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5-401060-Chapter 2-TOP 100

This document discusses principles of electrical safety in Chapter 2. It covers safety analysis for direct contact with electrical networks, including analysis of simple single-phase networks and grounding networks. The key concepts explained are determining current values from direct contact based on network voltages and resistances. Safety is analyzed for different contact scenarios such as touching one wire, between wires, and after power is cut off due to capacitive charging effects. The objectives are explaining electrical safety fundamentals and concepts for protection against direct and indirect contact.
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
75 views26 pages

5-401060-Chapter 2-TOP 100

This document discusses principles of electrical safety in Chapter 2. It covers safety analysis for direct contact with electrical networks, including analysis of simple single-phase networks and grounding networks. The key concepts explained are determining current values from direct contact based on network voltages and resistances. Safety is analyzed for different contact scenarios such as touching one wire, between wires, and after power is cut off due to capacitive charging effects. The objectives are explaining electrical safety fundamentals and concepts for protection against direct and indirect contact.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

14-Apr-21

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY


FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

401060
ELECTRIC SAFETY
CHAPTER 2: PRINCIPLES OF
ELECTRICAL SAFETY

Lecturer: Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D.


Email : [email protected]
[email protected]

CHAPTER 2: PRINCIPLES OF
ELECTRICAL SAFETY

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Safety analysis in direct contact
2.3 Safety analysis in indirect contact
2.4 Protection against direct contact
2.5 Protection against indirect contact

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 2

OBJECTIVES

 Explaining the fundamental principles of


electrical safety.
 Providing the basic concepts of protection
against direct contact and indirect contact

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 3

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14-Apr-21

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Direct contact Indirect contact

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 4

2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT


2.2.1 Simple power network (1 phase network or DC):
Touch directly the 2 poles of the network:
Equivalent diagram:
U U
I ng

Rdaây
U Rng

Hình a Hình b

Utx(a) = Utx(b) = Ung = Upha: not dependent on operating status


(loaded or unloaded)
Since : Rdaây <<< Rng should be ignored Rdaây

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 5

2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT


2.2.1 Simple power network (1 phase network or DC):
Touch directly the 2 poles of the network:
Example: 220V 1-phase network, Rng = 2k
Soltion
U

Hình b

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 6

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2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT


2.2.1 Simple power network (1 phase network or DC):
Touch directly the 1 pole of the network:
Case 1: Isolation network:
- When touching 1 wire in a normal network state
1
Equivalent diagram:

Rcñ2 Rcñ1

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 7

2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT


2.2.1 Simple power network (1 phase network or DC):
Touch directly the 1 pole of the network:
Case 1: Isolation network:
- When touching 1 wire in a normal network state

To determine the insulation resistance required


for isolating network to safely protect against
direct contact in low voltage network.
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 8

2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT


2.2.1 Simple power network (1 phase network or DC):
Touch directly the 1 pole of the network:
Case 1: Isolation network:
- When touching 1 wire in a normal network state
Example: Power network 220V, Rng = 1k, in order not to be the
electric shock (Idanger limit = 10mA). When touching 1 wire, how
much is the insulation resistance to the electrical network?
Solution

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 9

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2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT


2.2.1 Simple power network (1 phase network or DC):
Touch directly the 1 pole of the network:
Case 1: Isolation network:
- When touching 1 wire and the other wire short-circuited to the ground
pha

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 10

2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT


2.2.1 Simple power network (1 phase network or DC):
Touch directly the 1 pole of the network:
Case 1: Isolation network:
- When touching 1 wire and the other wire short-circuited to the ground
Example: Network 220V, Rng = 2k , Rplatform = 10k. Find Ing ?
pha
Solution
U

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 11

2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT


2.2.1 Simple power network (1 phase network or DC):
Touch directly the 1 pole of the network:
Case 2: Grounding network:
Equivalent diagram:
- When touching the phase wire
pha

