RFID based Library Book Locator

INTRODUCTION

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology is proven to be a promising

alternative in relieving the library staff from time-consuming routines. RFID is an
innovative automated library system for automatic identification and tracking of library
material. An automated library with the support of RFID technology would be a “Book
smart Library” and a “self service station” that insists least intervention by library
personnel. RFID technology is helpful in taking inventory, finding missing items and
identifying misfiled items. Tags or transponders, the vital components of RFID, are the
electronic chips consisting of an integrated circuit and antenna coil that communicate
with a reader by means of a radio frequency signal. Since RFID does not require ‘line-of-
sight’ between the transponder and the reader, it surmounts the limitations of other
automatic identification devices, such as bar coding. Smart labels/tags are designed for
lasting to lifetime of the item.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a generic term that is used to describe a system
that transmits the identity (in the form of a unique serial number) of an object or person
wirelessly, using radio waves. It's grouped under the broad category of automatic
identification technologies.

RFID is in use all around us. If you have ever chipped your pet with an ID tag, used
EZPass through a toll booth, or paid for gas using SpeedPass, you've used RFID. In
addition, RFID is increasingly used with biometric technologies for security.

Unlike ubiquitous UPC bar-code technology, RFID technology does not require contact
or line of sight for communication. RFID data can be read through the human body,
clothing and non-metallic materials.

The purpose of an RFID system is to enable data to be transmitted by a portable device,

called a tag, which is read by an RFID reader and processed according to the needs of a
particular application. The data transmitted by the tag may provide identification or
location information, or specifics about the product tagged, such as price, color, date of
purchase, etc. RFID technology has been used by thousands of companies for a decade or
more. . RFID quickly gained attention because of its ability to track moving objects. As
the technology is refined, more pervasive - and invasive - uses for RFID tags are in the
works.

A typical RFID tag consists of a microchip attached to a radio antenna mounted on a

substrate. The chip can store as much as 2 kilobytes of data.
To retrieve the data stored on an RFID tag, you need a reader. A typical reader is a device
that has one or more antennas that emit radio waves and receive signals back from the
tag. The reader then passes the information in digital form to a computer system

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HISTORY & TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND

In 1945 Léon Theremin invented an espionage tool for the Soviet Union which
retransmitted incident radio waves with audio information. Sound waves vibrated a
diaphragm which slightly altered the shape of the resonator, which modulated the
reflected radio frequency. Even though this device was a covert listening device, not an
identification tag, it is considered to be a predecessor of RFID technology, because it was
likewise passive, being energized and activated by waves from an outside source.

Similar technology, such as the IFF transponder developed in the United Kingdom, was
routinely used by the allies in World War II to identify aircraft as friend or foe.
Transponders are still used by most powered aircraft to this day. Another early work
exploring RFID is the landmark 1948 paper by Harry Stockman, titled "Communication
by Means of Reflected Power" (Proceedings of the IRE, pp 1196–1204, October 1948).
Stockman predicted that "... considerable research and development work has to be done
before the remaining basic problems in reflected-power communication are solved, and
before the field of useful applications is explored."

Mario Cardullo's device in 1973 was the first true ancestor of modern RFID, as it was a
passive radio transponder with memory. The initial device was passive, powered by the
interrogating signal, and was demonstrated in 1971 to the New York Port Authority and
other potential users and consisted of a transponder with 16 bit memory for use as a toll
device. The basic Cardullo patent covers the use of RF, sound and light as transmission
media. The original business plan presented to investors in 1969 showed uses in
transportation (automotive vehicle identification, automatic toll system, electronic license
plate, electronic manifest, vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring), banking
(electronic check book, electronic credit card), security (personnel identification,
automatic gates, surveillance) and medical (identification, patient history).

An early demonstration of reflected power (modulated backscatter) RFID tags, both

passive and semi-passive, was performed by Steven Depp, Alfred Koelle, and Robert
Freyman at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1973. The portable system operated
at 915 MHz and used 12-bit tags. This technique is used by the majority of today's
UHFID and microwave RFID tags.

The first patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted to Charles
Walton in 1983.

The largest deployment of active RFID is the US Department of Defense use of Savi
active tags on every one of its more than a million shipping containers that travel outside
of the continental United States. The largest passive RFID deployment is the enterprise-
wide deployment performed by Wal*Mart which instrumented over 2800 retail stores
with over 25,000 reader systems, however the exact number is considered 'corporate
confidential'.

