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Non-Traditional Machining and Automation: B.Tech. (4 Sem) Spring 2021 Department of Mechanical Engineering NIT Srinagar

This document provides an overview of the course "Non-Traditional Machining and Automation" taught at NIT Srinagar. It outlines the course outcomes, syllabus for Unit 2, and classifications of CNC machines. The classifications covered include those based on motion type (point-to-point vs contouring systems), control loops (open vs closed loop), number of axes (2-5 axes), and power supply (electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic). Key differences between open and closed loop control systems are also summarized.

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Jatin prasad Tandan
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38 views

Non-Traditional Machining and Automation: B.Tech. (4 Sem) Spring 2021 Department of Mechanical Engineering NIT Srinagar

This document provides an overview of the course "Non-Traditional Machining and Automation" taught at NIT Srinagar. It outlines the course outcomes, syllabus for Unit 2, and classifications of CNC machines. The classifications covered include those based on motion type (point-to-point vs contouring systems), control loops (open vs closed loop), number of axes (2-5 axes), and power supply (electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic). Key differences between open and closed loop control systems are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Jatin prasad Tandan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Non-Traditional Machining and

Automation
(MET 255)
B.Tech. (4th Sem) Spring 2021
Department of Mechanical Engineering
NIT Srinagar

Course Incharge
Dr. Noor Zaman Khan
Course Outcomes
At the end of the course, a student should be able to:

• CO1: Analyze and access the importance of automation and industrial automated systems.

• CO2: Identify and Analyze functions and functioning of CNC machines.

• CO3: Recognize the need of non-traditional machining processes and understand the working of high energy
beam machining.

• CO4: Illustrate underlying mechanisms in non-traditional machining processes along with their applications
Syllabus of Unit 2
• Computer numeric control (CNC) machines

• Open loop & closed loop CNC machines

• Classification, advantages and applications of CNC machines

• Introduction to CNC programming

• G-codes and M-codes

• Absolute and Incremental coordinate system

• Adaptive control

• Material Handling Equipment

• Automated Guided vehicles (AGVs)

• Analysis of AGVs
Classification of CNC Machines

1. Classification based on the motion type.

2. Classification based on the control loops.

3. Classification based on the number of axes.

4. Classification based on the power supply.


Classification based on the motion type
Point-to-Point Systems:

• The tool/cutter moves from one point to another point for performing various
operations.

• It is used in some CNC machines such as drilling, boring, tapping, and spot welding
machines etc.

• The control equipment to tool motion is known as point-to-point control equipment.

• Feed rates need not to be programmed.

• The control system does not require an interpolator.

• It generally covers the distance between the points at highest attainable velocity.

• Cutter/tool radius compensation is not required.

• There is no cutting action by the tool is done by moving from one point to another
Classification based on the motion type
• Contouring Systems (Continuous Path Systems)

• It is used in CNC machine tools such as milling machines.

• These machines require simultaneous control of axes.

• Contouring machines can also be used as point-to-point machines, but itt


will be uneconomical to use them unless the work piece also requires
having a contouring operation to be performed on it.

• Linear Cut: Liner interpolation is required, No circular interpolation.

• Combination of linear and circular cut: Linear and Circular interpolation.

• The tool/cutter velocity is control.

• Cutter remove material while moving.


Classification based on the control loops
Open Loop Systems
• No provision to compare the actual position tool or
workpiece with the input command value.
• Executes the program of instructions without a feedback
loop.
• No measurement of the output variable.
• Generally used in point-to-point systems where the
accuracy requirements are not critical
• Very few continuous-path systems utilize open-loop
control
Open Loop Systems
• Machine control unit does not know how much machine tool slide displaces.
• No feedback system to check whether the programmed position and velocity has
been achieved.
• Less expensive then closed loop as no feedback is required in open loop control
system.
• Less accurate then closed loop system.
Classification based on the control loops
Closed Loop Systems

• The output from the system is compared with the input signal.

• The closed-loop system has a feedback subsystem to monitor the actual


output and correct any discrepancy from the programmed input.

• Six elements of a closed loop system: (1) input parameter, (2) process,
(3) output variable, (4) feedback sensor, (5) controller, and (6) actuator
Closed Loop Systems
• Closed-loop systems are very powerful and accurate because they are capable of
monitoring operating conditions through feedback subsystems and automatically
compensating for any variations in real-time.
• These systems use position and velocity feed back.

• Actual displacement of machine slide is compared with the input displacement.

• Expensive then open loop

• More accurate.
Difference between open loop and closed loop
Open loop control Close loop control

• There is no relation between input • There is a relation between input


and output and output.
• There is no feedback • There is a feedback
• Less accurate • More accurate
• Less costly • Expensive
Classification based on the number of axes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OKFFRZevXlM

• 2 axes CNC Machines: CNC Lathe Machines generally have 2 axes by


which motion takes place. The saddle will be moving longitudinally on the
bed (Z-axis) and the cross slide moves transversely on the saddle (along X-
axis).
• 3 Axes CNC Machines: X, Y and Z
• 4 Axes CNC Machines: X, Y, Z and A
• 5 Axes CNC Machines: X, Y, Z , B, C
4 Axis CNC Milling
• Horizontal Milling
• X, Y, Z and A
5 Axis CNC Milling
• Vertical Milling
Importance of higher axes machining
• Reduced cycle time by machining complex components using a single
setup.
• In addition to time savings, improved accuracy can also be achieved as
positioning errors between setups are eliminated.
• Improved surface finish and tool life by tilting the tool to maintain
optimum tool to part contact all the times.
• Higher axes machining has been widely used for machining sculptures
surfaces in aerospace and automobile industry
Classification based on the power supply
• Power required for driving slides, saddles etc.
• Electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic.
Thank You

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