p-ISSN 1907-9850

e-ISSN 2599-2740

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Samanea saman LEAF ETHANOL EXTRACT AGAINST

Escherichia coli AND Staphylococcus aureus AND ITS TOTAL FLAVONOID AND PHENOLIC
CONTENTS

W. S. Rita1*, I M. D. Swantara2, I. A. R. Astiti Asih1, N. K. Sinarsih2

1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Udayana, Bukit
Jimbaran, Badung, Bali
2
Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Bali
*E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Antibacterial activity of Samanea saman usually shows a positif correlation to the flavonoid and phenolic
contents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Samanea saman
against Escherechia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and determine the total flavonoid and phenolic contents of the
extract. The extraction was done by ethanol 96% at room temperature. The antibacterial assay was conducted by agar
disc diffusion method. The total flavonoid and phenolic contents were determined by UV-Vis Spectrofotometer with
the standard of quersetin and galic acid, respectively. The extraction of 250 g of Samanea saman leaves resulted in
24.5 g of ethanol extracts. The ethanol extract showed a moderate inhibition of 8.33 mm towards E. coli and a strong
inhibition of 13.6 mm towards S. aureus at the concentration of 4%. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
of the extract against E. coli and S.aureus were of 3% and 0.3%”, respectively. The total flavonoid and phenolic
contents were successively 1233.2991 mg QE/100g and 2544.6154 mg GAE/100g.

Keywords: Escherechia coli, flavonoid and phenolic content, Samanea saman, Staphylococcus aureus

INTRODUCTION endocarditis. S. aureus is also a major cause of

nosocomial infections, food poisoning, and toxic
Infection is one of the most common shock syndrome (Mandal, 2012).
health problems suffered by the community. Synthetic medicines, such as antibiotic,
Infection is an invasion of the body by commonly used to overcome a diseases caused by
microorganisms and proliferates in body tissues E. coli and S. aureus, but these medicines can be
that cause pain. The development of tropical resistant to the bacteria. Frieri et al. (2017)
Indonesian infections is due to moist air, poor reported that multidrug resistant patterns in Gram-
sanitation, densely populated environments and positive and -negative bacteria have resulted in
favorable temperatures for the development of difficult-to-treat or even untreatable infections
microorganisms. One type of microorganism that with conventional antimicrobials. Therefore, an
can cause infection is bacteria. The bacteria that active ingredient of antibacterial plant extract is
cause the most infection cases in the community required. One of these plants is rain tree (Samanea
are pathogenic bacteria from Staphylococcus saman).
aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) Rain tree in Indonesia are used as shade
species. trees and urban forests (Santosa et al., 2012;
E. coli is a pathogenic bacteria that can Dahlan, 2010). The rain tree leaf water extract was
infect any tissue or body tool and cause disease reported to inhibit the growth of E. coli at
with typical signs of inflammation, necrosis, and minimum concentration of 0.5 % and to S.aureus
abscess formation (Jawetz et al., 1995) While S. at 1% (Prasad et al., 2008). Methanol extracts of
aureus can cause infectious diseases such as rain tree have antibacterial activity with inhibition
ulcers, acne, impetigo, and severe infections such zones ranging from 11 mm to 3.5 mm at 1 mg /
as pneumonia, mastitis, plebitis, meningitis, mL concentration (Thippeswamy et al., 2012).
urinary tract infections, osteomyelitis, and Rain tree leaf ethanol extract inhibited the growth

