CS – 123 Digital Logic Design

Experiment # 02

Basic Logic Gates

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Maximum Marks Performance = 05 Viva = 05 Total = 10

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Instructor Name: Engr. Sana Sohail

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Experiment # 2 Basic Logic Gates

Practical Objectives
1. To get acquainted with logic gates w.r.t. their functions, shapes and Boolean expressions.
2. Construct and debug digital logic circuits using 7400 series chips

Theory
Logic Gate
A logic gate is an elementary building block of a digital circuit. Most logic gates have two inputs and one
output. At any given moment, every terminal is in one of the two binary conditions low (0) or high (1),
represented by different voltage levels. In electronics, a logic gate is an idealized or physical device
implementing a Boolean function; that is, it performs a logical operation on one or more binary inputs and
produces a single binary output.
Any logic gate can be characterized by:
 A unique shape representing the gate
 The operation it performs
 A Boolean expression
Table 1 illustrates the representation/symbol, description and the Boolean expression of the logic gates.

Table 1: Logic gates illustration

Logic ICs
Using combinations of logic gates, complex operations can be performed. In theory, there is no limit to the
number of gates that can be arrayed together in a single device. But in practice, there is a limit to the number
of gates that can be packed into a given physical space. Arrays of logic gates are found in digital integrated
circuits (ICs). As IC technology advances, the required physical volume for each individual logic gate
decreases and digital devices of the same or smaller size become capable of performing ever-more-
complicated operations at ever-increasing speeds.

Figure 1 illustrates a selection of the basic logic gates that are available from several manufacturers in
standard families of integrated circuits. Each logic family is designed so that gates and other logic ICs within
that family (and other related families) can be easily combined, and built into larger logic circuits to carry
out complex functions with the minimum of additional components.

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Experiment # 2 Basic Logic Gates
Typically, standard logic gates are available in 14
pin or 16 pin DIL (dual in line) chips. The number
of gates per IC varies depending on the number of
inputs per gate. Two−input gates are common, but
if only a single input is required, such as in the 7404
NOT(or inverter) gates, a 14 pin IC can
accommodate 6 (or Hex) gates. The greatest
number of inputs on a single gate is on the 74133
13 input NAND gate, which is accommodated in a
16 pin package.

Lab Equipment
M21-7000 trainer or ETS-5000 trainer, IC’s 7404,
7408, 7432, 7400, 7402, 7486, DMM, Logic Probe.

Procedure
1. Insert all logic IC’s one by one into the
bread-boarding socket, connect pin 14 to
+5V and pin 7 to GND.
2. Experimentally verify that the respective
logic gate is working properly by
determining its truth table. You can do this
by connecting the inputs to switches and
the output to one of the LED’s on the
Trainer.
3. Also observe the output with DMM and
logic probe. Record your observations in
the respective tables.

Example Implementation of a Logic Circuit

Figure 2: The complete designed and connected circuit

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Experiment # 2 Basic Logic Gates

Tasks
1. After verifying the operations of the logic gates; complete the following truth table:

a) Logical NOT Operation

OUTPUT
INPUT
Voltage Logic Level
0
1

b) Logical AND Operation

OUTPUT
INPUT A INPUT B
Voltage Logic Level
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

c) Logical OR Operation

OUTPUT
INPUT A INPUT B
Voltage Logic Level
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

d) Logical NAND Operation

OUTPUT
INPUT A INPUT B
Voltage Logic Level
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

e) Logical NOR Circuit

OUTPUT
INPUT A INPUT B
Voltage Logic Level
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

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Experiment # 2 Basic Logic Gates

f) Logical XOR Circuit

OUTPUT
INPUT A INPUT B
Voltage Logic Level
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

2. Construct the XNOR gates using the combination of above IC’s and perform the XNOR
operation and complete the following table.

OUTPUT
INPUT A INPUT B
Voltage Logic Level
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

TASK: Paste the screenshots of LogiSim in the space provided below:

NOT Gate AND Gate

OR Gate NAND Gate

NOR Gate XOR Gate

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