U
Z taûi

RnñHT
If: Utx = Upha
ignore RP , Zload , and RN =>
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 12

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2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT


2.2.1 Simple power network (1 phase network or DC):
Touch directly the 1 pole of the network:
Case 2: Grounding network:
- When touching the neutral wire: depends on the touch position
pha

U
Z taûi

RnñHT

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 13

2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT


2.2.1 Simple power network (1 phase network or DC):
Touch directly the 1 pole of the network:
Case 2: Grounding network:
- When touching the neutral wire: depends on the touch position
Example: Network 220V, wet environment, Ucp = 50V ; RnđHT =
3 ; Rng = 1k. Find the current passing through human?
pha Solution
U
Z taûi

RnñHT

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 14

2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT


2.2.1 Simple power network (1 phase network or DC):
The insolation network has a large capacitance
U1
1

U
C12
U2
2
C11

C22

 Due to the large C value, in operation process, it will occur the phenomenon
of induction and accumulation of charges q with value q = C.U on the line.
 When the power is cut off due to the amount of accumulated q, the voltage
on the wires at the moment source cut off point ≠ 0 and equal to Udư; Udư
decreases exponentially function.

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 15

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14-Apr-21

2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT


2.2.1 Simple power network (1 phase network or DC):
The insolation network has a large capacitance
 The person touches the 2 wires at the moment the network U1
1
has just been turned off power U
C12

 t
U2
2

U R .C
C11

ing  dö .e ng 12 >>: still dangerous C22

R ng
 Current Ing is not only dangerous due to its potentially large value, the
existence time depends on Rng and C11; C12 is also dangerous due to the
1
large heat that heats the body. Heat generated: W  CU 2 (Joule )
2
When the power is cut off for repair, it is necessary to connect
between the wires and ground so that all residual charge
discharged to the ground before the repairing
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 16

2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT

2.2.2 Three-phase power network


Construction of three-phase power network
Case1: Three – phase network with solidly earthed neutral
A
B
U  110kV => RnđHT ≤ 0,5
Yo
U < 110 kV => RnđHT ≤ 4 C
N

Apply: RnñHT

 U  110kV : For economic (Ucđ = Upha), safe & economical


 U = 22kV : Because there are single-phase lines with
consumers, ensure safety for human and equipment.
 U = 0,4kV: ensure safety and economy
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 17

2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT

2.2.2 Three-phase power network


Construction of three-phase power network
Case 2: Insolation network or connect ground with a large L or R coil
A A
B B

Y Y
C
C
N

A
A
B
B

C
N C

L R N

RnñHT
RnñHT

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 18

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2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT

2.2.2 Three-phase power network


Construction of three-phase power network
Case 2: Insolation network or connect ground with a large L or R coil
 When touching the ground 1 phase, the ground touching
current is small => no need to cut off the source. However, the
voltage of the remaining phases must increase up the line
voltage, so the insulation of the device must be undergo the
line voltage => the cost of the device is high.
 Apply Vietnam network:
 Network 35kV, 22kV
 Network 0,4kV: Since ensuring continuously power supply

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 19

2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT

2.2.2 Three-phase power network


Three – phase network with solidly earthed neutral
A

B
Yo
C
N N

RnñHT
I fault
When touching the ground 1 phase => large
ground touching current => cut off the source
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 20

2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT

2.2.2 Three-phase power network


Three – phase network with solidly earthed neutral
Load mode: A
 Symmetrical three B

phases: IN = 0 Yo
C
 Asymmetrical three N N

phases
+ Wired NN / then:
. . . . RnñHT

I N  I A  I B  IC  0 I chaïm ñaát
. . .
. UA .YA  UB .YB  UC .YC 1
UNN/  0 Since: YN  
YA  YB  YC RN   0 
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 21

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2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT

2.2.2 Three-phase power network


Three – phase network with solidly earthed neutral
+ Breaking the neutral wire:
A
B
Yo
C
N
breaking wire:
=> Asymmetrical load