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JURNAL KIMIA 12 (2), JULI 2018: 121-127

of Fusarium solani, pathogenic fungi causing stem coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus
rot diseases on dragon fruits (Rita et al., 2016a; (Gram-positive). These microorganisms were
Rita et al., 2013). Methanol extract of S. saman obtained from culture collection of Laboratory of
showed measurable inhibitory activity against both Microbiology Department of Biology, Faculty of
S. aureus and B. subtilis (Obasi et al., 2010). Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Udayana
Butanol extract of rain tree leaf collected from Bali University. The isolates were purified and
could strongly inhibit S. aureus while the maintained at 4 °C until used.
inhibition zone of the extract against E. coli was
moderate at concentration of 8% (Rita et al., Plant extraction
2016b). Around 250 g of rain tree leaf powder was
Antimicrobial activity of a material was extracted with 5 L of 70% ethanol for 24 h at room
associated with its chemical content, such as temperature (25 °C). The extract was filtered
flavonoid and phenolic content. Mahboubi et al. through Whatman No. 4 filter paper, evaporated to
(2015) evaluated total flavonoid and phenolic dryness under vacuum and stored at 4 °C until
contents from extract of Punica granatum L. analysis.
flowers and its antibacterial activity towards both
Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria causing Antibacterial Activity Assay
food poisoning. The total flavonoid and phenolic Antibacterial activity assay of the rain tree
content was positively associated with the leaf extract was carried out by disc diffusion
antibacterial activities. Phenolic and flavonoid method at concentrations of 4% with three
contents of leaf extract of ten Algerian Ficus repetitions (Sinarsih et al., 2016). The negative
carica L. varieties have been investigated by control used was the solvent of the extract. While
Mahmoudi et al. (2016), the extracts have an positive controls are amoxicillin for S. aureus and
antimicrobial effect against Bacillus cereus and meropenem for E. coli which were already
Staphylococcus aureus. This study aimed to available in paper disc form.
evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract The assay was initiated with media
of Samanea saman against Escherechia coli and preparation, 20 mL of Mueller-Hinton Nutrient
Staphylococcus aureus and to determine the total Agar (NA) medium inserted into a sterile petri dish
flavonoid and phenolic contents of the extract. then closed and cooled to solidify. A hundread L
of suspension, having 108 CFU/mL of bacterial
MATERIAL AND METHODS strains was dispensed on the medium using sterile
cotton. The medium was then allowed to dry
General Experimental Procedure slightly about 5-8 minutes before the disc was
The study was initiated with the extraction attached.
of plant material, followed by antibacterial assay. As much as 20 μL the extract was dropped
After that, the total of flavonoids and phenolic on disc paper with a diameter of 6 mm using a
content were determined by Spectrofotomer UV- micropipette, and for negative controls, solvent
vis. was dropped at the same volume. The disc papers
Plant material were then allowed to stand for ± 120 minutes. The
The sample of rain tree leaves (Samanea disc paper containing extract, positive control, and
saman) were collected from around Denpasar Bali. negative control was then placed on top of
The tree was identifid at LIPI-UPT Center for bacterial media with tweezers. Then the media was
Plant Conservation Botanical Garden "Eka Karya" incubated at the optimum growth temperature of S.
Bali. The leaves were dried at room temperature aureus and E. coli which ranged from 35-37 C for
for 15 days and were powdered and stored for 24 hours. The inhibitory diameters of extract were
further analysis. measured after the incubation period.
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
Bacterial Agents was determined at various concentrations. There
The ethanol extract of rain tree leaves was were 0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2; 2.5; 3; 3.5;
assayed against two strains bacteria, Escherichia

122
 Antibacterial Activity Of Samanea Saman Leaf Ethanol Extract Against Escherichia Coli
And Staphylococcus Aureus And Its Total Flavonoid And Phenolic Contents
(W. S. Rita, I M. D. Swantara, I. A. R. Astiti Asih, N. K. Sinarsih)

And 4%. The concentration specified as MIC was where: F2 = total phenol, C = equality of gallic
the smallest concentration that still had the ability acid (g/mL), V = total volume of extract (mL), F =
to inhibit bacterial growth. the dilution factor, m = weight of sample (g)

