GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

Name: Christine N. Morota 12- STEM B Date: May 8, 2021

SOLUBILITY
Types of Solutions

Explain and give examples of each term given below.

Solute- it is a substance that is dissolved in a solution. (e.g. Salt/sugar dissolves in
water, salt/sugar is the solute)
Solvent- can be defined as a substance that has the ability to dissolve a given solute to
form a solution with it. Although solvents most used in the liquid state, it is possible for
solvents to exist in the solid and gaseous phase as well.(e.g. water, ethanol,
methanol, acetone etc.)
Concentrated- it refers to the relatively large quantity of substance present in a unit
amount of mixture. Usually, it means there is a lot of solute dissolved in a given solvent.
A concentrated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved.
(e.g. hand soap, softdrinks and liquid medicine are concentrated solutions
commonly found in the household.)
Dilute- it is the process of reducing the concentration of a solute in solution, usually
simply by mixing with more solvent. (e.g. You can add water to concentrated orange
juice to dilute it until it reaches a concentration that is pleasant to drink.
Electrolytes- it is a substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when
dissolved in a polar solvent, such as water. A substance that dissociates into ions in
solution acquires the capacity to conduct electricity. Sodium, potassium, chloride,
calcium, magnesium and phosphate are examples of electrolytes.
Noneelectrolytes- are compounds that do not ionize at all in solution. As a result,
solutions containing nonelectrolytes will not conduct electricity. Typically, non
electrolytes are primarily held together by covalent rather than ionic bonds. A common
example of a nonelectrolyte is glucose or C6H12O6.
Complete the table below:
Solute Solvent Solution Examples
Gas Gas Gas Air
Gas Liquid Liquid Carbonated drinks
Liquid Liquid Liquid Vinegar
Liquid Solid Solid Dental Amalgam
Solid Solid Solid Bronze
Solid Liquid Liquid Sugar in water
 Energy of Solution Formation
Please have a Documentation of the activity.
Activity:Lava Lamp

Objective: To explain why substance is soluble or insoluble

Materials: water, red food coloring, unused cooking oil and 1.5-Liter PET bottle
Procedure:
1. Pour water into the PET bottle until it is almost full.
2. Add a few drops of food coloring into the water, and then stir to diffuse the
food color.
3. Fill the bottle with cooking oil. Cap the bottle and shake. Turn the bottle
upside down.
4. Describe your observations and give possible explanations.
- The oil floats because its less dense than water. Oil and water don’t mix
because water molecules are not attracted to oil molecules. Changes in
density as gas is added or taken away from water cause it to float up and sink
down through the oil.
Describe how a substance can dissolve in another substance through the following:
1. Solute-solute interaction – if the solute binds to other solute more strongly than
the solute binds to the solvent, then the dissolution is not energetically favorable.
2. Solute-solvent interaction – Solute successfully dissolve into solvents when
solute-solvent bonds are stronger than solute-solute bonds or solvent-solvent
bonds.
3. Solvent-solvent interaction - the intermolecular attractions between solute
particles are different compared to the intermolecular attractions between solvent
particles it is unlikely dissolution will occur.
Predict whether or not these substances will mix. Justify your answers.
a. Paint thinner and oil
- It will not mix due to its properties where oil is non polar and it do not dissolve
in water while the paint thinner is used on non polar paint/not oil based paint.
b. Paint thinner and water
- It will mix: both are solvent
c. Oil and salt
- Salt will sink to the bottom of the mixture, carrying a blob of oil with it. As it
dissolves, the salt releases the oil, which floats back up to the top of the
water
d. Oil and sugar
- sugar dissolves easily in water and oil does not
e. Salt and water
- it will mix. The salt dissolves because the covalent bonds of water are stronger
than the ionic bonds in salt molecules
2.Which compound would dissolve naphthalene better-water, benzene, or ethanol?
- naphthalene would be more soluble in benzene since both are nonpolar
Section Assessment
5 points each (2pts-content 3pts.grammar and organization of thought)
1. A hot solution of sugar, in which string is suspended, is left to cool to room
temperature. Sugar crystals begin to form on the string as the solution cools.
Explain why crystals are formed.
- The sugar starts to solidify forming crystals, as the temperature
decreases.
2. Suppose you are climbing a very tall, mountain. During your hike, you come
across two lakes: one at the foot of the mountain and one at the summit. You
observed that the same species of fish live in both lakes and the environment of
the lakes are the same. However, fewer fish live in at the top lake than at the
bottom lake. Can you explain this observation?
 - The top lake of the mountain are cold, sterile environment and fewer
fish can manage to live in a low temperature water.
3. There is a practice in some areas around the country where compressors are
used by miners and fishermen to be able to breath under mine shafts and during
deep-sea diving. How will you convince these people that the practice is
dangerous?
- That practiceisdangerous due to its potential for combustion or oil
products getting into the air being fed into the diver.
4. During hot days, fish stay at the deeper cooler part of the body of water. Can you
explain this behavior using what you know about solubility of gases?
- Cooler water holds more oxygen, high temperature dissolves oxygen.
Fishes die in a high temperature environment

CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLUTIONS
Expressing Concentrations
A. Percent by mass, %(m/m) = mass of solute/ mass of solute + mass of
solvent x 100
Problem;
To maintain the same sodium chloride NaCl solution concentration as sea water,
an aquarium should contain 3.5 g NaCl per 100.0g of water. What is the percent
by mass of NaCl?
m mass of solute
% =100 ×
m mass of solute +mass of solvent
3.5 g
100 × =3.38 % NaCl
3.5 g+ 100 g
B. Percent by volume %(v/v) = volume of solute / volume of solution x 100
Problem:
A 70% (v/v) ethyl alcohol-water solution is made from 70.0 mL ethyl alcohol
diluted to 100.0 mL using water. Give the computation using %(v/v)

% ( vv )=100× volume
volume of solute
of solution
70 mL
100 × =70 %
100 mL
Molarity = moles of solute / liter of solution
Problem: To prevent dehydration, intravenous (IV) solution is given to hospitals
patients. Commonly used are solutions containing sodium chloride and glucose.
A 1500mL IV solution contains 6.60 grams glucose (C6H12O6). What is the
molarity of this solution? The molar mass of glucose is 180.16 g/mol.

Molar mass of glucose = 180.16g/mol

1 mol glucose
Moles of glucose=6.60 g of glucose× =0.36634 mol of asia
180.16 g glucose
1L
Volume∈ L=150 mL x =0.1500 L
1000 mL
moles of solute
molarity=
liter of solution
0.36634 mol
molarity= =0.2442 mol/ L
0.1500 L

Molality =moles of solute / kg of solvent

Problem:
What is the concentration of 3.0 moles of NaCl dissolved in 2000 g of water?
moles of solute
molality =
kg of solvent
3.0 mol
molality = =1.5 mol/ kg
2 kg
Mole Fraction
Xi = moles of componenti
Total moles of all components in solution

XA = n A-_______

n n
A+ B

XB= n B______

n n
A+ B

Problem: What is the mole fraction of HCl in an aqueous solution that contains 44. 2
grams HCl and 88.6 grams H2O?
mass of HCl 44.2
XHCl = = =1.21
molar mass 36.5
mass of H 2 O 88.6
XH2O = = =4.92
molar mass 18
 moles of component ( xHCl) 1.21
Xi= =
Total moles of all components∈solution ( XHCl+ xH 2 O) 1.21+ 4.92
1.21
Xi= =0.1973
6.132
KMQ’21
Reference: Ilao et al(2017)