QF-ACD-027

COLLABORATIVE MODULE FOR OUTCOMES-BASED AND FLEXIBLE LEARNING IN

OHAP11LAB

Student: Triz Danielle G. Torrefiel Student Number: 21-1-00623

Name of Professor:Leila MasajoYear Level/Section:BSND 1-1 Schedule: 7-10am

LAB EXERCISE

A. Upper Respiratory System

1. What structures comprise the upper respiratory system, from superior to inferior?
- Upper respiratory system is made up of:
Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx, Larynx,
Epiglottis, Hyoid bone, Thyroid membrane, Thyroid cartilage, Cricoid cartilage and
Trachea
2. What are the structures and functions of nasal cavity?
- The nasal cavity is a hollow air-filled large space and the most superior part of the
respiratory system. The nasal cavity is divided into two parts by the nasal septum,
each of which have nasal outgrows. Each cavity wall is consisting of maxilla. The
roof of each nasal cavity is set up by the nasal bone and lastly the most anterior part
of the nasal cavity is the nasal vestibule.
- The nasal cavity’s main function is to act as passage of air which enters and leaves
the body. It also purifies the entering with the help of mucus. It also plays an
important role on how we can differentiate odors as the nasal cavity has olfactory
odor. The nasal cavity plays a role for speech and sound production with the
presence of larynx and pharynx.
3. Examine the structure of the pharynx. What are the three parts of the pharynx from
superior to inferior?
- The pharynx known as throat is a long tube that extends from posterior to the nasal
cavities which travels behind the oral cavity which then merges with the larynx. The
pharynx connects nasal and oral cavities which allows a person to breath. The
pharynx is divided into three regions which are; Nasopharynx which is the upper
part of the throat posterior to the nasal cavity, Oropharynx the middle part of the
pharynx posterior to the oral cavity and the Laryngopharynx which is the lower part
of the pharynx posterior to the larynx.

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4. Examine the structure of the larynx.

a. What is the function of the thyroid cartilage and other laryngeal cartilages?
- The thyroid cartilage serves as a protective shield surrounding the anterior parts of
the larynx and is the largest piece of cartilage that makes up the larynx. It helps
regulate the volume of air that enters the enters and leave the lungs. In males it is
where the laryngeal prominence commonly known as adam’s apple is located. The
thick ring that encircles the trachea is called as Cricoid cartilage. It is the inferior
most boundary part of the larynx which is attached to the epiglottis that helps in the
movement of the muscle in the vocal cords in order to produce speech.
b. What is the composition and function of the epiglottis?
- The epiglottis is attached to the cricoid cartilage located at the entrance of the
larynx. It’s a flexible elastic like cartilage that covers the opening of the trachea. It
prevents food and drink from entering the body’s windpipe and lungs. Its also where
the glottis; an opening between vocal fold in the larynx which controls the airflow in
and out of the respiratory system, is located.

B. The Lungs

1. What structures comprise the lower respiratory system, from superior to inferior?
- The lower respiratory system is composed of; Trachea, Tracheal rings, Tracheal
cartilage, Left and Right Bronchi, Left and Right Lung, Bronchioles, Alveolar Sacs,
Alveoli and Diaphragm.
2. What is the structure and function of the trachea and tracheal rings?
- The trachea commonly known as windpipe is a tube-like structure that extends from
larynx to the lungs. During breathing, it transports air to and from the left and right
lungs. It is composed of 20 rings of thick cartilage known as tracheal rings which is
made up of muscles and connective tissues. The lines inside of the trachea are
moist and smooth because of the tissue, mucosa.
3. The bronchi
a. In terms of size and structure, what is the difference between primary, secondary and
tertiary bronchi?
- Primary bronchi are located at the upper part of the lungs, secondary is located in
the middle and lastly the tertiary is at the bottom just above the bronchioles. Primary
bronchi are shorter than the tertiary bronchi.
b. What are the tiny structures that appear at the ends of the tertiary bronchi and what is
their functions?
- The structure that appears at the end of the tertiary bronchi is called alveoli. These
are small grape like sacs and is where gas exchange happens. Oxygen breathed in
passes through the alveoli into the blood which travels to the tissues inside the 2 of 14
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body.
4. The lungs
a. What differences do you notice between the left and right lung?
- the left lung is smaller than the right due to the reason that it has a concave
indentation to accommodate the heart. That impression is known as cardiac notch. It
also is only divided into two lobes superior and inferior lobes. The right lung is larger
than the left lung but its shorter to be able to accommodate the diaphragm which
rises higher towards the right lung. The right lung is divided into three lobes,
superior, middle and inferior lobes.
b. What are the lines on the surface of the lungs called?
- The lines seen on the surface of the lungs are called fissures. They are oblique and
horizontal line that separates the lobe of the lungs.
c. On the medial aspect of the lungs, what is the name of the region where the bronchi
enter the lung? What else enters the via this region?
- The area where the bronchi enter the lung is known as the hilum or root. Its also
what connects the lungs to its supporting features. Blood vessels, lymphatics and
nerves enter the lungs.

