Lesson 1: Exponential Notation

Student Outcomes
 Students know what it means for a number to be raised to a power and how to represent the repeated
multiplication symbolically.
 Students know the reason for some bases requiring parentheses.

Lesson Notes
This lesson is foundational for the topic of properties of integer exponents. For the first time in this lesson, students are
seeing the use of exponents with negative valued bases. It is important that students explore and understand the
importance of parentheses in such cases, just as with rational base values. It may also be the first time that students are
seeing the notation (dots and braces) used in this lesson. If students have already mastered the skills in this lesson, it is
optional to move forward and begin with Lesson 2 or provide opportunities for students to explore how to rewrite
expressions in a different base, 4 2 as 24 , for example.

Classwork
Scaffolding:
Discussion (15 minutes)
Remind students of their
When we add 5 copies of 3, we devise an abbreviation (i.e., a new notation) for this previous experiences:
purpose.  The square of a number
(e.g., 3 ×3 is denoted by
3+3+3+ 3+3=5 × 3
32).
Now if we multiply 5 factors of 3, how should we abbreviate this?
MP.2  From the expanded form
& 3 ×3 ×3 × 3× 3=? of a whole number, we
MP.7 also learned that 103
Allow students to make suggestions (see sidebar for scaffolds).
stands for 10 ×10 ×10 .
3 ×3 ×3 × 3× 3=3 5
Similarly, we also write 33=3× 3 ×3; 3 4=3 ×3 ×3 × 3; etc.

We see that when we add 5 summands of 3, we write 5 ×3, but when we multiply 5 factors of 3, we write 35 . Thus,
the multiplication by 5 in the context of addition corresponds exactly to the superscript 5 in the context of
multiplication.
Make students aware of the correspondence between addition and multiplication because what they know about
repeated addition will help them learn exponents as repeated multiplication as we go forward.
 4
9 9 9 9 9
5 6
means 5 ×5 ×5 ×5 × 5× 5, and
()7
means × × × .
7 7 7 7
You have seen this kind of notation before; it is called exponential notation. In general, for any number x and any
positive integer n ,

x n=(⏟
x ∙ x ⋯ x ).
n׿ ¿

Examples 1–5
Work through Examples 1–5 as a group, and supplement with additional examples if needed.

Example 1 Example 2

5 ×5 ×5 ×5 × 5× 5=5 6 9 9 9 9 9 4
× × × =
7 7 7 7 7 ()
Example 3 Example 4

−4 3 −4 −4 −4 (−2 )6=(−2)×(−2) ×(−2)×(−2) ×(−2)×(−2)

( ) ( )( )( )
11
=
11
×
11
×
11

Example 5

3. 84 =3.8 ×3.8 ×3.8 ×3.8

 Notice the use of parentheses in Examples 2, 3, and 4 . Do you know why we use them?
 In cases where the base is either fractional or negative, parentheses tell us what part of the expression
is included in the base and, therefore, going to be multiplied repeatedly.

 Suppose n is a fixed positive integer. Then 3n by definition is

3n =(⏟
3× ⋯ × 3 ).
n times

 Again, if n is a fixed positive integer, then by definition:

7n =(⏟
7 ×⋯ × 7 ) ,
n times
 4 n 4 4
() ( 5
= ×⋯× ,
5
⏟ 5 )
n times

(−2.3 )n =⏟
( (−2.3 ) ×⋯ × (−2.3 ) ) .
n times

If students ask about values of n that are not positive integers, ask them to give an example and to consider what such
an exponent would indicate. Let them know that integer exponents will be discussed later in this module, so they should
continue examining their question as we move forward. Positive and negative fractional exponents are a topic that will
be introduced in Algebra II.
 In general, for any number x , x 1=x , and for any positive integer n > 1, x nis by definition:
MP.6 x n=(⏟
x ∙ x ⋯ x ).
n times
n
 The number x is called x raised to the n power, where n is the exponent of x in x n, and x is the base of x n.
th

 x 2 is called the square of x , and x 3 is its cube.

 You have seen this kind of notation before when you gave the expanded form of a whole number for powers
of 10; it is called exponential notation.
Students might ask why we use the terms square and cube to represent exponential expressions with exponents of 2 and
3, respectively. Refer them to earlier grades and finding the area of a square and the volume of a cube. These geometric
quantities are obtained by multiplying equal factors. The area of a square with side lengths of 4 units is
4 units ×4 units=42 unit s 2 or 16 unit s 2. Similarly, the volume of a cube with edge lengths of 4 units is
4 units ×4 units ×4 units=43 unit s 3 or 64 unit s 3.

