Colegio del Santisimo Rosario

Libmanan, Camarines Sur

Industrial Wastes of Libmanan River and Its Effects to the Quality of the River and
Its Life Forms

Cornejo, Jonas Christian B.

Cuya, Alyssa Grace L.
Dilanco, Joshua Emmanuel R.
Guerrero, Jemuel B. Jr.
Lim, Gemaan F.
Mirasol, Patricia Nicole R.
Piamonte, Katya Natalia R.
Sangalang, Karl Stephen G.

OCTOBER 2019

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 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

A river is a large natural stream of water flowing in a channel to the sea, a lake, or

another stream. In 70% water on the Earth’s surface, only 2.5% is composed of rivers.

Rivers hold only a tiny fraction on Earth and in this water is where farming, industry,

seven billion human beings and all life on land depend on. River has a wide range of uses

and broader set of services that deliver benefits to people, economies, and nature. 12

billion people rely directly on rivers for their drinking water. 500 million people live near

on areas that are surrounded by rivers and can only be sustained by sediment from rivers.

25% of the world’s food production depends on irrigation from rivers. At least 12 million

tons of freshwater fish are caught each year providing food and livelihood. And

freshwater environments are home to around 1 in 10 known animals.

Rivers serve a lot of different benefits across the Globe. There are 165 major

rivers in the world. Out of those rivers, there are 10 known longest rivers that are famous

for their wide range of uses. There’s Lena River and Parana River that are both friendly

for bird species. The 4,337 kilometers long Lena River becomes a wet bed habitat to

multiple bird species including the geese and ducks during the warmer months. While the

Parana River that extends to 4,800 kilometers is known as one of the world’s greatest

bird-watching destinations. One of the most common benefits of Rivers is that it provides

fishes that can be a food or livelihood to people, but some rivers just provide so much,

just like the Amur Argan River, Congo, and Ob-irtysh River. The Amur Argan River,
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also known as the Black Dragon River in Chinese is a home for oriental white sharks as

well as multiple species of sturgeons. While the Congo and Ob-irtysh River are both

home to 700 different fish species. One of the best rivers that benefits its people most is

the Yenisei River which has been a good source of hydro-electric power and a home to

salmon as well. There are also some rivers that doesn’t only give fishes as food but also

supports food production of plants or crops—the Yellow River which provides water for

agriculture and the Yangtze River which is the largest no-dam irrigation system in the

world. There’s also a river that is known by its benefits since history—the Nile River

which has been a good source of water for agriculture, fishes, and drinking water to the

Egyptians in the history and is still preserved until today. And lastly, the largest river in

the world, The Amazon River. It drains the vast Amazon Rainforest and creates unique

flooded habitats along its banks. The Amazon is home to several unique species,

including the pink river dolphin and piranhas. In terms of human geography, the river is

an important route for trade and transportation. Rainforest towns like Manaus and Iquitos

were founded on its banks. Due to the river’s width and sheer water volume, especially

during the wet season, ships from the Atlantic can travel more than 2000 miles inland. In

fact, Iquitos has been called Peru’s port “on” the Atlantic.

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Aside from the 10 longest river, there’s another river that is known not because

of its size but because it is known as the most polluted river in the world— the Ganges

River. The Ganges River is one of the most polluted river around the world as of 2019.

The Ganges is the most sacred river in India. The Hindus believe that the river cleanse

people clear from their sins. It is a consumption base of over two billion people. The ever

increasing pressure on the river has led to dumping of raw sewage into the river leading
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to its massive pollution. Due to the combination of chemicals in the river, water used for

basic uses such as drinking or cooking leads to the spread of waterborne diseases. The

river has a layer of floating plastics and other wastes which provide a poor image of the

holy River. In addition, there are wastes which come from performances of religious

rituals.

