PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS S.S. Bhavikatti A. Vittal Hegde fal NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERSPROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS (Revised Second Edition) S.S. Bhavikatti Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering and Dean (Academic) Ss Dhomashal arknaheswar Coleg Sees ar fechnology, Dhavalagin, Dharwad - 580 002 ‘ronan Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering ‘National Institute of Technology Kamataka, Surathkal, Mangalore A. Vittal Hegde Professor of Marine Structure and Head, Department of Applied Mechanics & Hydraulics National institute of Technology, Kamataka, Surathkal, Mangalore fal NEW AGE NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS New Delhi « Bangalore « Chennai « Cochin » Guwahati « Hyderabad Jalandhar » Kolkata « Lucknow » Mumbai » RanchiCopyright © 2005 New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers First Edition : 2002 Second Edition : 2005 NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110 002 Visit us at : www.newagepublishers.com Offices at : Bangalore, Chennai, Cochin, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jalandhar, Kolkata, Lucknow, Mumbai and Ranchi This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. ‘This book cannot be sold outside the country to which it is consigned by the publisher without the prior permission of the publisher. Rs. 125.00 ISBN : 81-224-1601-2 Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110 002 and typesetter Innovative, Delhi printed in India at Pack Printers, New DelhiContents Preface 1. Coplanar Concurrent Force Systems. 1-21 2. Coplanar Non-concurrent Force Systems 22-41 3. Analysis of Pin-jointed Plane Frames 42-63 4. Friction 64-80 5. Centroid of Areas 81-94 6. Area Moment of Inertia 95-107 7. Introduction to Dynamics and Linear Motion 108-118 8. Projectiles 119-129 9. D’Alembert’s Principle 130-142 10. Work Energy Principle 143-153, 11, _Impulse Momentum Principle 154-162 12. Impact of Elastic Bodies 163-174 13,_Circular Motion of Rigid Bodies 175-184 14. Virtual Work 185-190 15. Introduction to Vector Approach i 191-201ainoina} Copyrighted materialCuarrer 1 Coplanar Concurrent Force Systems GENERAL INFORMATION COPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEMS The various forces acting on a body constitute a system of forces. Ifall the forces in the system lie in a single plane, itis called as Coplanar Force System. If the lines of action of all the forces in the system pass through a single point, it is called a Concurrent Force System. Resultant of Concurrent Forces Itis possible to find a single force, which would have the same effect as that of a number of forces acting on a given body. Such’a single force is called the Resultant Force. Composition of Forces The process of finding the resuiltant of a force system is called Composition of Forces. DETERMINATION OF RESULTANT (a) Graphical Method (i) The Parallelogram Law of Forces::This law states that if two forces acting simultaneously ona body at a point are represented in magni- tude and direction, by two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram which passes through the point of inte#section of the two sides representing the’ forces. Ini Fig. 1.1, the restiltant of forces F; ahd Fis R: Fig. 1.1 (if) The Triangle Law of Forces: This law states that if two forces acting simultaneously on a body are represented by the sides of a triangle taken in order, then their resultant is represented by the closirig'side of the triangle, taken in the opposite order, In Fig, 1.2, forces F, and:F, are represented in magnitude (to suitable scale) and direction by AB and BC. According to this law, the closing line of the triangle ABC ie., AC represent the resultant R.2 Engineering Mechanics (i) Resultant by the Method of Resolution: ® Fig. 1.2 (iii) The Polygon Law of Forces: This law states that if a number of concurrent forces acting simultaneously on a body are represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of a Polygon, taken itt order, then the resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the closing side of the polygon, taken in opposite order. In Fig. 1.3, Ris the resultant of forces F,, Fyand Fy. Fig. 1.4 Referring to Fig. 1.4, LF, = Fyy + Foy + Foy + Fay (1.3) Py = Fry + Fay + Fay + Fay (1.4) P= (GR) +5? as) *, =F and @= tan? —2 (1.6) ZF, (c) Equilibrium of a Body -A body is said to be in equilibrium, when it is at rest or continues to be in steady linear Fig. 1.3 motion. Mathematically, it means, resultant R of the system of forces acting on the body is zero. (b) Resultant by Analytical Method IF, = () If only two forces are acting