RnđHT
1
. : Depends on the loss of
YN  0 => UNN/  0  symmetry of the load
RN    
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 22

2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT

2.2.2 Three-phase power network


Three – phase network with solidly earthed neutral
+ Breaking the neutral wire:
A
 When human directly
B
touch 1 phase: Ung ~ Upha Yo
C
 If Rplatform is small, the Ing N
will be large enough to put ñöùt => taûi ko ñx
human at risk.
U pha RnñHT

I ng 
Rng  R platform  RndHT
.
Fix: Rnđll on the neutral wire so that UNN/  0

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 23

2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT

2.2.2 Three-phase power network


Three – phase network with solidly earthed neutral
A

B
Yo
C
N

RnñHT (a) (b) (c) (d)

Conclusions Utx:

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 24

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2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT

2.2.2 Three-phase power network


Three – phase network with solidly earthed neutral
 When symmetrical 3-phase A

B
load: Utx ~ 0, not belong to Yo
C
neutral wire status N

 When asymmetric 3-phase


load: Utx ≠ 0, depends on N
wire status. RnñHT (a) (b) (c) (d)

 The load neutral is connected to the source neutral: Utx =


Iload.RN'' = Uneutral in the position of touching the ground: small
 Broken neutral line (neutral drift): Utx is large or small
(depends on Rnđll)
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 25

2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT

2.2.2 Three-phase power network


The network has isolating neutral or grounded
through a large impedance
A

B
<<: very small
C
N
=> no need cut of the source I chaïm ñaát
XC pha-ñaát Rcñ

U is applied to the insulation of equipment connected to non-


contact phases equal to line voltage => the insulation of the
device is subjected to line voltage => expensive cost
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 26

2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT

2.2.2 Three-phase power network


The network has isolating neutral or grounded
through a large impedance
When touching 1 in 3 phases: A

B
Consider Rcđ = 
C
3U pha
I ng  N
I chaïm ñaát
9 Rng  X C
2 2
XC pha-ñaát Rcñ

Or when XC~
3U pha
I ng 
3Rng  Rinsolation
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 27

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2.2 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DIRECT CONTACT

2.2.2 Three-phase power network


The network has isolating neutral or grounded
through a large impedance
Note:
A
 Cphase-earth depends on the
B
dielectric constant, the
C
wire insulation, and
N
depends on the distance I chaïm ñaát
XC pha-ñaát Rcñ
from the line to ground
 If the line is longer, C
decreases and XC increases

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 28

2.3 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN INDIRECT CONTACT

2.3.1 Determination of potential distribution of earth (GPR) by


experiment:
Use 1 test rod and 2 auxiliary rods
Uđất x = I.Rđ – Vđo

UAC A
RN

Vño

Rñaát

coïc thöû coïc phuï 1 coïc phuï 2

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 29

2.3 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN INDIRECT CONTACT

2.3.2 Method of reducing contact voltage (Utx) & step voltage (Ub)
Ground the source neutral via resistor R or coil L
A A
B B

C
N
C
L N
R

RnñHT RnñHT

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 30

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2.3 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN INDIRECT CONTACT

2.3.2 Method of reducing contact voltage (Utx) & step voltage (Ub)
If there are multiple generators or transformers working in parallel,
it is possible to cut the neutral of a few generators or transformers
A

B
220/380V
C

caét caét

RnñHT = 4 Rnñll = 10


RnñHT = 4 RnñHT = 4

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 31

2.3 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN INDIRECT CONTACT

2.3.2 Method of reducing contact voltage (Utx) & step voltage (Ub)
If there are multiple generators or transformers working in parallel,
it is possible to cut the neutral of a few generators or transformers
Example: When not cut:
Draw equivalent diagrams:

220V 220V 220V 10

 4 4

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 32

2.3 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN INDIRECT CONTACT

2.3.2 Method of reducing contact voltage (Utx) & step voltage (Ub)
If there are multiple generators or transformers working in parallel,
it is possible to cut the neutral of a few generators or transformers
Example: When cut 2 neutral points:
Draw equivalent diagrams:

220V 10

4

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 33

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2.3 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN INDIRECT CONTACT

2.3.2 Method of reducing contact voltage (Utx) & step voltage (Ub)
Increase the length and number of ground rod or use GEM
chemicals to reduce Rnđ
Ground wire

Ground rod
GEM chemicals
earth

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 34

2.3 SAFETY ANALYSIS IN INDIRECT CONTACT

2.3.2 Method of reducing contact voltage (Utx) & step voltage (Ub)
Use ground equipotential grid
In the case of the
influence range of the
potential distribution is
large due to Ishell fault =
Isoil. Example: equipment
distribution yard of
substations or power
plants

Use ground equipotential grid to reduce ground


voltage of the whole campus when Iđ goes to the grid.
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 35

2.4 PROTECTION AGAINST


DIRECT CONTACT
2.4.1 Prevent electric current from flowing through the human body
Insulated live parts

 Insulation in accordance with


standards with pre-installed
equipment.
 Insulation is capable of long term
mechanical withstanding,
chemical, thermal and electrical
stresses during normal operation.

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 36

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2.4 PROTECTION AGAINST


DIRECT CONTACT
2.4.1 Prevent electric current from flowing through the human body
Shielding or covering
 The live parts are placed in
electrical cabinets or shielded from
accidental touches.
 The shield or cover can only be
opened with the use of a key or tool.
 Re-return on the power supply
when cover is closed.

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 37

2.4 PROTECTION AGAINST


DIRECT CONTACT
2.4.1 Prevent electric current from flowing through the human body
Barrier

 Prevent unintentional contact


 Prevent intentional contact by
passing the barrier
 Barrier should be installed so
that they are not removed by
accident

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 38

2.4 PROTECTION AGAINST


DIRECT CONTACT
2.4.1 Prevent electric current from flowing through the human body
Get out of reach
R=2,5m
S: The human
surface has the
S
potential to
take up space
Limited
reach
R=1,25m
S

The area is within reach


Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 39

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2.4 PROTECTION AGAINST


DIRECT CONTACT
2.4.2 Limit the electric current flowing through the human body

 Reduce touch voltage reaches


safe value
 Grounded metal parts

2.4.3 Applying supplementary protection measures

 Use residual current device whose


residual current does not exceed
30mA

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 40

2.4 PROTECTION AGAINST


DIRECT CONTACT
2.4.4 Protect using Extra-Low-Voltage Systems
 Separated extra-low voltage (SELV)
 Protective extra-low voltage (PELV)
 Functional extra-low voltage (FELV)

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 41

2.4 PROTECTION AGAINST


DIRECT CONTACT
2.4.4 Protect using Extra-Low-Voltage Systems
Separated Extra-Low-Voltage (SELV) Systems
 Use in low power circuits or special
cases: swimming pools, parks ...
 Independent source (battery, diesel
generator), safe source (isolated
transformer with secondary voltage ≤
50V)
 There is no grounding point
 Separation from other systems
(insulated sheaths)

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 42

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2.4 PROTECTION AGAINST


DIRECT CONTACT
2.4.4 Protect using Extra-Low-Voltage Systems
Protective Extra-Low-Voltage (PELV) Systems
 Similar to SELV, but less safety
 At least 1 point is permanently
grounded
 Circuit layout of SELV and PELV
systems
 The live part isolates electricity from
each other and from other circuits.
 Conductors are isolated from
conductors in another circuit
 Specialized plug and socket.
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 43