Meanwhile, the Philippines has 421 known rivers. Of those, 3 are important rivers

because it serve wide range of benefits to most of the Filipino people—The Cagayan

River, Rio Grande de Mindanao and the Agusan River. First, The Cagayan River which

is the longest and largest river in the Philippines, being 314 miles (505 kilometers) in

length, is located in the north of the country, on the island of Luzon, in the Cagayan

Valley region. This River supports the lives of numerous endemic and endangered

species, like the Luzon bleeding-heart pigeon, Philippine Eagle and a rare riverine fish

called Indong. Second is the Rio Grande de Mindanao which is also called the Mindanao

River. It is the second longest river in the country, being about 232 miles (373

kilometers) long. It is located on the southern Philippine island, Mindanao. This river is

important to the local economy, as many agricultural products and timber are shipped via

its waters. It starts in the mountains of Impasug-ong as the Pulangi River, and flows into

the Moro Gulf. Cotabato City and Datu Piang are two cities located on this river. And

lastly, the Agusan River which is situated on the eastern region of Mindanao island. It is

the third longest river in the country, being 217 miles (350 kilometers) in length. It

originates in the mountains of the Compostela Valley. It then flows through the Agusan

River Valley southward, and eventually drains out at the Butuan Bay in Butuan City.

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 Those rivers are the three most important rivers in the Philippines because it serve

a wide range of benefits to some Filipinos. It passes through primary forests and supports

the lives of many plants and animals, including endemic and endangered species. But just

like some polluted rivers around the world, there are also rivers in the Philippines that is

slowly losing its benefits because of its pollution.

One of the most polluted river in the Philippines is the Pasig River in Manila. In a

June 2017 report, the Pasig River was ranked eighth in the top 20 polluting rivers as

predicted by the global river plastic inputs model. The study said the river dumps up to

63,700 tons of plastic into the ocean each year.

The Pasig River traverses five cities, namely, Quezon City, San Juan City,

Mandaluyong City, Pasig City and Manila City, all highly urbanized areas, which also

suggests high generation of wastes. The accumulated volume of solid and liquid wastes

from domestic, commercial and industrial establishments surrounding the 37.4-meter-

wide river significantly contributed to its failing water quality.

All of those are currently leading to Pasig River’s surrounding areas being prone

to flooding due to siltation in San Juan River where most of the garbage flow from

upstream Quezon City, collects further and travels down through San Juan, Mandaluyong

and Manila, and ending up in the Pasig.

Out of the 421 known rivers in the Philippines, the researchers chose to study the

eighth largest river in the Philippines—the Bicol River.

The Bicol River is the eighth largest river in the Philippines in terms of drainage

basin size with an estimated catchment area of 3,770 km². The river drains the

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southwestern part of the island of Luzon and passes through Albay, Camarines Sur, and

Camarines Norte provinces in the Bicol Region. The Bicol River encompasses 33

municipalities and 3 cities. Camarines Sur and Albay share 90 percent of the area, while

the rest lies in Camarines Norte. In Camarines Sur, the river and its tributaries cover 138

barangays from 19 municipalities, affecting 67,432 households.

As a source of livelihood, the river plays a very important role in the lives of its

surroundings. The river also serves as a source of irrigation for adjacent agricultural

areas. It also serves as a transport route for goods, people, and services in the region.

There are about 1.3 million

people around the Bicol River

area are dependent on economic

sources from the river like

agriculture and fishing. However,

based on the biophysical

assessment and rapid resource Figure 1.1. The red line shows the direction of flow of
Libmanan River.
appraisal of the Bicol River by a

team from the Province of

Camarines Sur, the Bicol River is confronted with numerous problems, most of them

anthropogenic in nature like soil erosion, congestion of waterways, solid and liquid

wastes, fish kills and declining fish catch, conflict in water use and siltation. If these

problems continuously/continually occur it may affect the habitats and as well as the lives

of the people who are dependent to the said rivers.

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 The Bicol River Basin (BRB) is drained by two major rivers. These are the Bicol

River and the Libmanan River, which meet near Aslong, Libmanan, passing through

Cabusao before they finally empty in the San Miguel Bay. Libmanan River is a sub-basin

of Bicol River, which the estimated terrain elevation above sea level is 4 meters.

Libmanan River served as a mode of transportation of the locals and is also used for

transporting goods from one place to another.

The purpose of this qualitative study is to determine the types of wastes found in the

Libmanan River and to discover a way on how to solve the problems of pollution in

Libmanan river. This study will be conducted at Barangay Palangon, Libmanan,

Camarines Sur (upper stream); Barangay Poblacion, Libmanan, Camarines Sur (middle

stream); and Barangay Malbogon, Libmanan, Camarines Sur (lower stream). This study

aims to find a solution that would keep the river clean and to be able to have a safer fresh

water habitat for the people of Libmanan most especially to those people living near the

riverside. This study will talk about information related to the studies done by experts

about water pollution, causes and effects of it, and the types of wastes which can be

found in bodies of waters.

