieved by the shutters, then it is called weir.
Under sluice is the structure constructed side by the weir for the purpose of flushing the
deposited silt by providing opening on the weir portion with crest level positioned at lower
level than the crest of the weir. It creates comparatively less turbulent pocket of water near
intake. Gate-controlled under sluice helps regulating flow in intake at the dry weather flow and
low flow and periodic flushing.
Spillway is a structure constructed at the weir side for effectively disposing of surplus water
from u/s to d/s channel. It doesn’t let the water rise above maximum reservoir level and
prevents the weir from damage. Spillway is essentially a safety valve for weir. Types of
spillway according to location, operation, structures etc. are Straight drop, Overflow or Ogee,
Chute, Side Channel, Shaft, Siphon, Orifice, gated etc. Ogee Spillway is an improvement upon
the free over fall spillway and is widely used with concrete, masonry, arch and buttress dams.
Ogee spillway works effectively only on one particular head called designed head.

Design Consideration of Diversion Weir:

The design of weir includes computing the elevation of weir crest, length of weir, computing
the forces acting on the weir and checking the safety of the weir from all aspects like
overturning, sliding, crushing etc. They all are explained in the following articles.

 Elevation of Weir Crest

There are various factors that affect the elevation of the crest, but in our case, diversion of
water is the purpose and the height should be sufficient to pond the water at a level that can
facilitate design flow in the intake. The height of the weir is governed by the height of intake
sill, depth of intake orifice and depth of the river at the intake site.
Following four things were considered in the design of the weir.
 The shape of the crest affects the discharge coefficient and consequently the water head
above the weir
 The elevation of the weir crest was fixed such that the design flood is safely discharged
to the downstream without severe damage to the downstream.
 The elevation of the weir determined the head of the power production.
 The height of the weir crest affects the shape and location of the jump and the design of
the basin.
The bed level of the river at the headwork is 1260masl. The crest level of weir provided is
1263 amsl (height of the weir is 3m).
For the UPPER DORDI A project Uncontrolled Ogee type Weir is adopted.

 Length of Weir
The length of the weir depends upon the width of the waterway at the intake site.
Rise in water level on the upstream of the structures after construction of the weir is afflux.
Generally, the waterway is calculated by Lacey's perimeter Formula: 𝑃=4.75√Q
Minimum waterway is taken as actual width available between river banks. Generally, the
spillway and under sluice lengths are designed so as to safely pass 80 % and 20 % of the
design flood respectively. The spillway is so designed that it can accommodate total flood
design. The under sluice portion is designed only for sluicing the bed load. Hence, the under
sluice is designed taking for discharge of 82.32 m³/sec for Upper Dordi A. Length of the weir
is 37.2m.

 Forces acting on weir

The main forces which are acting on the weir when it will be in operation are: Water Pressure,
Uplift Pressure, Slit Pressure and Weight of the weir.

 Water Pressure
It is the major external force acting on the weir. This is called hydrostatic pressure force and
acts perpendicular on the surface of the weir and its magnitude is given by:
P = 0.5*g*H2 *b
Where, γ = Unit weight of water, H = Depth of water, b = Width of the Weir surface.
This pressure force acts on H/3 from the base.

 Uplift pressure
Water seeping through the pores, cracks and fissures of the foundation material, seeping
through the weir body itself and seepage from the bottom joint between the weir and its
foundation exerts an uplift pressure on the base of the weir. The uplift pressure virtually
reduces the downward weight of the weir hence acts against the dam stability.
According to the USBR, the uplift pressure intensity at the heel and toe should be taken equal
to their respective hydrostatic pressure and joined by a straight line in between.

 Silt pressure
The silt gets deposited on the upstream of the weir and exerts the horizontal and vertical
pressure as exerted by the water. So, flushing of the silt should be done regularly to reduce its
effect of destabilizing the weir. It is done by the use of under sluice gate. The silt pressure is
given by the relation: H = Depth of silt deposited and
Pslit=0.5×γsub×H2×Ka
Where, γsub= Submerged unit weight of slit.
H = Depth of water,
Ka = Coefficient of Active earth pressure and is given by,
Ka= (1-sinΦ)/(1+sinΦ)
Φ= angle of internal friction of slit.
This pressure force acts on H/3 from the base.