Exercises 1–10 (5 minutes)

Have students complete these independently and check their answers before moving on.

Exercise 1 Exercise 6
7
4 ×⋯ × 4 =4
⏟ 7 7 7 21

7 times
×⋯× =
⏟2 2
2 ()
21 times

Exercise 2 Exercise 7

3.6
⏟ × ⋯ ×3.6 =3.647 −13 ) × ⋯ × (−13 )=(−13 )6
(⏟
¿ ¿ times 6 times

47 times
Exercise 3 Exercise 8

¿¿
 10
−1 −1 −1
( ) ( )( )
×⋯ ×
⏟ 14
14 14
=

10 times

Exercise 4 Exercise 9
15
12
⏟ ×⋯ × 12=12 ∙ x ⋯ x =x 185
x⏟
¿¿ times 185 times

15 times
Exercise 5 Exercise 10
10
−5 ) × ⋯ × (−5 ) =(−5 )
(⏟ ∙ x ⋯ x =x n
x⏟
10 times ¿ ¿ times

n times

Exercises 11–14 (15 minutes)

Allow students to complete Exercises 11–14 individually or in small groups. As an alternative, provide students with
several examples of exponential expressions whose bases are negative values, and whose exponents alternate between
odd and even whole numbers. Ask students to discern a pattern from their calculations, form a conjecture, and work to
justify their conjecture. They should find that a negative value raised to an even exponent results in a positive value
since the product of two negative values yields a positive product. They should also find that having an even number of
negative factors means each factor pairs with another, resulting in a set of positive products. Likewise, they should
conclude that a negative number raised to an odd exponent always results in a negative value. This is because any odd
whole number is 1 greater than an even number (or zero). This means that while the even set of negative factors results
in a positive value, there will remain one more negative factor to negate the resulting product.
 When a negative number is raised to an odd power, what is the sign of the result?
 When a negative number is raised to an even power, what is the sign of the result?
Point out that when a negative number is raised to an odd power, the sign of the answer is negative. Conversely, if a
negative number is raised to an even power, the sign of the answer is positive.

Exercise 11

Will these products be positive or negative? How do you know?

12
(−1 ) × (−1 ) × ⋯ × (−1 )=(−1 )
⏟
12 times

This product will be positive. Students may state that they computed the product and it was positive. If they say that, let
them show their work. Students may say that the answer is positive because the exponent is positive; however, this
would not be acceptable in view of the next example.

13
(−1 ) × (−1 ) × ⋯ × (−1 )=(−1 )
⏟
13 times

This product will be negative. Students may state that they computed the product and it was negative. If so, ask them to
 show their work. Based on the discussion of the last problem, you may need to point out that a positive exponent does
not always result in a positive product.

The two problems in Exercise 12 force the students to think beyond the computation level. If students struggle, revisit
the previous two problems, and have them discuss in small groups what an even number of negative factors yields and
what an odd number of negative factors yields.

Exercise 12

Is it necessary to do all of the calculations to determine the sign of the product? Why or why not?
95
(−5 ) × (−5 ) ×⋯ × (−5 ) =(−5 )
⏟
95 times

Students should state that an odd number of negative factors yields a negative product.

122
(−1.8 ) × (−1.8 ) × ⋯ × (−1.8 )=(−1.8 )
⏟
122times

Students should state that an even number of negative factors yields a positive product.

Exercise 13

Fill in the blanks indicating whether the number is positive or negative.

n
If n is a positive even number, then ( −55 ) is positive.

n
If n is a positive odd number, then ( −72.4 ) is negative.

Exercise 14

Josie says that

−15 ) × ⋯ × (−15 )=−156 . Is she correct?
(⏟ How do you know?
6 times

Students should state that Josie is not correct for the following two reasons: (1) They just stated that an even number of
factors yields a positive product, and this conflicts with the answer Josie provided, and (2) the notation is used incorrectly
because, as is, the answer is the negative of 1 56, instead of the product of 6 copies of −15. The base is (−15).
Recalling the discussion at the beginning of the lesson, when the base is negative it should be written clearly by using
parentheses. Have students write the answer correctly.