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 RFID based Library Book Locator

RFID SYSTEM

A basic RFID system consists of three components:

 An antenna or coil
 A transceiver (with decoder)
 A transponder (RF tag) electronically programmed with unique information

Fig 3.1:
RFID System

Reader:
It is usually a microcontroller-based unit with a wound output coil, peak detector
hardware, comparators, and firmware designed to transmit energy to a tag and read
information back from it by detecting the backscatter modulation.
Tag:
It is an RFID device incorporating a silicon memory chip (usually with on-board
rectification bridge and other RF front-end devices), a wound or printed input/output coil,
and (at lower frequencies) a tuning capacitor.
Carrier:
A Radio Frequency (RF) i.e. sine wave is generated by the reader to transmit energy to
the tag and retrieve data from the tag. Higher frequencies are used for RFID tagging, but
the communication methods are somewhat different. 2.45 GHz, for example, uses a true
RF link. 125 kHz and 13.56 MHz utilize transformer-type electromagnetic
coupling.Active RFID tags or beacons, on the other hand, have their own internal power
source which is used to power any ICs and generate the outgoing signal. They may have
longer range and larger memories than passive tags, as well as the ability to store
additional information sent by the transceiver. To economize power consumption, many
beacon concepts operate at fixed intervals. At present, the smallest active tags are about
the size of a coin. Many active tags have practical ranges of tens of meters, and a battery
life of up to 10 years.
Working:
The antenna emits radio signals to activate the tag and to read and write data to it.
The reader emits radio waves in ranges of anywhere from one inch to 100 feet or more,
depending upon its power output and the radio frequency used. When an RFID tag passes
through the electromagnetic zone, it detects the reader's activation signal.

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 RFID based Library Book Locator

The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag's integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the
data is passed to the host computer for processing.

LIBRARY & RFID IN LIBRARY

In the traditional sense of the word, a library is a collection of books and

periodicals. It can refer to an individual's private collection, but more often it is a large
collection that is funded and maintained by a city or institution. This collection is often
used by people who choose not to--or cannot afford to--purchase an extensive collection
themselves.

However, with the collection or invention of media other than books for storing
information, many libraries are now also repositories and access points for maps, prints
or other artwork, microfilm, microfiche, audio tapes, CDs, LPs, video tapes and DVDs,
and provide public facilities to access CD-ROM and subscription databases and the
Internet. Thus, modern libraries are increasingly being redefined as places to get
unrestricted access to information in many formats and from many sources.

The term 'library' has itself acquired a secondary meaning: "a collection of useful
material for common use", and in this sense is used in fields such as computer science,
mathematics and statistics, electronics and biology. More recently, libraries are
understood as extending beyond the physical walls of a building, providing assistance in
navigating and analyzing tremendous amounts of knowledge with a variety of digital
tools.

Use of RFID in Library

Library book list is stored in the controller. This list is developed in codeVision AVR C
compiler software & stored in controller using parallel port of computer. Person, who
wants to find the book, can select the book from the list. Each book name will have a
button next to it. When person wants the book, he has to press the button. Depending on
the button pressed, program will generate a unique code for the transmitter. Depending
on the code value encoder will generate a pulse train of data signal. This data signal is
feed to the RF transmitter, which spreads the signal through out the room.

All books present in the library will receive the data code. All the books will decode the
code & only the book whose code matches with its own set code; will start giving buzzer
sound & light indication. So the person who wants the book can easily locate the book in
the library.

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TRANSMITTER SECTION

-: Block Diagram:-

Microcontrolle RF
Encoder Antenna
r & selection Transmitter

-: Detailed Block Diagram:-

-: COMPONENTS IN TRANSMITTER SECTION:-

(1) MICROCONTROLLER (ATmega8535L)

(2) PARALLEL PORT INTERFACING

(3) DM74LS244 BUFFER

(4) HT12E ENCODERS

(5) SM TX – 433 AM / ASK TRANSMITTER MODULE

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 RFID based Library Book Locator

(1) MICROCONTROLLER (ATmega8535L)