Determination of Total Flavonoid and Phenolic

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Contents
Total Flavonoid contents The extraction of 250 g of rain tree leaf
Total flavonoids were determined by powder resulted in 24.5 g of ethanol extract.
aluminum chloride method (Rita et al., 2016b). A Antibacterial activity assay against E. coli and S.
total of 0.0417 grams of samples were dissolved in aureus of rain tree leaf ethanol extract was
50% ethanol to 5 mL volume, homogenized, and performed at a concentrations of 4% with a
centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min. The filtrate positive control of meropenem for E. coli and
was taken 25 μL, then diluted to 500 μL volume. amoxicillin for S. aureus. Antibacterial assay
The solution was added with 2% AlCl3 (500 μL) so results are shown in Table 1.
the total volume of the solution became 1000 μL.
The mixture was allowed to stand for 90 minutes Table 1. Antibacterial Activity of the ethanol
before the absorbance was measured at a extract of Samanea saman leaves against E. coli
wavelength of 415 nm. The total flavonoid and S. aureus
contents were expressed as mg quercetin Avarage of Inhibition Zone (mm)
equivalents/100 mg extract. The total flavonoids Bacteria Positive Negative Ethanol Extract
can be calculated by the following formula:
control* control (4%)
𝐶.𝑉.𝐹.10−6 E. coli 32.33 - 8.33 (moderate)
𝐹1 = 100%
𝑚 S. 19.67 - 13.67 (strong)
where: F1=total flavonoids, C=equality of aureus
quercetin (g/mL), V= total volume of extract (mL), *Meropenem (for E.coli) and Amoxycilin (for S. aureus)
F= the dilution factor, m= weight of sample (g)
From Table 1, it can be seen that ethanol
Total Phenolic contents extract of rain tree leaf could inhibit the growth of
Total phenolic contents were determined E. coli with moderate inhibition of 8.33 mm, while
using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (Thippeswamy et it could inhibit the growth of S. aureus with strong
al., 2011; Qadir et al., 2017). A total of 0.025 gram inhibition of 13.67 mm. According Davis and
samples were dissolved in 80% methanol to obtain Stout (1971), if the extract gave an inhibition zone
volume of 5 mL, homogenized, and centrifuged at diameter of less than 5 mm, it was categorized as
3000 rpm for 15 min. The filtrate was taken 10 μL, weak inhibition, between 5 and 10 mm was
then diluted to 100 μL volume, added with 100 μL moderate inhibition, larger than 10 to 20 mm was
Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and 800 μL of 5% sodium strong, and higher than 20 mm was very strong
carbonate so the total solution volume becomes inhibition. From this data, it can be shown that S.
1000 μL. The mixture was allowed to stand for 90 aureus (gram positive bacteria) was more sensitive
minutes before the absorbance was measured at a to the extract than E.coli (gram negative bacteria).
wavelength of 760 nm. The total phenolic contents The different capabilities of the extract in
were expressed as mg gallic acid equivalents /100 inhibiting the growth of bacteria from different
g of extract. The total phenols can be calculated by classes may be due to differences in the
the following formula: complexity of cell wall constituent of both types of
bacteria (Pelczar et al., 2010).
𝐶. 𝑉. 𝐹. 10−6 Gram-negative bacteria have a way of
𝐹2 = 100% protecting their cell membranes from penetrating
𝑚
antibacterial agents, since they have a unique outer
membrane. Gram-negative bacteria have cell walls
with relatively thinner peptidoglycan layers, and