C. The Nasal Cavity

1. Besides serving as a passageway for air enter to enter body, what are 3 functions of nasal
cavity?
- The nasal cavity traps and filters dust or other small particles from the inhaled air.
- Circulation inside the nasal cavity allows the cooling and warming of inhaled air to
near body temperature.
- Mucus inside the nasal cavity moisturizes the inhaled air and traps the finer particles
inhaled. The trapped particles are passed to pharynx where they are ingested and
digested.
2. The folds of tissue protruding from the internal lateral wall of the nasal cavity
a. What is this fold of bones covered with mucus membrane called?
- Nasal conchae
3. Compare the nasal conchae of a dog vs those of humans.
- The nasal conchae of dogs are more complex then humans which allows them to
have better sense of smell.

4. The cubic shaped chambers located on either side of nasal cavity. 3 of 14

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a. What are these chambers called?

- The chambers located on either side of nasal cavity is called frontal sinuses.
b. What four bones contain paranasal sinuses?
- Frontal, maxilla sphenoid and ethmoid.
c. What is the function of these sinuses?
- The sinuses lighten the skull and improve our voices. Their main function is to
produce a mucus that moisturizes the inside of the nose. This mucus layer protects
the nose from pollutants, dust and dirt.
5. Lateral or posterior view of the nasopharynx
a. There are two other sections of the pharynx, what are they called?
- Two other sections of the pharynx are oropharynx and laryngopharynx.
b. What is the name of the tube that exits superolaterally from the nasopharynx?
- Its called Eustachian tube or commonly known as auditory tube.
c. What is the function of this tube?
- It connects the anterior wall of the middle ear to the lateral wall of the nasopharynx
at the level of the inferior nasal concha. It also links the middle ear cavity to
nasopharynx.
6. The anterior view
a. What is the name of the bone located anterior to the laryngopharynx?
- It called the hyoid bone.
b. What is the function of this bone and what makes it unique and different form all the
other bones in the body?
- The hyoid bone’s main function is to hold up the tongue, which sits above it and hold
up the larynx which hangs below it. It makes it different from other bones due to the
fact that it is the only bone in the body not connected to any other bones. Without
the hyoid bone humans will not be able to talk since it’s the foundation of speech of
the body.

D. The Laryngeal Muscles

1.

a. What is the group of cartilages and membranes known as?

- Vocal cartilages
b. What is the largest cartilage of the larynx?
- Thyroid Cartilages
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c. What is more colloquially (commonly) known as?

- Larynx is commonly known as the voice box
d. What is the name of the membrane between the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage?
- Thyrohyoid membrane
e. What is the name of the only laryngeal or tracheal cartilage that extend all the way around
the larynx?
- Cricoid Cartilage
f. What is the function of laryngeal skeleton?
- The laryngeal skeleton is composed of nine cartilages; thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis,
arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform. It connects the hyoid bone to the base of the
skull. During swallowing it lifts the larynx and compresses it against the epiglottis to
prevent the trachea from food aspiration.
g. The large flap-like piece of cartilage behind the hyoid bone. What is this structure called
and what is its function?
- Epiglottis. It’s the flexible elastic like cartilage that covers the opening of the trachea
that prevents food and drink from entering the trachea and lungs.
2. The vocal folds
a. Compare the location of vocal folds and vestibular folds. What is an alternate name for
each of these structures, and what are their functions?
- Vocal folds are known as vocal cords. They vibrate to produce sound when air being
forced through it. They are located within the larynx at the top of the trachea. The
vestibular folds are known as the false vocal cords. It is the ventricular ligament
attached to the thyroid cartilage and aids in sound production. It also assists the
glottis in closing during swallowing.
b. What is the name of the pyramid-shape cartilages that sit on top of the cricoid cartilage and
attach posteriorly to the vocal ligaments?
- Arytenoid Cartilage
c. What are the names of the small cartilages that are located on top of the cartilages from
question b?
- Corniculate cartilages
d. The trachea. Notice the cartilaginous rings located along its anterior and lateral surfaces.
What is the function of these rings?
- The tracheal rings are made up of muscles and connective tissues. During
breathing, it transports air to and from the left and right lungs.

E. The Location of the Lungs

1. The left lung. What is the name of the indentation in the left lung for the heart?
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- Cardiac Notch
2. What are the lines you see on the surface of the lungs? Name them and the lobes they
separate?
- The lines are called fissures. The horizontal fissure separates the superior and
middle lobes while the oblique separates the middle and inferior lobes.
3. Looking at the left and right branches, consider this question. If you accidentally aspirated
a foreign object, which lung do you think the object would be most likely to enter and why?
- Based on my observation, the foreign object would most likely enter the right lung
because its bronchus more vertically oriented compared to the arrangement on the
left lung.
F. The Hilum

1. The hilum
a. What are the 3 main structures that penetrate the hilum?
- The major bronchus, pulmonary arteries and veins and the nerves.
b. What other structures do you think pass through the hilum and into the lungs?
- Phrenic nerves, lymphatic vessels node and bronchial arteries and veins
2. Complete the following paragraph.
The pleura is a double layered, serous membrane surrounding the lungs. The space between
the layers is filled with fluids, which serves to reduce chafing against the chest wall.
3. The right lung. Observe the bronchial tree. What differences do you notice between the
secondary (lobar) and tertiary (segmental) bronchi?
- The bronchi get smaller as it gets from secondary to tertiary bronchi. The secondary
bronchi are covered in pieces of hyaline cartilage while the tertiary is not. Also the
bronchi in the tertiary are more numerous and smaller than the one in the secondary
bronchi.