Features:
• High-performance, Low-power AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller
– 130 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
– Fully Static Operation
– Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz
– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• Nonvolatile Program and Data Memories
– 8K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash
Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation
– 512 Bytes EEPROM
Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles
– 512 Bytes Internal SRAM
– Programming Lock for Software Security
• Peripheral Features
– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes
– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode
– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
– Four PWM Channels
– 8-channel, 10-bit ADC
8 Single-ended Channels
7 Differential Channels for TQFP Package Only
2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x for TQFP Package
Only
– Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
– Programmable Serial USART
– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
– On-chip Analog Comparator
Extended Standby
• I/O and Packages
– 32 Programmable I/O Lines
– 40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, 44-lead PLCC, and 44-pad QFN/MLF
• Operating Voltages
– 2.7 - 5.5V for ATmega8535L
• Speed Grades
– 0 - 8 MHz for ATmega8535L

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(2) PARALLEL PORT INTERFACING

Parallel port is a simple and inexpensive tool for building computer controlled devices
and projects. The simplicity and ease of programming makes parallel port popular in
electronics hobbyist world. The parallel port is often used in Computer controlled robots,
Atmel/PIC programmers, home automation ...etc... The primary use of parallel port is to
connect printers to computer and is specifically designed for this purpose. Thus it is often
called as printer Port or Centronics port (this name came from a popular printer
manufacturing company 'Centronics' who devised some standards for parallel port). You
can see the parallel port connector in the rear panel of your PC. It is a 25 pin female
(DB25) connector (to which printer is connected). On almost all the PCs only one parallel
port is present, but you can add more by buying and inserting ISA/PCI parallel port cards.

Parallel port modes

The IEEE 1284 Standard which has been published in 1994 defines five modes of data
transfer for parallel port. They are,
1) Compatibility Mode
2) Nibble Mode
3) Byte Mode
4) EPP
5) ECP

The lines in DB25 connector are divided in to three groups

1)Datalines(databus)
2)Controllines
3) Status lines
As the name refers, data is transferred over data lines, Control lines are used to control
the peripheral and of course, the peripheral returns status signals back computer through
Status lines. These lines are connected to Data, Control and Status registers internally.

(3) DM74LS244 BUFFER

General Description
These buffers/line drivers are designed to improve both the performance and PC board
density of 3-STATE buffers/ drivers employed as memory-address drivers, clock drivers,
and bus-oriented transmitters/receivers. Featuring 400 mV of hysteretic at each low
current PNP data line input, they provide improved noise rejection and high fan out out-
puts and can be used to drive terminated lines down to 133W.

Features
3-STATE outputs drive bus lines directly
PNP inputs reduce DC loading on bus lines
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 RFID based Library Book Locator

Hysteresis at data inputs improves noise margins

Typical I OL (sink current) 24 mA
Typical I OH (source current) -15 mA
Typical propagation delay times
Inverting 10.5 ns
Noninverting 12 ns
Typical enable/disable time 18 ns
Typical power dissipation (enabled)
Inverting 130 mW
Noninverting 135 mW

(4) HT12E ENCODERS

General Description:
The 212 encoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications.
They are capable of encoding information which consists of N address bits and 12_N data
bits. Each address/data input can be set to one of the two logic states. The programmed
addresses/data are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared
transmission medium upon receipt of a trigger signal. The capability to select a TE
trigger on the HT12E or a DATA trigger on the HT12A further enhances the application
flexibility of the 212 series of encoders. The HT12A additionally provides a 38 kHz
carrier for infrared systems.

Features
_ Operating voltage
_ 2.4V~12V for the HT12E
_ Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology
_ Low standby current: 0.1_A (typ.) at VDD=5V
_ HT12A with a 38 kHz carrier for infrared transmission medium
_ Minimum transmission word
_ four words for the HT12E
_ one word for the HT12A
_ Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor
_ Data code has positive polarity
_ Minimal external components
_ HT12A/E: 18-pin DIP/20-pin SOP package

Applications:
_ Burglar alarm system
_ Smoke and fire alarm system
_ Garage door controllers
_ Car door controllers
_ Car alarm system
_ Security system

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 RFID based Library Book Locator

(5) SM TX – 433 AM / ASK TRANSMITTER MODULE

The SM TX – 433 is an AM / ASK transmitter module which can facilitate OEM

manufactures to design remote control application in shortest way. Low Power
Consumption and wide operating voltage makes the module ideal for battery operated
low power application. The SM TX – 433 is small enough to fit in almost any cabinet.