 Weight of weir
The weight of weir and its foundation is the major stabilizing, resisting force. While
calculating the weight, the cross section is splitted into rectangle and triangle. The weight of
each along with their C.G. is determined. The resultant of all these forces will represent the
total weight of dam acting at the C.G. of dam. Simply, when the sectional area of each part is
multiplied by unit weight of concrete, weight of that part is obtained.

 Mode of failure and check for structural stability of weir

 Overturning about the toe

If resultant of all the forces acting in the weir passes outside, the weir shall rotate and overturn
about the toe. The ratio of resisting moment to the overturning moment about the toe is the
factor of safety against overturning and it should be greater than 1.5. The factor of safety in
normal flow condition and high flow condition was found to be 2.55 and 1.54 respectively.

 Compression or crushing
While designing the weir section it should be so design that the resultant should pass through
middle 3rd part of the section to avoid the possible tension on the weir section. The section
should be totally in compression. So, weir should be checked against the failure by crushing of
its material. If the actual compressive stress may exceed the allowable stress, the dam material
may get crushed. The vertical combine stress at the base is given by:

e
e = eccentricity of the resultant force from the center of the base.
B = Base width of the weir.
The designed weir was found to be safe on tension as well as compression. Calculation shown
in Annex.
 Sliding stability
Sliding will occur when the net horizontal force above any plane in the weir or at the base of
the weir exceed the frictional resistance developed at that level. Factor of safety against the
sliding is measured as Shear Stability Factor (SSF) and is given by:
Sliding Factor= µ *(total vertical force/total horizontal force)
Where, µ = Coefficient of friction
The factor of safety against sliding in normal and high flow condition was found to be 1.67 and
1.56 respectively.

 Protection work for weir structure

The weir should be well protected from the flowing river to avoid creep effect. For this, the
wing wall is essential to construct. It should be well anchored into the bed. Gabion walls are
used as protection works for the banks which ultimately protect the degradation of the weir.

4.2 Under sluice

The proposed under sluice is located on the left side of the diversion weir and is basically
proposed for the prevention of the large amount of sediment from entering in to the intake and
in addition to pass a portion of high flood discharge and bed load in the river downstream.
However, during the low flow season the design discharge shall be allowed to flow through the
intake by closing the sluice gate. The total width of under sluice is 2.0 m.
One steel vertical lifting gate of span 2 m and height 6 m would be provided. Under sluice
lengths is designed so as to safely pass 20 % of the design flood.

4.3 Spillway

The adopted weir height is 3m and weir length is 37.2 m. A stilling basin for hydraulic jump is
required of excavation depth 2.1m. USBR Type IV Stilling basin is adopted.
4.4 Intake Structure

The intake structure is used to tap the required amount of water for the specific purpose with or
without storing. An intake structure should ensure good quality of water in proper quantity and
a control over the supply of water. The peak discharge must be safely evacuated without any
damage. To achieve this, hydrological data must be collected and evaluated and the structures
should be designed accordingly.
Prerequisites of the location of intake structure:
 The course of the river should be relatively permanent at the intake site, i.e. the river
should not change its course at the intake location at the time.
 The river should not have a large gradient at the intake site.
 As far as possible the intake should be placed at the side of rocky outcrop or large
boulders for the stability and the strength.
 The intake should be on the concave bank of the bend for good performance. This
limits sediment deposition at the intake area and also ensures the flow availability
during the dry season.

Qdesign(intake)=1.2Qdesign. The intake is designed considering submerged condition at normal flow.

The intake of UPPER DORDI A is designed for Qdesign=1.2*7.425=8.91m3/s .It has two
openings 1.5*3 m size each and a trash rack at the opening.

4.5 Approach Canal

It is the canal which leads the discharge from the intake to gravel trap and gravel trap to
settling basin. It should be able to carry the particles which are not trapped by the gravel trap
safely up to settling basin. The dimension of approach canal from intake to gravel trap is
40*3.1*1.6m and the dimension of approach canal from gravel trap to settling basin is
43.6*2.8*1.4m.