Statement of the Problem

The problem that this study addresses are the wastes of Libmanan River.

Particularly, this study answers the following questions:

1. What are the causes of water pollution in Libmanan River?

2. What are the effects of water pollution in Libmanan River to its community?

3. What kind of wastes are polluting the Libmanan River?

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 4. What will be the possible solution that the officials will do to address the

problem?

Objectives of the Study

The objectives of this study are the following:

 To learn more about the Libmanan river

 To find a solution to end the pollution in Libmanan river

 To know the effects of wastes found in Libmanan river

 To have a better ecosystem for the Libmanan river

 To classify the kinds of waste present in Libmanan river

Scope and Delimitation

This research will focus on the water pollutants found in Libmanan River, the

effects of water pollution to the livelihood of the people of Libmanan and to the quality

of the river. The data about the river was gathered from the Municipal Public

Development Commission (MPDC) and Municipal Environment and Natural Resources

Office (MENRO). Based from the gathered data, the Barangay Poblacion is one the most

populated Barangays among all the other Barangays found at the riverside. Thus, a

survey through questionnaire is conducted at Zone 3 and 6 of Barangay Poblacion,

Libmanan, Camarines Sur.

Significance of the Study

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 This research exists to know the condition of Libmanan River today. It also exists

to find out a way of reducing garbage and other wastes in Libmanan River and to know

its harmful effects to its nearby residences. The outcome of this study will be beneficial

to the officials of the Municipality of Libmanan, people of Libmanan, and the future

researchers. This study will benefit them in the following reasons:

This will benefit the officials in the Municipality of Libmanan because this study

shall provide them additional ideas and ways of reducing and preventing water pollution

in Libmanan River. This study can also inform them of what is the condition of

Libmanan River today and alarm them on how much it can be more dangerous.

This research is also an advantage to the people of Libmanan, for this shall help

keep dangerous litter out of Libmanan River and this could be the way for them to live

with a clean and harmless river. This study is also beneficial for some barangays which

are mostly affected by flood because of overflowing of rivers. After this study, there is a

possibility that they will not be dealing anymore with floods in the near future.

And lastly, this will benefit the future researchers, because the researchers of this

study are providing some information and data from reliable sources about the Libmanan

River. Which may come handy for them if they are going to conduct a research that needs

these information and expand their knowledge about this thing.

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 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Review of Related Literature

River is one of the bodies of waters. Water covers approximately 75% of our

world’s surface, representing a volume of over one billion cubic kilometers. However,

only a very small portion of this water is fresh and accessible (Attenborough, 1984). One

of the causes of this situation is water pollution.

Water pollution is the introduction into fresh or ocean waters of chemical,

physical, or biological material that degrades the quality of water and affects the

organisms living in it. This process ranges from simple addition of dissolved or

suspended solids to discharge of the most insidious and persistent toxic pollutants (such

as pesticides, heavy metals, and bio-accumulative chemical compounds).

Pollutants can either be conventional or non-conventional. Conventional

pollutants or classical pollutants are generally associated with the direct input of (mainly

human) waste products. Rapid urbanization and rapid population increase have produced

sewage problems because treatment facilities have not kept pace with need. Untreated

and partially treated sewage from municipal wastewater systems and septic tanks in

unsewered areas contribute significant quantities of nutrients, suspended solids, dissolved

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solids, oil, metals, (arsenic, mercury, chromium, lead, iron, and manganese), and

biodegradable organic carbon to the water environment.

Conventional pollutants may cause a lot of water pollution problems. Excess

suspended solids block out energy from the sun and thus affect the carbon dioxide-

oxygen conversion process, which is vital to the maintenance of biological food chain.

Also, high concentrations of suspended solids silt up rivers and navigational channels,

necessitating frequent dredging. Excess dissolve solids make the water undesirable for

drinking and for crop irrigation.

Non-conventional, on the other hand, are pollutants that include dissolved and

particulate forms of metals, both toxic and non-toxic, and degradable, and persistent

organic carbon compounds discharge into water as a by-product of industry or as an

integral part of marketable products.