as shown in oF, ce} a7 Fig. 12, y = iF +F3+2F,F, cos8 (1.1) EQUILIBRIANT OF A FORCE SYSTEM. and a= tant —2sind (1.2) __ Itisthat single force which is equal and opposite F, +F,cos® to the resultant of the given force system.Coplanar Concurrent Force Systems Lami’s Theorem This theorem states that, if body is in equilib rium under the action of three forces, each force is proportional to the sine of the angle between the other two forces. (a) Fig. 1.5 For the system of forces shown in Fig. 1.5, A iA Gna Sinpsiny =) (d) Free Body Diagram It is the diagram of a body, in which the body under consideration is freed from all the contact surfaces, and all the forces acting on it, including the reactions at contact surfaces are indicated. (e) Principle of Transmissibility of Forces This principle states that the state of rest or of uniform motion of a rigid boay is unaltered, if a forceacting on the body isreplaced by another force of the same magnitude and direction but acting anywhere on the rigid body along the line of action of the force. SOLVED PROBLEMS (Following sign convention is used in solving the problems: rightward and upward forces positive, leftward and downward forces nega- tive.) 3 |. The body on the incline in Fig. 1.6(a) is sub- jected to the vertical and horizontal forces as shown. Find the component of each force along x-y axes oriented parallel and perpen- dicular to the incline. es C) (b) Fig. 1.6 Solution: tand = 3 0 =36.87° Component of F, are F, (along x-direction) and F, (along y-direction) and may be easily found by moving from the tail of the force F, to its head in the desired direction [Refer Fig, 1.6(0)]. Fy,= -Fysind 1200 sin 36.87° -720N. (Ans.) Fyy= -F, cos @ = -1200 cos 36.87° = -960 N. (Ans.) ‘Component of F, are [(Refer Fig. 1.6(c)] Fy, = F; cos @ = 400 cos 36.87° = 320N (Ans.) Fay = Fy sin 9 = 400 sin 36.87° = -240N (Ans.) .. Determine the x and y components of each of the forces shown in Fig, 1.7(a).4 Engineering Mechanics Fig. 1.8 Fisin® F,+Fcos6 20 sin 25° =H 2 60 coe HF = 01136 = 6.48° (Ans.) «+ Inclination with x-axis= 20 + 6.48° = 26.48° (Ans.) |. Find theresultarit of the forcesystemshown in Fig. 1.9(@). a= tan? Fig. 1.7 Fiy= 300'cos 30° = 259.81 N (Ans.) Fiy= -300:sin 30° =+150 N (Ans.) tand = 32 *. @ = 67.38" oN Fy, = ~F, C08-67.38 = -390 cos 67.38 ® 7 1); 450'N'(Anns.) oo Figed 9 i Fy = £; sin 67.38 = 390 sin 67.38 = 360.N (Ans.) Solution: Resolving each force in x and y Fyg= -Fc0s 40? = 400 cos 40° directions, and adding algebraically, we get, =~30642 N (Ans) ZF, = 600 cos 40°— 800 cos 20° +. 200 sin 30? Fay = ~F, sin 40° = —400 sin 40° = =12I2N (ery = -257.12 N (Ans) ZF, = 600 sin 40° + 800 sin 20° - 200 cos 30° 3. Find the resultant of the two forces shown 86.08 N (T)''- . in Fig. 1.8(a). oR= Yer? +(ERy)? Solution: From Fig. 1.8(a), " senig, 1546) = 4/1212? + 48608" = 522.67 N (Ana) Re {B+ 2RRowt 3B, 'abz08 ~1 486.08 a ow 920? +607 +2 20x 60x cos 25° e= rr, yond 78.58 N (Ans.) = 68.43° as shown in Fig. 1.9(6). (Ans.)Coplanar Concurrent Force Systems 5. Find the resultant of the force system acting on the hook shown in Fig. 1.10(a). BoNk jy 110N Fig. 1.10(2) Solution: Resolving each force in x and y directions and adding algebraically, ZF, = 150 cos 30° + 100 cos 15° - 80 sin 20° = 199.13 N (+) XF, = 150 sin 30°- 100 sin 15° - 110 + 80 cos 20° = 14.29N (T) < R= 919213? +1429" = 199.64 N (Ans.) = 4.09° as shown in Fig. 1.10(H). of T3813 Fig, 1.1018 6. Asystem of forces acting on a body resting, onan incline plane is as shown in Fig. 1.11. Determine the resultant force, if @ = 30°, w = 1000 N, N = 866.03 N, F = 200 N and T=1200N. Solution: UF, =T-F-Wsind Hence, the resultant force is 500 N acting up the plane. . A disabled ship is pulled by means of two tugboats as shown in Fig. 1.12{a). If the re- sultant of the two forces exerted by the ropes is a300N force parallel to the axis of the ship, find: (a) Force exerted by each of the tugboats knowing a = 30°. (b) The value of a such that the force of tugboat 2 is minimum, while that of tugboat 1 acts in the same direction. Find the corresponding force to be ex- erted by tug- boat 1 also. Solution: (a) Let T,and Tbe the tensile forces in the two ropes as shown in Fig. 1.12(a) with = 30°. According to law of triangle of forces, the system will be as shown in Fig. 1.12(). Applying sine rule to the triangle of forces, T___h 300 sin 30° sin 20° sin 130° 7, = 200sin 30° _ 195.81 N(Ans) sin 130° T, = 200sin 20° _ 153.04.N (Ans) sin 130° (®) From Fig. 1.12(0, it is clear that T, is least, when it is at right angles to T;. Hence, a= 70° (Ans.) Applying sine rule to the triangle of forces, Fg Pg 80, sin 70° sin 20° sin 90° T, = 300 270° _ 983.91 N (Ans) ve sin 908 "