 Design Criteria

The following criteria have been used for the design of approach canal:

 Capacity:
The approach canal should be able to carry the design flow with adequate free board. Free
Board is the difference in elevation between the Canal bank top and the design water level.
 Velocity:
The velocity should be low enough to ensure that the bed and the walls of the canal aren’t
eroded. If the velocity is too low, aquatic plants and moss will start to grow on the canal and
reduce the cross sectional area. A minimum velocity of 0.4 m/s should be maintained to
prevent the growth of aquatic plants. Also, the velocity in the approach canal up to the settling
basin needs to be high enough to prevent sediment deposition.
 Head Loss:
As mentioned earlier head loss must be minimized. Head loss is governed by the canal slope.
4.6 Gravel Trap

The dimension of the gravel trap is 15*10.3*3.2m (L*B*H). At the end of the gravel trap,
there will be a gate which can be operated to allow necessary flushing discharge.
The dimensions of inlet and outlet transition of gravel trap are 10*3.1*1.6m and 8.5*2.8*1.6m
respectively.

4.7 Settling Basin

The suspended particles entered in a canal, if allowed to flow through penstock pipe and
turbine, cause abrasion of such units and reduce efficiency as well as durability. In addition,
problem of clogging is always present due to such particles in turbine units. There is also the
possibility of siltation in canal. So, the finer particles escaped from gravel trap are to be
removed before entering in to penstock.
The severity of damage depends on effective head of water, hardness of particles, shape of
particles and size of pipe and turbine blades and opening. It is very difficult to trap all the
particles. So, a particular size of particles is selected to make a design basis for Settling Basin.
The basin design philosophy is similar to that of gravel trap. Selection of width and length
depend on land available. For more reliable operation, more than one chamber is employed. It
will not interrupt whole system when it is to be stopped for maintenance. To ensure uniform
flow, transitions are provided at inlet and outlet.
Both height and width vary gradually inlet transition and width varies in outlet transition.
Flushing of deposited matters is essential for smooth operation of settling basin.
The objective of the settling basin is to allow suspended sediment particles to settle down
within the basin by reducing the turbulence level and to be deposited at the bottom of the
basin. The deposits are then removed through a flushing culvert located at the end of the
settling basin The suspended particles will not follow the movement of the water because the
fall velocity of the particles will create a flux of sediments downwards .The performance of a
settling basin is guided by its ability to trap suspended sediments and its ability to remove the
trapped deposits from the settling basins, i.e. the qualities of the adopted sediment flushing
system. Additional 10% of the design discharge is also considered for the design. Two
chambers are proposed in the settling basin considering the site conditions and also to ensure
continuous supply of flow for power production when one settling basin chamber will be
closed for maintenance.

The settling basin is designed to trap 95% of 0.2 mm particles sized sediment. It will have two
equal and parallel settling chambers, each 27.9 m long and 8.4 m wide and 5.8m depth.
The dimension of inlet and outlet transition of settling basin is 16*3.1*1.4m and 11*3.1*1.4m
respectively.
From the settling basin the water will pass to the headrace tunnel.

4.8 Headrace Tunnel

Headrace tunnel will convey design flow of 7.425 m^3/s from settling basin to Surge Tank. Its
design and optimization is shown in Annex section. The length of headrace tunnel is 3600 m
and its internal diameter is 1.7 m. Headrace tunnel is optimized to get minimum cost take in
view the energy loss cost as well as construction cost.
4.9 Surge Tank

A Surge Tank is a type of hydraulic structure connecting the Tunnel with pressurized flow
system, i.e. flow through penstock. It is a storage basin which is constructed at the end of the
headrace tunnel. It serves the following functions:
 Reduce the water hammer effect.
 Release the surge pressure as the wave travels out of the penstock pipe
Surge Tank designed has diameter of 15m. It is followed by Penstock pipe.

The design of Surge Tank is shown in annex section.

4.10 Penstock

The potential energy of the flow at the inlet chamber is converted into the kinetic energy at the
turbine of a hydropower plant via the pipe known as penstock. Water flows under pressure in
the penstock. The penstock has to fulfill various serviceability requirements for safe and
reliable operation of the plant. It has to bear a very high pressure caused due water hammer
effect at the sudden closure of the gate by government mechanism of the turbine. Penstock
should be smooth enough so
as to result minimum head loss while flowing water and it corrosion resistance form durability
aspect.
The thickness should be sufficient to resist hoop stress developed not exceeding the allowable
stress. Penstock alignment must be straight to avoid head loss at bents and the extra cost of
anchor block unless it is mandatory by site condition. The penstock may be either embedded or
exposed as per topography, location of inlet chamber/Surge Tank, Powerhouse and
construction easiness etc. In case of exposed penstock, the penstock is supported by support
piers. In case of the buried penstock, the penstock is laid upon fine sand and gravel bed and
covered with compacted soil, minimum covering is 0.75m.