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JURNAL KIMIA 12 (2), JULI 2018: 121-127

periplasmic space between cell walls and (a)

membranes. In addition, the structure of Gram-
negative bacterial membrane contains Lipopoly-
saccharide (LPS) or endotoxin which is a complex
structure of Lipid A, short chain of sugar, and long
chain carbohydrates. Polysaccharides play a role in
the selective entry of hydrophobicity into cell
membranes, whereas lipid properties play a role in (b)
the inclusion of hydrophilic compounds (Jawetz et
al., 1995; Pelczar et al., 2010).
Gram-positive cell wall is structured by a
simpler peptidoglycan layer compare to the more
complex Gram-negative structure. These cause that
Figure 1. Inhibition zone of rain tree Leaf ethanol
the antibacterial compounds are more easily enter
Extract at various concentrations. (a) S. aureus, (b)
into the cell and find the target. The presence of
E. coli
the ability of antibacterial compounds in damaging
the cell wall of bacteria causes the disruption of
Table 2. Inhibition zone of the growth of E. coli
cell wall function as a giver of cell shape and
and S. aureus of rain tree leaf ethanol extract at
protect cells from lysis can cause bacterial death
various concentrations
(Dewi, 2013; Brown et al., 2015).
Treatment Avarage of Inhibition
MIC was determined to recognize the
Zone (mm)
smallest concentration that still had the ability to
(%) E. coli S. aureus
inhibit bacterial growth. It was performed at a*
various concentrations of 0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4; 0.5; 4.0 8.17 13.33a*
1; 1.5; 2; 2.5; 3; 3.5; and 4%. The result 3.5 7.17b 12.67b
c
demonstrated that MIC of the extract to inhibit the 3.0 6.50 12.17bc
growth of E. coli and S. aureus were 3% and 0.3% 2.5 - 11.83c
respectively, with the inhibition zone of 6.50 and 2.0 - 11.67c
6.42 mm (Figure 1 and Table 2).
1.5 - 10.67d
These values (from Table 2) indicated that
the rain tree leaf ethanol extract was ten times 1.0 - 9.50e
more effective in inhibiting the growth of S. 0.5 - 7.67f
aureus compared to E. coli. The Data also shows 0.4 - 6.92g
that the inhibitory zone increased with the increase 0.3 - 6.42g
of extract concentration. These results were 0.2 - -
consistent with the statements of Rhoades et al. 0.1 - -
(2000) that in general the inhibitory zone tends to
0 - -
increase with the increase of extract concentration.
*Values followed by the same letters in the same column are
With the increasing concentration of extracts, the not significantly different according to the Duncan’s Multiple
content of active compounds was greater so that Range Test at P<5%.
the ability of extract inhibiting the growth of
bacteria were greater. However, inhibition of The calibration curve for the determination
ethanol extract toward S. aureus, at concentration of flavonoid and phenolic contents were presented
of 2 and 2.5 % were not significantly different as at Figure 2. Based on the calibration equation of
well as that at concentration of 0.3 and 0.4 % (P < quercetin, y = 0.070x - 0.032 and that of gallic
5%). acid, Y= 0.013x – 0.001, total flavonoid and
phenolic contents could be determined using
equations 1 and 2. The calculation was
summarized at Table 3. From the Table 3, it could
be seen that the total flavonoid and phenolic

124
 Antibacterial Activity Of Samanea Saman Leaf Ethanol Extract Against Escherichia Coli
And Staphylococcus Aureus And Its Total Flavonoid And Phenolic Contents
(W. S. Rita, I M. D. Swantara, I. A. R. Astiti Asih, N. K. Sinarsih)

contents were successively 1233.2991 mg bacterial growth, through the formation of bonds
QE/100g and 2544.6154 mg GAE/100 g extract. with bacterial proteins through hydrogen bonding,
and the formation of covalent bonds (Cushnie and
A
Lamb, 2005; Kumar et al., 2013). In addition, the
mechanism of action that may occur is inactivation
due to the presence of hydrogen bonds that result
in cell wall protein structures and unstable
cytoplasmic membranes. The instability causes
selective permeability, active transport function,
the control of the protein structure of the bacterial
cell becomes disturbed, resulting in loss of
macromolecules and ions from the cell, so that the
bacterial cells lose their shape and undergo lysis
B (Pelczar et al., 2010; Naufalin and Herastuti,
2017).