2.4 PROTECTION AGAINST


DIRECT CONTACT
2.4.4 Protect using Extra-Low-Voltage Systems
Functional Extra-Low-Voltage (FELV) Systems
 Use when the circuit has equipment
(transformers, contactors, relays ...)
with unsecured insulation.
 Protection against indirect contact:
Connect the conductor to the bare
PELV circuit to the PE wire of the
primary circuit (auto cut-off
protection) or to the equipotential
bonding wire (isolation protection).
 Protection against direct contact:
shield, enclosure or insulation
conforming to the test voltage.
 Specialized plug and socket.
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 44

2.5 PROTECTION AGAINST


INDIRECT CONTACT
2.5.1 Auto cut-off protection of source
Ucp max = 50V

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 45

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2.5 PROTECTION AGAINST


INDIRECT CONTACT
2.5.1 Auto cut-off protection of source
Ucp max = 25V

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 46

2.5 PROTECTION AGAINST


INDIRECT CONTACT
2.5.2 Equipment class II or equivalent insulation
 Equipment with double or reinforced insulation.
 Secondary insulation is placed on live parts that are not
insulated or for equipment with only primary insulation.
 Insulating cover for the part
that can conduct electricity. Basic Additional
insulation insulation
Carry electricity

1 2 3 4
Function insulation

5
Reinforced insulation

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 47

2.5 PROTECTION AGAINST


INDIRECT CONTACT
2.5.3 Use an isolation transformer
 Electric current through the human body will be limited to a
low level due to the complete system isolation.

Electrical
isolation isolation
transformer

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 48

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2.5 PROTECTION AGAINST


INDIRECT CONTACT
2.5.4. Use the grounding diagram to cut off the source

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 49

2.5 PROTECTION AGAINST


INDIRECT CONTACT
2.5.5 Use the device cover grounding method

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 50

2.5 PROTECTION AGAINST


INDIRECT CONTACT
2.5.6 Using the method of rapid cutting by CB
 The protective device automatically cuts off the power when
there is a short circuit between the live part and the cover.
 Combining conductor characteristics, protective equipment
and grounding forms
 Earth fault protection equipment:
 Thermomagnetic CB and
Electronic CB
 Electronic CB combined with
ground protection
 Electronic CB combined leakage
current protection
 Anti-leakage current CB
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 51

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SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENTS

 In this chapter:
1. What is the difference between direct and indirect contact?
2. Is protection against direct contact by obstacles really safe?
3. Regarding the IP degree of protection that enclosures must
provide, what does it mean that we should consider actual
environmental conditions during the normal operations of
equipment?
 ASSIGNMENTS:
 Refer : [1]: (1.1) – (8.1)
 Write a report

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 52

GIÁ TRỊ ĐIỆN TRỞ NỐI ĐẤT YÊU CẦU

U (V) Chế độ trung Giá trị nối đất yêu cầu(Ω) Đối tượng
tính nguồn cần nối đất
R ≤ 0,5(Ω) Trung tính
Nối đất Riêng nối đất nhân tạo: và vỏ thiết
R ≤ 1(Ω) bị điện
>1000 Chung cho cả hạ áp:
R=125/I (Ω) ≤ 10(Ω) Vỏ thiết bị
Cách ly Chỉ riêng cao áp: điện
R=125/I (Ω) ≤ 10(Ω)
I:dòng NM chạm đất (A)

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 53

GIÁ TRỊ ĐIỆN TRỞ NỐI ĐẤT YÊU CẦU

U (V) Chế độ trung Giá trị nối đất yêu cầu(Ω) Đối tượng
tính nguồn cần nối đất
R ≤ 4(Ω) Vỏ thiết bị
Cách ly R ≤ 10(Ω) (1) điện
(1) Đối với MBA có S≤100kVA
≤1000 2(Ω) cho cấp 380/660(V) Trung tính
4(Ω) cho cấp 220/380(V) nguồn và vỏ
Nối đất trực 8(Ω) cho cấp 110/220(V) biến áp
tiếp 2(Ω) cho cấp 380/660(V) Nối đất lặp
4(Ω) cho cấp 220/380(V) lại
8(Ω) cho cấp 110/220(V)