Design Criteria for Penstock

For a particular head and discharge, there may be several options for the size of penstock
according to continuity equation (Q=AV). Also head loss increases squarely with increase in
velocity as per Darcy-Weishbach equation,
Head Loss= (f*l*v^2)/ (2*g*d)
So, an optimum size penstock saves cost of construction material and loss of energy due to loss
of head. Due to this fact, we can deduce as optimum diameter which minimizes the total cost
and the same is adopted for the project.
Also, thickness of pipe,

;
Where,
P = total pressure in pipe σ = Permissible hoop stress of steel in pipe.
Or,

Where P = total pressure in kgf/cm2

R= internal radius of penstock in cm
S = allowable stress of penstock material in kgf/cm2 η= efficiency of joint
As the penstock has to feed more than one turbine, one pipe and bifurcate in at turbine inlet.
Length from inlet chamber to powerhouse, construction Prefeasibility, reliability,
transportation and fabrication Prefeasibility are some important factors to be considered for
this,

Penstock Optimization

Penstock is one of the costly and important structures in hydropower plant. The larger size
incurs more cost of the structure and a Medium size saves the cost of structure but is always an
optimum size of penstock for which the total cost of loss and the material is minimum. To seek
this size, optimization technique is used. Details of optimization and design are shown in
annex. The optimized diameter of the penstock pipe is 1.6 m.

Protection Works for Penstock

Penstock is very sensitive structure and its failure is of fatal nature. Exposed penstock is
susceptible to temperature stress and hence, should be provided with expansion joints. Anchor
blocks are used to resist vertical and horizontal forces in the penstock. The inner surface of
penstock is galvanized and the outer surface is frequently painted to prevent from corrosion.
Frequent checking of the penstock should be done to ensure its safe operation and to foresee
the faults before failure.

4.11 Power house

Power house is one of the major components of the hydropower project. It is used to house the
electro-mechanical components. The switch gear, control room, engineer's room, reception
room operator's accommodation are generally provided with it. Basically, there are two types
of powerhouse i.e. surface and underground powerhouse. Surface power house is cost effective
and is best suited when the power house is far away from flood plain.
  Components of Powerhouse

 Machine hall
It is a room in which the generating sets are usually arranged in a single line, the orientation of
which will be determined according to the arrangement of the intake or penstock and of the
tailrace.
 Equipment house.
 Workshop with basic machine tools

 Power house size

Power house size mainly depends on the discharge, head, type of turbine and generator,
number of units and the general arrangement in the power house. The size of the power house
should be sufficient to house all the components. Sufficient clear space should be available for
installation of various components and for maintenance purpose.

 Powerhouse Dimension
It mainly depends on the discharge, head, type of turbine and generator, number of units and
the general arrangement in the power house. The size of the power house should be sufficient
to house all the components. Sufficient clear space should be available for installation of
various components and for maintenance purpose.
There are generally three main areas in a powerhouse an area for the turbine/generator,
maintenance or erection area and a service area. These areas may overlap to some extent.
The standard distance of scroll casing is about 4.5D, where D is the outlet diameter of turbine.
The minimum clearance of about 2 to 3 m is added to this distance. So the center to center
distance between the units is taken as (5D+2.5) m.

Height of power house is fixed by the dimensions of lower turbine block and its superstructure.
In general, 2 to 2.5 m head requirement is for crane operation. The hall must have a height
which will enable the cranes to lift the rotor the generator of the runner of the turbine clear off
the floor without any other machine sets forming obstruction. To this clearance space is to be
added the depth of crane grinder and head room for operating cabin. The total powerhouse
dimensions adopted are:
Length = 64 m, Width = 18m and Height = 20m.
Dimension of machine room adopted is 54m*18m*20m
Dimension of Service room adopted is 10m*9*6m
Dimension of control room adopted is 10m*9m*6m

4.12 Electro-Mechanical Units

A hydropower plant requires a great deal of mechanical and electrical equipment. The major
electrical components are: Generator and voltage regulators, Transformers, Switchgear,
Control room equipment including switch boards.
Similarly, mechanical components are: Shaft, generators, circuits and pumps, compressors and
air ducts, braking equipment. Proper arrangements for lighting, water supply and drainage
should also be provided.