1 2 3 4
Pin Configuration:-
• Pin1: Antenna
• Pin2: Data In
• Pin3: Ground
• Pin4: Vcc

Key Features:-
• Frequency: 433.92 MHz
• 5 – 12V Single Supply Operational
• OOK / ASK Data Format
• Up to 9.6 kbps data rate
• 4 Pin compact size module
• + 5 dbm out put power (12V, Vcc)
• SAW based architect
• Vertical / Horizontal mount
• Directly connect to microcontroller
• Low Power Consumption suitable for battery operated devices
• Direct plug and use
• No external components required
• High performance SAW based Architecture with a maximum range of 100 feet at 4800
bps data rate
• Interface directly to Encoders and Microcontrollers with ease

Applications:-
• Remote Gate Opener

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• Wireless DATA Link

• Security Systems
• Remote Sensors
• Automobile Security

RECEIVER SECTION

-: Block Diagram:-
Buzzer

&

Light
Antenna RF Receiver Decoder
Indication

-: Detailed Block Diagram:-

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 RFID based Library Book Locator

-: COMPONENTS IN RECEIVER SECTION:-

(1) SM RX – 433 RECEIVER MODULE

(2) HT12D DECODERS

(1) SM RX – 433 RECEIVER MODULE

This is a SR series of radio frequency module which can facilitate the OEM designers to
design their applications in remote in the quickest way. The circuit is designed with SMD
components and the module size is small enough to be able to be fitted inn many remote
control applications. This compact receiver module is very sensitive and heavy immune
to other radio interference. Wide operating voltage, low current makes this module ideal
for battery operated or miniature instrument design application. This miniature module is
specially designed for rigid application. It shows high stability and reliability even at
worst environment conditions. Direct plug and use to the mother board makes the
receiver for various design applications.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pin Configuration:-
• Pin1: Ground
• Pin2: Digital Out
• Pin3: Linear Out
• Pin4: Vcc 5V
• Pin5: Vcc 5V

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 RFID based Library Book Locator

• Pin6: Ground
• Pin7: Ground
• Pin8: Antenna

Features:-
• Miniature Size
• Wide Operating Range
• Low Power Consumption
• Improved Data Transmission
• No External Components PIN Configuration and Size
• Wide Range of Application
• Analogue and Digital Output

Applications:-
• Car / Bike Alarm System
• Gate and Garage Openers
• Electronic Door Locks
• Burglar Alarm System
• Remote Switching System
• Short Range Data Reception

(2) HT12D DECODERS

General Description:
The 212decoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications.
They are paired with Holtek_s 2 12 series of encoders (refer to the encoder/decoder cross
reference table). For proper operation, a pair of encoder/decoder with the same number of
addresses and data format should be chosen. The decoders receive serial addresses and
data from a programmed 212 series of encoders that are transmitted by a carrier using an
RF or an IR transmission medium. They compare the serial input data three times
continuously with their local addresses. If no error or unmatched codes are found, the
input data codes are decoded and then transferred to the output pins. The VT pin also
goes high to indicate a valid transmission. The 212 series of decoders are capable of
decoding informations that consist of N bits of address and 12_N bits of data. Of this
series, the HT12D is arranged to provide 8 address bits and 4 data bits, and HT12F is
used to decode 12 bits of address information.

Features:
_ Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V
_ Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology
_ Capable of decoding 12 bits of information
_ Pair with Holtek_S 212series of encoders
_ Received codes are checked 3 times
_ HT12D: 8 address bits and 4 data bits
_ HT12F: 12 address bits only
_ Easy interface with an RF or an infrared transmission medium

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_ Minimal external components

Applications:
_ Burglar alarm system
_ Smoke and fire alarm system
_ Garage door controllers
_ Car door controllers
_ Car alarm system
_ Security system
_ Cordless telephones
_ Other remote control systems

OTHER ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS IN RFID

(1) LM78LXX Series

(3-Terminal Positive Regulators)

The LM78LXX series of three terminal positive regulators is available with several fixed
output voltages making them useful in a wide range of applications. When used as a
zener diode/resistor combination replacement, the LM78LXX usually results in an
effective output impedance improvement of two orders of magnitude, and lower
quiescent current. These regulators can provide local on card regulation, eliminating the
distribution problems associated with single point regulation. The voltages available
allow the LM78LXX to be used in logic systems, instrumentation, HiFi, and other solid
state electronic equipment.