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 54

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THIẾT BỊ CHỐNG DÒNG RÒ

RCD: Residual Current Device

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 55

THIẾT BỊ CHỐNG DÒNG RÒ


1. Cấu tạo chi tiết Cuộn dây điều khiển Tiếp điểm
Tiếp điểm đầu ra sự đóng lại tiếp điểm 4 đầu vào
khi nhấn Reset

Cuộn dây
cảm ứng

Dây thử

Mạch Nút RESET Tiếp điểm đóng


Nút TEST
cảm ứng mở RCD
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 56

THIẾT BỊ CHỐNG DÒNG RÒ


1. Cấu tạo chi tiết
L N A
A.Rơle tác động

C.Lõi biến dòng


C
R T.Nút nhấn kiểm tra

T R.Điện trở hạn dòng

Nguyên lý cấu tạo thiết bị chống dòng rò


Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 57

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2. Nguyeân lyù hoaït ñoäng
Khi thieát bò laøm vieäc bình thöôøng

IL  IN  0
 L  N  0
I  0
C

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 58

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2. Nguyeân lyù hoaït ñoäng
Khi thieát bò chạm vỏ

IC
IL  IN  0
 L  N  0
 I  0
C

Fault

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 59

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2. Nguyeân lyù hoaït ñoäng Mạch TEST

CUT

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2. Nguyeân lyù hoaït ñoäng

Cụ thể:
Điện trở R: Dùng để hạn chế dòng bảo vệ cho cuộn dây khi thử.
Nút thử: Đây là tiếp điểm thường mở ,dùng để thử sự làm việc của RCD.
Khi làm việc bình thường I1 + I2= 0, sẽ không có từ thông sinh ra trên lõi từ và sẽ không có sức
điện động sinh ra trên cuộn dây W. Khi xảy ra chạm vỏ thiết bị sẽ có dòng chạm đất Iđ (dòng rò) đi từ vỏ thiết
bị (tải) trở về nguồn qua dây PE hoặc qua đất. Lúc đó ta có I1+ I2 ≠ 0 → tạo ra từ thông Ф trong mạch từ, từ
thông này sẽ cảm ứng suất điện động trong cuộn dây W→ sinh ra dòng điện i3 → chạy qua cuộn cắt của thiết
bị RCD. Nếu dòng này vượt quá trị số chỉnh định cho trước của cuộn cắt thì sẽ có tín hiệu đi tác động cắt mạch
điện → sự cố chạm vỏ được loại trừ, bảo vệ an toàn cho người.

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 61

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3. Phân loại thiết bị chống dòng điện rò


Thiết bị chống dòng rò RCD hay RCCB
 RCD (Residual Current Divices) 2 cực:
- Bảo vệ quá dòng và hỏng cách điện cho
nhóm 1 ÷ 3 thiết bị.
- Thích hợp mạng TT.
 RCCB (Residual Current Circuit Beaker):
- Bảo vệ dòng rò xuống đất.
- Tương thích mọi dạng nối đất.
 RCD, RCCB cần sử dụng ghép với CB
kiểu từ nhiệt hay cầu chì.
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 62

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3. Phân loại thiết bị chống dòng điện rò


Thiết bị ngắt mạch chạm đất GFI và máy
cắt ngắt chạm đất GFCI
 GFI(Ground Fault Interrupter),
GFCI(Ground Fault Circuit
Interrupter) tác động khi có dòng rò
vào bất cứ nơi nào.
 Bảo vệ mạng điện công suất lớn với
kiểu nối đất TN-S.
 Thích hợp cho mạng dân dụng hay
công nghiệp có Iđm lên đến 1200A.