4.12.1 Turbine
Hydraulic turbines are machines that convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. An
electric generator is directly coupled with the shaft of the turbine as a result of which the
mechanical energy generated is consequently converted into electrical energy. Turbines can be
basically classified into 2 types: Impulse and Reactive turbines.
Impulse Turbine (Active Turbine):
The turbine in which pressure head or potential energy of water is converted into the kinetic
energy of water in the form of jet issuing from one of more nozzles and hitting a series of
buckets mounted on the periphery of the wheel, at atmospheric pressure is called impulse
turbine. It is used for high head and low discharge. E.g. Pelton turbines, Turgo turbines,
Reactive Turbine:
The turbine in which the runner of the turbine is rotated under the combined effect of both the
kinetic energy and potential energy of water is called reactive turbine. The turbine runner is
submerged and water flows around the enclosed periphery of the runner. By means of a closed
draft tube, water is taken up to the tail race. Therefore, in the case of reactive turbine, the water
follows a wholly enclosed path. E.g. Francis, Kaplan, Propeller, Deriaz turbine etc.

 Selection Philosophy
For the rational selection of suitable type of turbine, several determining factors like head,
discharge, power production, load condition and corresponding efficiency, quality of water, tail
water level, size, construction Prefeasibility etc. are considered. Selection of turbine is
essential for the layout of the powerhouse, approaching and discharging pipes, conditions of
construction and exploitation and techno-economic parameters. The significant criteria on the
basis of which the selection decision is made are as follows:
 Available head
 Very high head: > 350m - Pelton turbine (no other)
 High head: (150 - 350 m) - Pelton or Francis turbine
 Medium head: (60-150 m) - Francis turbine is usually adopted.
 Low head: Below 60 m - Between 30 m and 60 m both Kaplan and Francis turbine can
be used.
 Very low head: Up to 15m, Propeller turbines are commonly used for head up to 15m.
They are adopted only when there is practically no load variation.
 Discharge:
On the basis of discharge, the following criteria are used:
 Low discharge: Pelton
 Medium discharge: Francis
 High discharge: Kaplan

Selection of turbine:

For Upper Dordi A Medium Hydropower Project, Pelton Turbine is selected. The selection of
the turbine was made by the basic criteria of head. The fact that the net head of our project is
303m which is high and due to criteria that for such high head, Pelton turbine is to be used.
Pelton turbine was selected for our project. Various regions on the graph are assigned to
different types of turbines and on the basis; the type of turbine is designated. 2 units of same
capacity were for the efficiency optimization. The adopted runner diameter of the turbine is
3.1m.
 Fig: Turbine selection chart
4.12.2 Generator

Generator is 3-phase synchronous machine having the speed range of 70 to 1000 rpm. It may
have either vertical shaft alignment or horizontal shaft alignment. The vertical shaft alignment
is usually preferred for medium and large installation. The stator of generator is manufactured
in a number of segments which are then joined at the site. The entire stator assembly is
embedded firmly in concrete foundation. The generator voltage depends upon the electrical
design (which is bounded by the scope) but the normal range is between 6 to 18 KV. The
efficiency of generator is 97%.

4.12.3 Transformer

Transformer is a machine to step up and step down the voltage. The transformer efficiency was
taken as 98%.

4.13 Tail race

Tailrace is the canal which is used to convey the water that passes through the turbine. The
length of the tailrace canal depends upon the proximity of the powerhouse from the river. If the
power house is close to river, the outflow may be discharged directly into the river. Tailrace
canal should be designed according to the topography of the site and maintained to avoid
excessive degradation and eroding of the canal. Tailrace canal length is 132m

Design Criteria
Tailrace canal is designed in a similar way to the other canals but unlike in the other canals,
higher velocity is allowed and head loss not considered. The downstream of the tailrace from
the discharge should be disposed of over rock or large boulders.
 CHAPTER 5
POWER OUTPUT AND ENERGY GENERATION

5.1 Some definitions

 Primary or Firm power

The power which is available throughout the year is known as firm power. It is the power
which is always ensured to a consumer at any time of a day. This type of power may
correspond to the minimum flow of river and is available for all the time.
Firm power Upper Dordi A hydropower project was calculated as 4.95MW

 Secondary or Surplus or Non-Firm Power

If the power is available intermittently for unpredictable time, the power is called the
secondary power. It is the excess power available over the firm power during the off-peak
hours or monsoon etc. In other words, it is surplus or non-firm power other than the primary
one and is useful in the interconnected system of power station i.e. grid.
Secondary power Upper Dordi A hydropower project was calculated as 13.15MW.