CONCLUSION

Based on our study, it could be concluded

that ethanol extract of rain tree (Samanea saman)
leaf showed good antibacterial activities against S.
Figure 2. Calibration curve of A) Standard aureus and moderate activity against E. coli which
Quercetin B) Standard Galic acid suggest that this plant could be used to treat
various infections caused by bacteria. This activity
The data shows that the total flavonoid and is closely related to the total flavonoid and phenol
phenolic contents of ethanol extract of rain tree contents.
leaf were quite high. This is related to the activity
as an antibacterial. Mahboubi et al. (2015) stated ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
that the antimicrobial efficacy of the herbal
extracts correlates with their flavonoid contents. This work was supported by a grant from
Research Technology and Higher Education
Table 3. Total flavonoid and phenolic compounds Republic of Indonesia. We wish to express our
of rain tree leaf ethanol extract gratitude to the Head of Research and Community
Flavonoids Phenolics Institutions of Udayana University for facilitating
Weigh of sample (g) 0.0417 0.025 all the needs for the research.
Absorbance (Y) 0.3280 0.1664
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 @, Conference collection

5th International Conference and

Workshop on Basic and Applied
Sciences (ICOWOBAS 2015)
Surabaya, Indonesia
16-17 October 2015

Editors
Moh.Yasin
Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia

Professor Dr. Sulaiman W. Harun

University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Sponsoring Organizations
Universitas Airlangga
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
Salahaddin-Hawler University, Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan

All papers have been peer reviewed.

AIP Melville, New York, 2016

Publishing AIP Conference Proceedings Volume 1718

To learn more about AIP Conference Proceedings visit http://proceedings.aip.org

 AIP Conference Proceedings, Volume 1718
5th International Conference and Workshop on Basic
and Applied Sciences (ICOWOBAS 2015)

Table of Contents

Preface: 5th International Conference and Workshop on Basic and Applied Sciences

(5th ICOWOBAS) 2015

Committees: 5th International Conference and Workshop on Basic and Applied Sciences

(5th ICOWOBAS) 2015

INVITED SPEAKER

Microstructure and mechanical changes induced by Q-Switched pulse laser on human enamel

with aim of caries prevention

R. Apsari, D. A. Pratomo, D. Hikmawati, and N. Bidin

BIODIVERSITY

Sea cucumber species identification of family Caudinidae from Surabaya based on morphological
and mitochondrial DNA evidence

Muhammad Hilman Fu'adil Amin, Ida Bagus Rai Pidada, Sugiharto, Johan Nuari Widyatmoko,
and Bambang Irawan

Oil removal from petroleum sludge using bacterial culture with molasses substrate at

temperature variation
Ni'matuzahroh, Alvin Oktaviana Puspitasari, Intan Ayu Pratiwi, Fatimah, Sri Sumarsih,
Tini Surtiningsih, and Salamun

MICROBIAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Immunofluorescence assay method to detect dengue virus in Paniai-Papua

Teguh Hari Sucipto, Nur Laila Fitriati Ahwanah, Siti Churrotin, Norifumi Matake, Tomohiro Kotaki,

and Soegeng Soegijanto

Inhibitor candidates's identification of HCV's RNA polymerase NS5B using virtual screening
against iPPI-library
Indah Sulistyawati, Sulistyo Dwi K. P., and Mochammad Ichsan

ENVIRONMENTAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY

Seasonal radon measurements in Darbandikhan Lake water resources at Kurdistan

region-northeastern of Iraq

Adeeb Omer Jafir, Ali Hassan Ahmad, and Wan Muhamad Saridan

Effect of digestion time on anaerobic digestion with high ammonia concentration

Nur Indradewi Oktavitri, Hery Purnobasuki, Eko Prasetyo Kuncoro, Indah Purnamasari,

and Semma Hadinnata P.