Features
LM78L05 in micro SMD package
Output voltage tolerances of ±5% over the temperature range
Output current of 100mA
Internal thermal overload protection
Output transistor safe area protection
Internal short circuit current limit
Available in plastic TO-92 and plastic SO-8 low profile packages

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No external components
Output voltages of 5.0V, 6.2V, 8.2V, 9.0V, 12V, 15V
See AN-1112 for micro SMD considerations

(2) POWER SUPPLY DESIGN

-: Block Diagram of Power Supply:-

Mains 230 V Three Regulated O/P

A.C.
Step- Rectifie Filter Terminal Voltage
down r

Power supply is the first and the most important part of our project. For our project we
require +5V regulated power supply with maximum current rating 500Ma.
Following basic building blocks are required to generate regulated power supply.

Step down Transformer

Rectifier Unit
Filter Circuit
Three terminal voltage regulator

(3) LM7805 SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATORS

Voltage Regulator
A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a
constant voltage level. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or active
electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more
AC or DC voltages. With the exception of shunt regulators, all voltage regulators operate
by comparing the actual output voltage to some internal fixed reference voltage. Any
difference is amplified and used to control the regulation element. This forms a negative
feedback servo control loop. If the output voltage is too low, the regulation element is
commanded to produce a higher voltage. If the output voltage is too high, the regulation
element is commanded to produce a lower voltage. In this way, the output voltage is held
roughly constant.

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General Description
The LM78XX series of three terminal regulators is available with several fixed
output voltages making them useful in a wide range of applications. One of these is local
on card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point
regulation. The voltages available allow these regulators to be used in logic systems,
instrumentation, HiFi, and other solid-state electronic equipment. Although designed
primarily as fixed voltage regulators these devices can be used with external components
to obtain adjustable voltages and currents. The LM78XX series is available in an
aluminumTO-3 package, which will allow over 1.0A load current if adequate heat
sinking is provided. Current limiting is included to limit the peak output current to a safe
value. Safe area protection for the output transistor is provided to limit internal power
dissipation. If internal power dissipation becomes too high for the heat sinking provided,
the thermal shutdown circuit takes over preventing the IC from overheating. Considerable
effort was expanded to make the LM78XX series of regulators easy to use and minimize
the number of external components. It is not necessary to bypass the output, although this
does improve transient response. Input bypassing is needed only if the regulator is located
far from the filter capacitor of the power supply. For output voltage other than 5V, 12V
and 15V the LM117series provides an output voltage range from 1.2V to 57V.

Features
Output current in excess of 1A
Internal thermal overload protection
No external components required
Output transistor safe area protection
Internal short circuit current limit
Available in the aluminum TO-3 package

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TYPES OF RFID TAGS

RFID tags can be either active, semi-passive (=semi-active) or passive.

Passive

Passive RFID tags have no internal power supply. The minute electrical current induced
in the antenna by the incoming radio frequency signal provides just enough power for the
CMOS integrated circuit (IC) in the tag to power up and transmit a response. Most
passive tags signal by backscattering the carrier signal from the reader. This means that
the aerial (antenna) has to be designed to both collect powers from the incoming signal
and also to transmit the outbound backscatter signal. The response of a passive RFID tag
is not just an ID number (GUID): tag chip can contain nonvolatile EEPROM (Electrically
Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) for storing data. Lack of an onboard power
supply means that the device can be quite small: commercially available products exist
that can be embedded under the skin. As of 2005, the smallest such devices commercially
available measured 0.4 mm × 0.4 mm, and are thinner than a sheet of paper; such devices
are practically invisible. Passive tags have practical read distances ranging from about 2
mm (ISO 14443) up to about few meters (ISO 18000-6) depending on the chosen radio
frequency. Due to their simplicity in design they are also suitable for manufacture with a
printing process for the antennae. A development target is polycarbon semiconductor tags
to become entirely printed. Passive RFID tags do not require batteries, and can be much
smaller and have an unlimited life span.

The advantages of a passive tag are:

• The tag functions without a battery; these tags have a useful life of twenty years
or more.
• The tag is typically much less expensive to manufacture
• The tag is much smaller (some tags are the size of a grain of rice). These tags
have almost unlimited applications in consumer goods and other areas.