 Gross Head
It is the difference in WL elevation at the point of diversion and the point of return of water
back to the river. The gross head obtained is 303m.

 Net Head
It is the head obtained after the deducting the losses between the diversion point and axis of
turbine from gross head. The net head obtained is 279.48.

 Turbine efficiency
The measure of how well the turbine performs as compared to the ideal turbine is known as
turbine efficiency. In our case, the turbine efficiency was taken as 92%.

 Transformer efficiency
The working efficiency of the transformer considering the energy dissipated in windings, core
and surrounding structures is called transformer efficiency. In our case, the transformer
efficiency was taken as 98%, as highly efficient transformers are available now and for
simplicity in analysis.

 Generator efficiency
The working efficiency of the generator after considering various energy losses is called
generator efficiency. In our case, the generator efficiency was taken as 97%.

 Overall efficiency
It is product of all the efficiencies listed above.
Overall Efficiency
𝜂 = 𝜂t𝜂tr g Where,
ηt= Turbine efficiency = 0.92
ηtr= Transformer efficiency = 0.98
ηg= Generator efficiency = 0.97
Thus, 𝜂 = 0.87 is adopted.
Dry season energy: 16,692,899KWh
Wet season energy: 78,350,416KWh

5.2 Power, Energy and Revenue

The following inputs are utilized to calculate the monthly capacity and corresponding energy
generation.
 Design discharge (7.425 m3/sec) and available monthly discharge;
 Gross head(303m) and head losses at different turbine flows;
 Combined efficiency of turbine, generator and transformer, which has been taken as
87.5%.
Consideration of flow release requirement for environment; and 100% dependable flow (2.02
m3/sec) a minimum of 10% of the flow of the driest month (i.e. 0.225 m3/sec) is left in the
river as the minimum downstream release requirement for maintaining environmental balance.
The power is calculated on the basis of available flow and net head of the project. The power,
energy and revenue is computed and presented in Annex. The major head loss component in
the conveyance system is the head loss due to friction. Other head loss components such as
bend loss, entrance loss, valve loss, etc. contribute a little in total head loss in the system. The
maximum head loss occurring in the total system is 9.827 m. and design flow is taken as 7.425
m3/s. Taking the turbine efficiency 92% and generator efficiency 97%, the installed capacity
of the project is worked out to be 18.17 MW. The power produced in different months in round
the year is computed by deducting the compensation flow of 0.225 m^3/s.
To compute the annual energy generation outage of 5% is taken for dry period and that of wet
period is taken as 10%. Thus the total deemed energy for a year is 93.14GWh.
The energy rate of dry season 8.4.00 NRs/kWh and that of wet season 4.80 NRs/kWh are
considered to compute the annual gross revenue of the project and found to be NRs
505976299.3

5.2.1 Power Generation

The objective of this project is to generate power and supply energy to the national grid. The
Project has an installed capacity of 18170 kW. The project will run on full capacity for four
months (June to October) and generate 18.17MW power. There will be lowest power
generation of 4.95MW in the month of February. The power generated from the project has
been converted into energy using the conventional conversion method. This plant shall
generate 93,142,449 KWh every year. The month-wise power generation trend of the project is
shown below:
5.2.2 Revenue Generation from the Project

Energy generation from this project in different months is shown in Annex. The energy shall
be sold to Nepal Electricity Authority at the rate of NRs. 4.80 for the wet months and Rs. 8.40
for the dry months. This is the rate fixed by the NEA for all small hydropower projects upto
25MW. The rate is escalated by 3% up to 9 years of commercial operation.
This project will generate Rs.505976299.3 of revenue in the first year of operation. The
monthly revenue trend and average revenue generation from the project is presented below:

Monthly Revenue Generation trend

70000000

60000000

50000000
Revenue NRS

40000000

30000000

20000000

10000000

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Months

Monthly revenue Average revenue

5.3 Installed capacity of Plant

The installed capacity of a power plant is the maximum power which can be developed by the
generators at the normal head with full flow.
Power = 9.81* 𝜂 *Qd*H n
Where,
Qd= Design discharge in cumecs

Hn= Net head in m

ηo= Overall Unit Efficiency

Power = 9.81* 0.874 ∗ 7.425*303KW= 18.17MW

Thus, the installed capacity is 18.17 MW.