A water pollutant can be defined as a physical, chemical, or biological factor

causing detrimental effects on aquatic life and on those who consume the water. Majority

of the water pollutants are, however, in the form of chemicals which remain dissolved or

suspended in water and give an environmental response which is often objectionable.

Sometimes, physical and biological factors also act as pollutants. Among the physical

factor, heat and radiation are physical factors which have marked effects on organisms.

Certain microorganisms present in water, especially pathogenic species, cause diseases to

man and animals, and can be referred as bio-pollutants.

Pollution in bodies of water like rivers usually result from a large number of

population. Pollution cannot be eliminated from the earth as long as even a single person

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survives on earth, since the very existence of man is cause of pollution. However, such

pollution caused by individual’s routine activities is negligible and apparently harmless,

but it is the combined effect of larger populations that cause the significant pollution. The

use of any resource usually generates a waste. According to a behavioral theory if people

were better informed they would become more aware of environmental problems and

consequently, would be motivated to behave in an environmentally responsible manner.

As one has to use several resources for his existence, it can be said that survival and

pollution are closely related to each other and go hand in hand. Nature has got its own

mechanisms to take care of the wastes when they are in limited quantities. In the past

times, the people were living near the bank of rivers and disposing their ways into them.

The amount of wastes were so limited that the rivers hardly showed any symptoms of

pollution due to their self-purification capabilities. Later, with rise in population there has

been an increase in amount of wastes to the proportion which was beyond the limit of

self-purification capacity of waters. The accumulation of pollutants in waters resulted in

the apparent and harmful effects.

In Libmanan River, water pollution has several harmful effects. It can decline fish

catch in Cabusao and affect the livelihood of fishermen, it can bring harmful effects to

human health, it can degrade the quality of water in Libmanan River and it can also affect

the production and quality of rice produced in Libmanan. The Libmanan River flows

from Lupi to Sipocot River, and pass through Libmanan until it heads towards the San

Miguel Bay located in Cabusao. The Cabusao has a fish port wherein several fishermen

rely their livelihood. Water pollution from rivers can pass through Cabusao then exits to

San Miguel Bay which can bring harm and kill different types of marine animals and

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decline the fish catch of fishermen. Pollution in rivers can also lead to disruption of food

chain and bring harmful effects to human health. Pollutants such as lead and cadmium are

eaten by tiny animals. Later, these animals are consumed by larger fish and shellfish, then

we, people, catch those larger fish and shellfish and eat them. The food chain continues to

be disrupted at all higher levels. People can get diseases such as hepatitis by eating

seafood that has been poisoned. In many poor nations, there is always outbreak of cholera

and diseases as a result of poor drinking water treatment from contaminated waters.

Water pollution can also affect the water irrigation of agricultural lands in Libmanan.

Except for water lost through evapotranspiration, agricultural water is recycled back to

surface water or groundwater. However, agriculture is both cause and victim of water

pollution. It is a cause through its discharge of pollutants and sediment to surface and/or

groundwater, through net loss of soil by poor agricultural practices, and through

salinization and waterlogging of irrigated land. It is a victim through use of wastewater

and polluted surface and groundwater which contaminate crops and transmit disease to

consumers and farm workers. Lastly, one of the noticeable effect of water pollution is

that it degrades the water quality in Rivers. Rivers water quickly change from clear to

fuzzy it leads to disruption of ecosystems. Ecosystem can be severely changed or

destroyed by water pollution. Many areas are now being affected by careless human

pollution, and this pollution is coming back to hurt humans in many ways.

Water Pollution in the Philippines

3
Philippines is an island country of Southeast Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean

and has been known for having 7,641/7,110 beautiful islands. Because Philippines is

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surrounded by water, it became an advantage to most of the Filipinos, because fishing is

the 3rd main livelihood of Filipinos next to crop production and forestry. However, with

the rapid increase in population, urbanization, and industrialization, it reduced the quality

of Philippine waters putting the lives of the Filipinos at stake.