The influence of dicarboxylic acids: Oxalic acid and tartaric acid on the compressive strength
of glass ionomer cements

Ahmadi Jaya Permana, Harsasi Setyawati, Hamami, and Irmina Kris Murwani
The effect of glicerol and sorbitol plasticizers toward disintegration time of phyto-capsules
Pratiwi Pudjiastuti, Esti Hendradi, Siti Wafiroh, Muji Harsini, and Handoko Darmokoesoemo

Speciation and bioavailability of some heavy metals in agricultural soils used for cultivating
various vegetables in Bedugul, Bali

I. Made Siaka, I. Made Supartha Utama, I. B. Putra Manuaba, I. Made Adnyana, and Emmy Sahara

Potential contribution of low cost materials in clean technology

Heman A. Smail, Kafia M. Shareef, and Zainab Ramli

Monitoring of coastline change using remote sensing data at South Pamekasan

Thin Soedarti, Onny Z. Rinanda, and Agoes Soegianto

The production of sulfonated chitosan-sodium alginate found in brown algae (Sargassum sp.)
composite membrane as proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)
Siti Wafiroh, Pratiwi Pudjiastuti, and lima Indana Sari

NATURAL PRODUCTS AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

Virtual screening using MTiOpenScreen and PyRx 0,8 revealed ZINC95486216 as a human

acetylcholinesterase inhibitor candidate

Sulistyo Dwi K. P., Arindra Trisna W., Vindri Catur P. W., Erna Wijayanti, and Mochammad Ichsan

Three-step crystallization in synthesis of ZSM-5 without organic template

Hartati, Alfa Akustia, Indra Permana, and Didik Prasetyoko

Spermatogenic structure and fertility of Mus musculus after exposure of mangosteen

(Garcinia mangostana L) pericarp extract

Alfiah Hayati, Melia Eka Agustin, Farida Ayu Rokhimaningrum, Hasan Adro'i, and Win Darmanto

Double layer structure-based virtual screening reveals 3'-Hydroxy-A-Naphthoflavone

as novel inhibitor candidate of human acetylcholinesterase
Mochammad Ichsan, Ardini Pangastuti, Mohammad Wildan Habibi, and Kartika Juliana

Total flavonoid and phenolic contents of n-butanol extract of Samanea saman leaf and

the antibacterial activity towards Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Wiwik Susanah Rita, I. Made Dira Swantara, I. A. Raka Astiti Asih, Ni Ketut Sinarsih,

and I. Kadek Pater Suteja

Properties of kojic acid and curcumin: Assay on cell B16-F1

Sugiharto, Arbakariya Ariff, Syahida Ahmad, and Muhajir Hamid

Phenolic compounds from the stem bark Erythrina Orientalis and detection of antimalaria

activity by ELISA

Tjitjik Srie Tjahjadarie, Ratih Dewi Saputri, and Mulyadi Tanjung

Morphology characterization and biocompatibility study of PLLA (Poly-L-Llactid-Acid)

coating chitosan as stent for coronary heart disease

Prihartini Widiyanti, Adanti W. Paramadini, Hajria Jabbar, Inas Fatimah, Fadila N. K. Nisak,
and Rahma A. Puspitasari
 ANALYTIC AND FORENSIC CHEMISTRY

Preparation and characterization Al3+-bentonite Turen Malang for esterification fatty acid

(palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid)

Abdulloh Abdulloh, Nanik Siti Aminah, Triyono, Mudasir, and Wega Trisunaryanti

Electrochemical degradation of malachite green using nanoporous carbon paste electrode

Muji Harsini, Faizatul Fitria, and Pratiwi Pudjiastuti

Imprinted zeolite modified carbon paste electrode as a potentiometric sensor for uric acid

Miratul Khasanah, Alfa Akustia Widati, and Sarita Aulia Fitri

Potential complex of rhodamine B and copper (II) for dye sensitizer on solar cell