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3. Phân loại thiết bị chống dòng điện rò


Thiết bị ngắt dòng rò đất ELCB

 ELCB (Earth Leakage


Circuit Breaker) gồm mô đun
EL tích hợp trong CB.
 Bảo vệ quá dòng cho tủ điện
chính hạ áp, các mạch phân
phối phụ trong công nghiệp.
 Bảo vệ động cơ mạch cáp có
Iđm lên đến 250A.
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 64

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3. Phân loại thiết bị chống dòng điện rò


Thiết bị chống dòng rò với bảo vệ quá tải RCBO

 RCBO (Residual Current


Beaker with Overload): tổ hợp
RCD và MCB nên có hai chức
năng
- Bảo vệ quá dòng
- Chống dòng chạm đất

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 65

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4. Các thông số chính của thiết bị chống dòng rò


 Điện áp định mức Un ( V );
 Dòng định mức In ( A )
 Dòng rò tác động I∆n (mA):
6,10,30,100,300,500,1000mA
 Dòng rò không tác động
I∆ = 0,5I∆n (mA)
 Tần số định mức f (Hz)
 Thời gian cắt: loại cắt nhanh hay
trì hoãn (ms)
 Cấp bảo vệ
 Số cực

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5. Bảo vệ phân biệt giữa các thiết bị chống dòng rò
 Lựa chọn và lắp đặt
I∆ = 1A
RCD sao cho khi xuất hiện
sự cố, chỉ RCD gần nhất I∆ t 1s
tác động.
 Có 2 dạng bảo vệ phân I∆ = 0,3A I∆I∆
= 0,3A
= 0,3A
biệt:
t 0,5s I∆ t 0,5s
t 0,5s
 Phân biệt theo hàng
ngang I I
I∆
∆ = 0,03A ∆
 Phân biệt theo hàng I∆
dọc t inst

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 67

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6. Các hình thức bảo vệ bằng thiết bị chống dòng rò
 RCD cấp 300mA, 500mA : bảo vệ hệ thống cung
cấp điện hạ áp tránh rủi ro cháy, nổ điện.
 RCD cấp 100mA : bảo vệ thiết bị dễ xảy ra chạm vỏ
liên tục với dòng rò có trị số lớn.
 RCD cấp 30mA thời gian tác động 0,1s: phổ biến
bảo vệ chống giật.
 RCD cấp 10mA : bảo vệ những nơi đòi hỏi đặc biệt
an toàn như bệnh viện, trường học, nhà trẻ…

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 68

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7. Lựa chọn thiết bị chống dòng rò:


 Điều kiện chọn

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7. Lựa chọn thiết bị chống dòng rò:
Bài tập ví dụ: Lựa chọn RCD bảo vệ công nhân
vận hành máy nâng vật liệu 30 kW với yêu cầu dòng
rò ≤ 10 mA ? Biết dòng NM tính toán IN = 10 kA.
Giải

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 70

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8. Sự phù hợp RCD với sơ đồ an toàn
a. Sơ đồ TT
Khi có hư hỏng cách điện
mạch sẽ tự động cắt bằng

RCD

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 71

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8. Sự phù hợp RCD với sơ đồ an toàn
b. Sơ đồ TN-C

 Khi có hư hỏng cách điện


 Ngắn mạch .
 Chỉ ngắt mạch bằng CB,
Cầu Chì .
 Không sử dụng RCD .

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8. Sự phù hợp RCD với sơ đồ an toàn
c. Sơ đồ TN-S

Khi hư hỏng cách điện :


Dùng CB, Cầu Chì, hoặc RCD để ngắt điện
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 73

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8. Sự phù hợp RCD với sơ đồ an toàn
d. Mạng phân xưởng

RCD

RCD

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 74

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9. Các hạn chế của thiết bị chống dòng rò


 Không loại trừ tất cả các rủi ro do sốc điện và nguy
hiểm cháy.
 Không có khả năng phát hiện quá dòng, ngắn mạch
pha – trung tính hay ngắn mạch pha pha.
 Không thể bảo vệ chống sốc điện khi dòng đi qua
người sang dây trung tính hay từ pha sang pha.

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THE END

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 2 76

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