4
Data from the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) of the Philippines

showed that out of the 127 freshwater bodies that they sampled, 47% were found to have

good water quality. However, 40% of those sampled were found to have only fair water

quality, while 13% showed poor water quality. Most alarming of all was a statement from

EMB secretary Angelo Reyes that as many as 50 of the 421 rivers in the Philippines are

already considered “biologically dead.” Biologically dead rivers no longer contain any

oxygen and cannot support any but the hardiest kinds of species. If this dangerous and

toxic practice continues, a bleak, waterless landscape may not be far from our country’s

future. The DENR study showed that the biggest culprit was domestic sewage followed

by commercial and industrial wastes.

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The pollution of the rivers in the Philippines is mostly wastes from tanneries,

dumping, and gold refineries. The dumping of non-recyclable materials such as plastic

bottles are present on the surface of water. The water also has rocks bearing heavy

metals, which pose a health hazard to most residents. The pollution of water is

detrimental to the fish industries in Philippines since toxic metals such as lead contribute

to the death of aquaculture.

4
https://www.greenpeace.org/archive-seasia/ph/What-we-do/Toxics/Water-Patrol/The-problem/?
fbclid=IwAR3-YPqhrJM1e2bvqQTq53ooX_WIx0FQS5_Ezzq2SmgvFD4Dui2PURmRRuQ
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https://-businessmirror.com.ph/2018/06/10/plastic-pollution-land-reclamation-phl-bodies-of-water/

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 The Philippines is one of the major sources of ocean pollution. Next to China and

Indonesia, the Philippines placed third on the list of countries with most ocean plastic

pollution, according to a 2015 study conducted by the University of Georgia and reported

by Ocean Conservancy and Mckinsey Center for Business and Environment.

Causes of Water Pollution

6
Some of the causes of water pollution are as follows: first, the rapid urban

development. Through the years, we have witnessed the exodus of people in towns and

cities. People began to build houses, roads, and big industries. Thereafter, there is a

physical disturbance of the land and factories began to dump their chemical wastes in the

bodies of water. On the other hand, ordinary people also cause water pollution and not

just big factories. Everyone is guilty for pouring chemicals or detergents in their drains or

toilets. This toxic pollution can enter the wastewater from highway runoff. The highway

runoff usually covered with toxic chemicals such as spilled fuel, chemical additives,

brake fluids, and exhaust emissions, when the rain pours, these chemicals are washed in

the drains and into the river.

Second, Improper sewage disposal. Improper disposal can lead to several water-

related diseases that can kill adults and children. Sewage disposal doesn’t end easily. The

waste has to go somewhere and even if it leaves the sewage treatment there are still waste

needed to dispose of.

Lastly, use of toxic chemicals for the plants. Farmers have used harmful fertilizers

to produce more and cope up with the demands of the growing population. This results in

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an algae bloom in the water. When the oxygen level of the water increases, it can also

cause the extinction of underwater plants as well as the fishes.

Throwing of plastics. Plastics are one of the most common materials that can

easily get washed away by the waves. Plastics are not as poisonous as other chemicals,

but they also present danger to the fishes, seabirds, and other marine animals.

Water Pollution Management

Primary wastewater treatment involves such physical techniques as screening

large debris, skimming off floating material, and settling out suspended solids. The

removed materials are collected in a sludge tank. Secondary treatment biologically breaks

down the organic matter remaining from the primary treatment by using microorganisms

to decompose the wastes. Primary and secondary treatments remove some 90% of the

solids and biodegradable organics. As a final step, municipal wastewater is chlorinated to

kill any pathogenic organisms. It is then released into a lake or river.

Sludge can be reduced in volume by digestion in special airtight tanks,

composting (an oxygen-requiring digestion), dewatering, or incineration. Energy or

materials recovery may accompany these techniques and may even replace final disposal

in landfills or the ocean. For example, some sludge may be applied to the land, recycling

their plant nutrients.

Theoretical Framework

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 The 7Behavioral Change Theory states that if people were better informed, they

would become more aware of environmental problems and consequently, would be

motivated to behave in an environmentally responsible manner. Thus, when knowledge

increases, environmentally favorable attitudes that lead to responsible environmental

actions are developed. This relates to the study by proving that the knowledge of the

people about the environment affects their behavior towards their environment.