Harsasi Setyawati, Aning Purwaningsih, Handoko Darmokoesoemo, Hamami, Faidur Rochman,

and Ahmadi Jaya Permana

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of ethyl palmitate calibration and resolution

with ethyl oleate as biomarker ethanol sub acute in urine application study

Ni Made Suaniti and Manuntun Manurung

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

Tailoring folic acid and methotrexate-attributed quantum dots for integrated cancer cell

imaging and therapy

Mochamad Zakki Fahmi and Jia-Yaw Chang

The effect of aqueous extract of Kalanchoe Folium on methylprednisolone pharmacokinetic profile

Niken Indriyanti, Afrillia Nuryanti Garmana, Finna Setiawan, Elin Yulinah Sukandar,
and I. Ketut Adnyana

Microbial consortium role in processing liquid waste of vegetables in Keputran Market

Surabaya as organic liquid fertilizer ferti-plus

Fauziah Rizqi, Agus Supriyanto, Intan Lestari, Lita Indri D. L., Elmi Irmayanti A., and

Fadilatur Rahmaniyah

Isolation, transformation, anticancer, and apoptosis activity of lupeyl acetate from Artocarpus integra
Hery Suwito, Wan Lelly Heffen, Herry Cahyana, and Wahyudi Priyono Suwarso

COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY & MATHEMATICS

Contrastive studies of potential energy functions of some diatomic molecules

Hassan H. Abdallah and Hewa Y. Abdullah

Determination the total neutron yields of several semiconductor compounds using various

alpha emitters

Ramadhan Hayder Abdullah and Barzan Nehmat Sabr

Forward problem solution as operator of filter and back projection matrix to reconstruct

the various of data collection in electrical impedance tomography

Khusnul Ain, Deddy Kurniadi, Suprijanto, Oerip Santoso, and R. Arif Wibowo
Influence of factor in
geometrical on binding energy of Cooper pairs KBa2C«307^ compound
Saeed O. Ibrahim and Bassam M. Mustafa

Size dependence lattice thermal conductivity for Si nanofilm

Hawkar T. Taha and Abdulrahman Kh. Alassafee

PHYSICS AND RENEWABLE ENERGY

The effect of nitrogen on biogas flame propagation characteristic in premix combustion

Willyanto Anggono, Fandi D. Suprianto, Tan Ivan Hartanto, Kenny Purnomo, and Tubagus P. Wijaya

Porous carbon materials synthesized using IRMOF-3 and furfuryl alcohol as precursor
Pemta Tia Deka and Ratna Ediati

Fiber optic displacement sensor for medal detection using fiber bundled probe
M. Yasin, Samian, Supadi, Pujiyanto, and Y. G. Yhun Yhuwana

STATISTICS, PURE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS

Estimation of median growth curves for children up two years old based on biresponse
local linear estimator

Nur Chamidah and Marisa Rifada

Segmentation of breast cancer cells positive 1+ and 3+ immunohistochemistry

Ause Labellapansa, Izzati Muhimmah, and Indrayanti

Search and selection hotel system in Surabaya based on geographic information system
(GIS) with fuzzy logic
Purbandini and Taufik

Fuzzy multinomial control chart and its application

Wibawati, Muhammad Mashuri, Purhadi, and Irhamah

An implementation of continuous genetic algorithm in parameter estimation of predator-prey model

Windarto

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

Chlorophyll mediated photodynamic inactivation of blue laser on Streptococcus mutans

Suryani Dyah Astuti, A. Zaidan, Ernie Maduratna Setiawati, and Suhariningsih

Nearest patch matching for color image segmentation supporting neural network classification

in pulmonary tuberculosis identification

Riries Rulaningtyas, Andriyan B. Suksmono, Tati L. R. Mengko, and Putri Saptawati

Infant breathing rate counter based on variable resistor for pneumonia

Novi Angga Sakti, Ardy Dwi Hardiyanto, La Febry Andira R. C, Kesa Camelya,
and Prihartini Widiyanti