G. The Inhalation Muscles

1. The diaphragm
a. How many apertures do you see in the diaphragm?
- Three. The opening for esophagus, opening for inferior vena cava and opening for
abdominal aorta.
b. What major structure pass through these opening?
- The inferior vena cava passes though the vena canal foramen. The esophagus and
the two main blood vessels of the lower half of the body and the descending aorta.

2. Muscle Actions
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a. That happens to the dome-shaped diaphragm as it contracts? What happens to the ribs
cage?
- The diaphragm contracts and flattens or moves downward during inhalation. At the
same time the muscles between the ribs contract and pull upward.
b. What effect does the diaphragm contraction have on the volume of the thoracic cavity and
lungs?
- The lung volume expands as a result during the diaphragm contraction which leads
to the expansion of thoracic cavity since it is connected the rib cage.
c. What do you think happens to the pressure inside the lungs due to this volume change?
- Due to the increase of volume, the pressure will decrease.

H. The Exhalation Muscles

1. The muscles between the ribs. What are these muscles called?
- Intercostal muscles
2. The ribs depression
a. What effect does contraction of these muscles have on the rib cage
- The ribs move upward and outward during expiration
b. What effect does contraction of these muscles do have on the volume of thoracic cavity
and lungs?
- The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases while the pressure increases. As a
result, the lungs contract and air are forced out.
c. What do you think happens to the pressure inside the lungs do to this volume change?
- It increases
d. What other muscles do you see contributing to depression of the rib cage?
- Internal intercostal muscles
3. Exhalation muscles, internal oblique muscles
a. What effect does contraction of the abdominal muscles have on the abdominal viscera?
- It compresses the viscera and increases intra-abdominal pressure
b. Do you think contraction of these muscles would aid in inhalation or exhalation?
- Only in exhalation due to the fact that the increased pressure in the abdomen is the
cause as to why the diaphragm would be pushed. It will then lead to the increase of
pressure in the thoracic cavity which will trigger the air to be pushed up and out og
the lung.
I. The Respiratory Innervation
1. What levels of the spinal cord is the origin of the phrenic nerve?
- The spinal nerve originates mainly from the 4 th cervical nerve. It receives innervation
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2. Explain how an injury to the neck might cause an artificial respirator to breathe?
- An injury to the neck which is where the cervical spine is may damage the spinal
cord and the phrenic nerve itself which may lead to the paralysis or the loss of the
ability to move some parts of the body. Artificial respirator would be required to use
since the injury could paralyze the diaphragm.
J. The Pulmonary Circulation
1. Fill in the blanks the ff. paragraph
Normally, arteries are depicted in red and veins depicted in blue. The pulmonary arteries
are colored blue because they contain deoxygenated blood that flows to the lungs to pick
up oxygen and unload carbon dioxide. The pulmonary arteries exit the heart from the
right ventricle (chamber). The pulmonary veins are colored red because they carry
freshly oxygenated blood back to the left atrium (chamber) of the heart.

K. PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

1. Air enters the upper respiratory system through the nose, which are the opening that lead
into the nasal cavity. The air moves through passageways that are formed by the nasal
conchae, which protrude into the cavity.
2. From the nasal cavity, air flows into the first part of the pharynx, which is the
nasopharynx. Then it flows through the other 2 parts of the pharynx, which are called the
oropharynx and laryngopharynx.
3. Air then makes it way into the larynx. The structure includes 9 laryngeal cartilages that
prevent collapse of the airway. The largest of these cartilages is the thyroid cartilage.
Another significant part of the larynx, the epiglottis, covers the opening to the trachea
during swallowing to prevent food from accidentally entering the respiratory tract. This
structure is composed of elastic cartilage.
4. Then air is moves into the first part of the lower respiratory system, the trachea, which has
rings composed of hyaline cartilage. The structure branches into 2 primary bronchi, 1 for
each lung.
5. Air flows through the bronchi, which get progressively smaller, as you move from primary
to secondary tertiary, eventually terminating in alveoli, which are the tiny air sacs where
gas exchange occur.
6. Air flow form the bronchi into the lungs medially through the hilum. The right lung has 3
lobes, whereas the left lung has 2. There are grooves on the surface of the lungs, called
fissures, which separates the lungs into lobes. The right lung is slightly higher that the left
lung due to its position in relation to the heart.

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