The 8Gifford’s Social Dilemma System Theory states that each person and each

group in this world curates a stream of natural resources that have been transformed into

usable goods. Whenever we use a vehicle for transport, buy clothing, or read a book,

natural resources have been transformed into products that are consumed and, usually,

one or more undesirable products (e.g., garbage, smoke, greenhouse gases, excess

fertilizers, or toxic chemicals) are added to the environment. This relates to the study by

proving that each person transforms the natural resources they found around them into

products that are usable for them and by that, they also transform natural resources into

something that is undesirable for the environment.

The 9Law of Cause and Effect states that every cause has its effect and every

effect has its cause. This relates to the study by proving that the pollution in the

environment has its own cause and effect to its surroundings.

7
http://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/theories-and-concepts-for-human-behavior-in-environmental-
preservation.pdf
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https://communitychange.com.au/what-are-the-best-theories-of-environmental-behaviour-change.html
9
https://www.one-mind-one-energy.com/law-of-cause-and-effect.html

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 Behavioral
Change Theory

Domestic Wastes of
Libmanan River and Its The Law of
Effect to the Quality of Causes and Effect
the River and Its Life
Forms

Gifford’s Social
Dilemma System
Theory

Figure 2.1. The figure shows that the theories relate to the study about the

Domestic Wastes of Libmanan River and Its Effect to the Quality of the River and Its

Life Forms. The Behavioral Change Theory states that the knowledge of a person about

the environment affects his behavior towards his surroundings. The Gifford’s Social

Dilemma System Theory states that depending on the needs of the people, they

transform natural resources into their needs that also caused to produce undesirable

products to the environment causing harm to the environment such as pollution. Lastly,

the Law of Cause and Effect states that every cause has its effect and every effect has its

cause; such as overpopulation on a certain place can cause harm to the environment and

because of that, the livelihood of the people in that place will also be affected.

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 Conceptual Framework

Causes Effects
Toxic pollutants (Pesticides, Decline of fish growth and catch
heavy metals, bio-accumulative Contaminated water
chemical compounds)
Solid wastes (human feces, scats, Water Disruption of water ecosystem
Affected livelihood of fishermen
rotten garbages) Food poisoning due to
Rapid urban development
Improper sewage disposal
Throwing of plastics
Pollution intoxicated water
Poverty

Figure 2.3.

This figure shows the contributors of wastes in Libmanan River, the result of it which is

water pollution and the effects of it to the economy and community of Libmanan.

Assumption

1. The cause of water pollution in Libmanan River is the irresponsible behavior of

its people.

2. Industrial wastes in Libmanan River degrades the quality of the water and

declines the livelihood of the fisherman and farmers in Libmanan.

3. The Industrial wastes are the primary waste found in Libmanan River.

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 4. The local government is implementing various programs that meant to protect our

natural resources.

Hypothesis

1. There is a significant relationship between the domestic wastes found in

Libmanan River and to the livelihood of the people of Libmanan.

Definition of Terms

AIRTIGHT: impermeable to air or nearly so (an airtight seal)

ANTHROPOGENIC: of, relating to, or resulting from the influence of human beings on nature
APPRAISAL: the act of judging the value, condition or importance of something

BASIN: a large or small depression in the surface of the land or in the ocean floor

BIOPHYSICS: a branch of science concerned with the application of physical principles and
methods to biological problems
CHLORINATED: to treat or combine with chlorine or a chlorine compound
CLASSICAL: authoritative, traditional
CONGEST: Clog
CONTEXTUALIZE: to think about or provide information about the situation in which
something happens
DEGRADES: to lower in grade, rank, or status
DETRIMENTAL: obviously harmful
DEWATERING: to remove water from
DISPOSING: to get rid of
DOMESTIC WASTE: the waste produced in the course of a domestic activity
waste from accommodation used purely for living purposes

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DREDGING: to dig, gather, or pull out with or as if with a dredge
ENCOMPASS: to cover or surround (an area)
ENDEMIC: restricted or peculiar to a locality or region
FLOURISH: to grow well: to be healthy
INCINERATION: to cause to burn to ashes
INDUSTRIAL WASTE: The waste produced by industrial activity which includes any material
that is rendered useless during a manufacturing process such as that of factories, industries, mills,
and mining operations.
INSIGHT: the ability to understand people and situations in a very clear way
IRRESPONSIBLE BEHAVIOUR: not showing or done with due care for the consequences of
one’s actions or attitudes: reckless