 CHAPTER 6
PROJECT PLANNING AND SCHEDULING

6.1 Introduction

Project generates itself from ideas, which must be technically feasible, economically viable,
politically suitable and socially acceptable. With the increasing complexity of larger projects,
necessity for better planning and scheduling is increasing. For the success of any project it is
necessary that the objectives and time schedules should be defined with reference to attainable
targets, taking into account all the problems and difficulties which may be existing at the time
of drawing up of the plan or during the course of construction period. The proper planning of
any project is essential to achieve the real goal.

6.2 Planning

Planning in general is the process of establishing project goals and the ways of achieving the
goals. It is a predetermined course of action to be taken in future. Project planning is a decision
planning must be systematic, flexible enough to handle unique activities. Comprehensive
project planning covers the following areas:
 Planning the project work
 Planning the human resources and organization
 Planning the financial resources
 Planning the information system
Planning aims at achieving the project completion, making the most effective use of time and
resources. Project planning requires both the operational and strategic thinking and decision
making. It is characterized by creativity, innovation and ability to think rationally and
prospectively. Project planning is a multi-stage process and enumerated as:
 Establishment of objectives
 Identify the key factors of the project
 Identification of key elements of projects
 Establishing the logical sequencing of activities.
 Identification of time and resources
 Assignment of responsibilities
 Finalize project plan.
For the successful run of the project, certain development such as access road, temporary
camps, facilities for drinking water, light should be provided on the project site before the
actual construction starts. The construction work should be started after enough operations are
lined up and definite commitments are made for arrival of material and equipment.

6.3 Phase of construction

In the hydropower construction, the hydropower plant construction only is not solely a project
work. Before the construction of the power plant, infrastructure required for the project such as
access road, bridge, temporary camps for works etc. should be developed. These all works
should be scheduled and proceed on phase wise. General phase of project construction can be
summarized as:
 Access road construction
  Construction of camp
 Construction of all civil works
 Electromechanical works

6.4 Project scheduling

The project scheduling is done immediately after planning work is completed, approved, the
budget estimate is prepared and the detailed design, tendering and the master plan is more or
less finalized. The schedule of the construction works is a very important aspect of the project
as it ensures not only the timely completion of the project to comply with the energy
requirements of the nation but also to have a tentative idea on the cash flow patterns of the
project. The management of finance as well as other resources like equipment, material, and
manpower for the project implementation largely depends on the schedule of construction.
While scheduling the project, the project activities are identified and their proper technological
sequences and the anticipated time duration for each of the activities are estimated. Due to the
innumerable activities interdependent on another in the project, it is necessary to make the
schedule in a systematic way for easy understanding and reference. The widely used
techniques are;

a) Bar Chart
b) Network Analysis

6.5 Project schedule of Dordi Khola A project

This section of the report describes the anticipated construction technology that could be
applied to undertake different construction site at the possible shortest span of the construction
time. As it is envisioned that the construction of the project could be completed within 4 years
time but it will depend on the commencement of the construction. If the construction is
schedule on season, it is possible to complete the construction in four years period, otherwise
off season start delay for another six months. It is therefore envisioned that the construction of
the project will be completed within or maximum of four and halves years.
 CHAPTER 7
PROJECT COST ESTIMATION AND FINANCIAL
ANALYSIS

This chapter describes the methodology used for estimating the cost and also presents the
project cost estimate. The project cost estimate is carried out in parallel with the quantities of
various items taken from drawings and quantities derived from empirical relations.