Closing (5 minutes)
 Why should we bother with exponential notation? Why not just write out the multiplication?
Engage the class in discussion, but make sure to address at least the following two reasons:
1. Like all good notation, exponential notation saves writing.
2. Exponential notation is used for recording scientific measurements of very large and very small quantities. It is
indispensable for the clear indication of the magnitude of a number (see Lessons 10–13).
  Here is an example of the labor-saving aspect of the exponential notation: Suppose a colony of bacteria
doubles in size every 8 hours for a few days under tight laboratory conditions. If the initial size is B, what is
the size of the colony after 2days?
 In 2 days, there are six 8 -hour periods; therefore, the size will be 26 B .

If time allows, give more examples as a lead in to Lesson 2. Example situations: (1) exponential decay with respect to
heat transfer, vibrations, ripples in a pond, or (2) exponential growth with respect to interest on a bank deposit after
some years have passed.

Exit Ticket (5 minutes)

Name ___________________________________________________ Date____________________

Lesson 1: Exponential Notation

Exit Ticket

1.
a. Express the following in exponential notation:

−13 ) × ⋯ × (−13 ) .
(⏟
35 times

b. Will the product be positive or negative? Explain.

3. Fill in the blank:

4
2 2 2
3
⏟
×⋯× =
3 3 ()
¿ ¿ times

4. Arnie wrote:

4
(−3.1 ) × ⋯ × (−3.1 ) =−3.1
⏟
4 times

Is Arnie correct in his notation? Why or why not?

Exit Ticket Sample Solutions

1.
a. Express the following in exponential notation:

−13 ) × ⋯ × (−13 )
(⏟
35 times

(−13 )35

b. Will the product be positive or negative? Explain.

The product will be negative. The expanded form shows 34 negative factors plus one more negative factor.
Any even number of negative factors yields a positive product. The remaining 35 th negative factor negates
the resulting product.

2. Fill in the blank:

4
2 2 2
3
⏟
×⋯× =
3 3 ()
¿ ¿ times

4 times

3. Arnie wrote:
4
(−3.1 ) × ⋯ × (−3.1 ) =−3.1
⏟
4 times
Is Arnie correct in his notation? Why or why not?

Arnie is not correct. The base, −3.1, should be in parentheses to prevent ambiguity. At present the notation is
not correct.

Problem Set Sample Solutions

1. Use what you know about exponential notation to complete the expressions below.

−5 ) × ⋯ × (−5 ) =(−5 )17 19

(⏟ 3.7 × ⋯ ×3.7 =3.7
⏟
17 times ¿ ¿ times

19 times

× ⋯ ×7 =7 45
7⏟ × ⋯ ×6 =6 4
6⏟
¿ ¿ times 4 times

45 times
 13
4.3× ⋯ × 4.3=4.3
⏟ ⏟
(−1.1)× ⋯ × (−1.1 )=(−1.1 )9
13 times 9 times

19 x
2 2 2 −11 −11 −11
() ()()
3
⏟
×⋯×
3
=
3 ( )
⏟5
×⋯×
5
=
5 ( )( )
19 times ¿ ¿ times

x times

⏟
(−12)× ⋯ ×(−12)=(−12 )15 × ⋯ × a=a m
a⏟
¿ ¿ times m times

15 times

4. Write an expression with (−1) as its base that will produce a positive product, and explain why your answer is
valid.

Accept any answer with (−1) to an exponent that is even.

5. Write an expression with (−1) as its base that will produce a negative product, and explain why your answer is
valid.

Accept any answer with (−1) to an exponent that is odd.

6. Rewrite each number in exponential notation using 2 as the base.

8=23 16=24 32=25

64=26 128=27 256=28

4
7. Tim wrote 16 as ( −2 ) . Is he correct? Explain.

4
Tim is correct that 16=( −2 ) . (−2 ) (−2 ) (−2 )(−2 ) =( 4 )( 4 ) =16.

8. Could −2be used as a base to rewrite 32? 64 ? Why or why not?

5
A base of −2 cannot be used to rewrite 32 because ( −2 ) =−32. A base of −2 can be used to rewrite 64
because

(−2 )6=64. If the exponent, n , is even, (−2 )n will be positive. If the exponent, n , is odd, (−2 )n cannot be a
positive number.