IRRIGATION: the watering of land by artificial means to foster plant growth

LITTER: things that have been thrown away and that are lying on the ground in a public place
MECHANISMS: a process, technique, or system for achieving a result
NEGLIGIBLE: so small or unimportant or of so little consequence as to warrant little or no
attention
ORIENTAL: relating to or coming from Asia and especially Eastern Asia
PATHOGENIC: causing or capable of causing disease
PERSISTENT: continuing without change in function or structure
POLLUTANT: a substance that makes land, water, air, etc., dirty and not safe or suitable to use
PURIFICATION: the act or an instance of purifying or being purified
RIVERINE: living or situated on the banks of a river
SEDIMENT: material (such as stone and sand) that is carried into water by water, wind etc.
SEWAGE: refuse liquids or waste matter usually carried off by sewers
SKIMMING: that which is skimmed from a liquid
SLUDGE: a muddy or slushy mass, deposit, or sediment
STREAM: a natural flow of water that is smaller than a river
TERRAIN: a geographic area
TRAVERSE: to go or travel across or over
TRIBUTARY: a stream feeding a large stream or lake
UPSTREAM: in the direction opposite to the flow in a stream, river etc.
WATERBORNE: supported, carried or transmitted by water

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Problem #2

What will be the possible solution that the officials will do to address the
problem?
Findings:
The result from the survey in zone 6 shows that 20% of the respondents answered
that the officials are sometimes collecting wastes on time and 23% of the respondents

Acknowledgement
First and foremost,

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 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY
This chapter includes the research design, respondents, sampling techniques,
research instrument, research setting, data gathering procedure and statistical treatment.

Research Design
Assessment or evaluation studies are used in this research to determine whether if
the barangay already have programs regarding with waste management and for the
protection of river and its management. Historical research design is also used in this
study to collect and verify evidences from the past records of barangay Poblacion,
Libmanan, Camarines Sur, records about river, and waste management to establish facts
and data that defend or refute the hypothesis of this study.

Respondent
Based from the data gathered, most of the waste that can be found in Libmanan
River are industrial wastes—plastics, diapers, empty cans, plastic bottles, leftovers, etc.
The target respondent of this research are the people who lived at Sitio Surrender in
Barangay Poblacion, Libmanan, Camarines Sur including the vendors along the riverside.

Research Setting

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 The researchers will conduct a survey at Sitio Surrender, Barangay Poblacion,
Libmanan, Camarines Sur. It is because this barangay is near the river bank, the market
place is located at Poblacion, and the wastes that were found in Libmanan River
according to the classification of wastes that was in the data gathered were mostly from
industrial wastes. According to safewater.org, water pollution has many sources and the
most polluting of them are the city sewage and industrial waste discharged into the rivers.

Research Instrument
The researchers will use questionnaire as research instrument for gathering data.
The questionnaire will include questions answering the following: the personal
information of the respondent, the condition of the river in their area, and the effects of
water pollution in Libmanan River to the residents. The questionnaire will also have
additional questions about their own ways on how to reduce water pollution.
The researcher will use the qualitative method to identify the water pollutants that
affects the Libmanan River. The researcher will conduct a survey that would iidentify the
possible effect of the water poluution in the community, targeting the people who works
and live near the Libmanan River.

Data Gathering Process

The Researcher will gather data from the barangay hall about the number of
households in Sitio Surrender, barangay Poblacion, Libmanan, Camarines Sur. The
researcher will also ask permission from the barangay officials to distribute the
questionnaire for the people who lives at the Sitio Surrender, Barangay Poblacion,
Libmanan, Camarines Sur.

Statistical Treatment
The researchers will use Chi-square as statistical treatment to test relationships
between categorical variables.
The researchers will also be using frequency distribution as the statistical
treatment to evaluate the data that would be gathered through the form of survey
questionnaires. The results will be ranked from the highest amount to the lowest amount
of answers that would be accumulated from the response of the chosen respondents.

Sampling Technique

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 The researcher will conduct a survey at Sitio Surrender, Barangay Poblacion,
Libmanan, Camarines Sur. The researcher will use convenience sampling as a sampling
technique. The survey is made up of people who are easy to reach.

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