7.1 Criteria and Assumptions

The following criteria and assumptions are the basis of the cost estimate:
• The cost estimate and financial analysis have been based on the Nepali Rupees.
• The exchange rate used for cost estimate is US $ 1 = NRs 105.00 as on date
Price level
The cost estimate has been made at the price level of 2015. All costs have been first estimated
on unit basis for each of the components. These have been added to obtain the entire project
cost. Lump sum costs have been allocated for components where, a detailed breakdown of
costs is not available or worthwhile.
Material price and labor cost
Material costs reflect real costs incurred at other projects of similar size or having similar
scope of works. The prices have been calculated for 2015. It is assumed that the bulk of the
construction material can be obtained in the local market whereas some of the steel items and
cement and all of the electromechanical equipment need to be imported. . Rates of
electromechanical equipment and metal works were provided by our supervisor based on
approximate cost per MW of other similar projects.
Some skilled and all of the semi-skilled and unskilled manpower can be obtained locally. The
rate for locally available materials such as sand, stones, aggregate, timber, etc. is estimated
based on local price
It is anticipated that an open competitive bidding will be sought for awarding the contracts and
the project will not be forced to use higher rates for any reason.

7.2 Estimating Methodology

The project cost is divided into thirteen different headings as follows:

1. Civil Construction Works
2. Hydro Mechanical Works
3. Electromechanical Works
4. Transmission Line
5. Access Road
6. Infrastructure Development
7. Land Purchase
8. Contingencies
9.2.1 Main civil works estimate
The sequence for estimate preparation constitutes following steps:
• Breakdown of the total project into a number of distinct structures like headwork’s, settling
basin, approach canal, headrace tunnel, surge shaft, penstock, powerhouse and tailrace.
• Identification of distinct construction tasks or measurable pay items, such as overburden
excavation, rock excavation, underground excavation, backfill work, concrete works, etc.
• Calculation of appropriate quantity of each item from maps and drawings.
• Development of unit rate of construction works based on prevailing market rates
appropriately adjusted for the project area and standard norms and practices of the country.
• Calculation of cost for each activity by summing up costs of different works required for the
structures.
• Resources Cost for estimating purposes, the labor force was subdivided into four categories
of workers, namely unskilled, semi skilled, skilled and highly skilled. Construction material o
It has been assumed that most of the construction materials like cement, reinforcement steel
will be supplied from the local market and specific materials like penstock, gates, and cement
will be imported from India or overseas. The more complex items such as drill material and
steel fibers will be imported from overseas industrial countries.
 CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

8.1 Conclusions

The Pre-Prefeasibility study of Upper Dordi A Medium Hydropower Project is successfully

conducted with the installed capacity of 18.17 MW and total yearly energy of 95043315kWh.
The following conclusions were drawn from study:
The catchment area of the headwork site is found to be 191.6sq.km. The design discharge of
UPPER DORDI A has been found to be 7.4254 m3/s at 40% exceedence flow. The RL of the
height of weir is 1263m while the bed of the river is 1260m. 100 years return period flood is
considered for designing the hydraulic structure. Based on the financial analysis of the project,
the project is found to be attractive in economic term for a minimum selling price
8.400NRs/kWh and 4.800NRs/kWh for dry energy and wet energy respectively.
The total project cost estimated to be completed at the cost of NRs 2306235706 and is
expected to be completed in 4 years of the time. The payback period of the developer’s
investment is 4.6Years.
Internal rate of return=17.38%
Net Present value=Rs1942684142
So the project is technically sound, financially and economically attractive.

8.2 Recommendation

Following recommendations are made:

Surface geological mapping and sub-surface geological investigation should be carried at
headwork and power house area
Detail investigation of locally available construction material with systematic sampling and
estimation of quantities of impervious core 
EIA should be carried out for project.
Local participation should be encouraged.
 REFRENCE
DoED, 2003M, Guidelines for Study of Hydropower Projects.

Baral, S, Fundamentals of Hydropower Engineering, Engineering and Educational

Services Pvt. Ltd., Kathmandu.

Modi, P.N., Seith, S.M., Hydraulic and Fluid Mechanics, Standard Book House.

Dr. Arora, K.R., Irrigation, Water Power and Water Engg. Standard Pub. And
Distribution.

Dr. Arora, K.R., Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Standard Pub. And
Distribution.

IOE, I.O.E Thapathali Campus Previous project reports.

Subramaya, K., Tata McGraw Hill Publication Ltd., Engineering Hydrology.

Rajput, R.K., Hydraulics Mechanics.

Garg, S.K., Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures, Khanna Publishers,

New Delhi.

Various Open Source information available freely over internet and WIKIPEDIA.

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