The major disadvantages of a passive RFID tag are:

• The tag can be read only at very short distances, typically a few feet at most. This
greatly limits the device for certain applications.
• It may not be possible to include sensors that can use electricity for power.

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• The tag remains readable for a very long time, even after the product to which the
tag is attached has been sold and is no longer being tracked.

Semi-Passive
Semi-passive RFID tags are very similar to passive tags except for the addition of a small
battery. This battery allows the tag IC to be constantly powered. This removes the need
for the aerial to be designed to collect power from the incoming signal. Aerials can
therefore be optimized for the backscattering signal. Semi-passive RFID tags are faster in
response and therefore stronger in reading ratio compared to passive tags.

Active
Active RFID tags or beacons, on the other hand, have their own internal power source
which is used to power any ICs and generate the outgoing signal. They may have longer
range and larger memories than passive tags, as well as the ability to store additional
information sent by the transceiver. To economize power consumption, many beacon
concepts operate at fixed intervals. At present, the smallest active tags are about the size
of a coin. Many active tags have practical ranges of tens of meters, and a battery life of
up to 10 years.

Some advantages of an active RFID tag are:

• It can communicate data at distances of as far as 300 feet.

• It may have other sensors that can use electricity for power.
• Active tags are capable of operating in rugged environments for years at a time.
• Active tags are battery-powered, and can either transmit constantly or be activated
by a signal from the reader.
• The capability of performing diagnostics
• the capability to perform independent monitoring and control
• the capability of initiating communications

Some disadvantages are:

• Cannot function without battery power, limiting the lifetime of the tag.
• Typically much more expensive than passive RFID
• The tag is physically larger, which may limit applications.
• Potential long-term maintenance costs for an active RFID tag if the batteries are
replaced.

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• Battery outages in an active tag can result in misreads.

USING THE RIGHT TAG IN YOUR APPLICATION

Because passive tags are cheaper to manufacture and have no battery, the majority of
RFID tags in existence are of the passive variety. As of 2005, these tags cost an average
of Euro 0.20 ($0.24 USD) at high volumes. Today, as universal RFID tagging of
individual products become commercially viable at very large volumes, the lowest cost
tags available on the market are as low as 7.2 cents each in volumes of 10 million units or
more. Current demand for RFID integrated circuit chips is expected to grow rapidly
based on these prices.

Reading ratio close to 100% is a mandatory requirement for successful application. While
the cost advantages of passive tags over active tags are significant, other factors including
accuracy, performance in certain environments such as around water or metal, and
reliability make the use of active tags very common today. The final quality metrics is a
probed reading ratio for a representative statistical basic population (fairly 100 plus tags
in minimum), this unfortunately never reaches the 100% ratio. Sound system designs
with RFID therefore take the deficiencies into account and compare in real-time already
known data with just captured data on the basis of fuzzy reasoning.

There are four main frequency bands for RFID tags commonly in use. They are
categorized by their radio frequency: low frequency tags (125 or 134.2 kHz), high
frequency tags (13.56 MHz), UHF tags (868 to 956 MHz) or 463 MHz, and microwave
tags (2.45 GHz or 5.8 GHz). UHF tags can be used globally when specially tailored
according to regional regulations; as there are no globally unified regulations for radio
frequencies in this ISM band range.

There is a wide variation of transponder devices and contactless chip cards which deliver
similar functions

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TECHNICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

TAGS

Passive tags contain an integrated chip or circuit to absorb radio frequency waves from
reader's signals and to send and receive data, low frequency or high frequency antennae
and a plastic or mylar substrate which holds the pieces of the tag together. Since there is
no battery, the power is supplied by the reader which draws the radio waves through the
antennae forming a magnetic field. This allows the supply of the power to the tag which
is restricted to the field of the reader.

On the other hand, an active tag which is substantially larger than a passive tag features
two additional components, an on board power supply and on board electronics. The
power supply to an active tag is through battery although some may be solar power
driven. The on board electronics consisting of sensors, microprocessors and I/O units are
powered by the on board power which enables it to transmit the data to the reader on its
own. With a continuous availability of tag power, the required signal strength from the
reader to the tag is lower than what is required for a passive RFID tag. Also, the available
signal strength is higher from a tag to a reader in an active tag.

Although both these varieties of RFID tags can dynamically store data, active RFID tags
have large read and write data storage almost 128 kilobytes and sophisticated data search
and access capabilities. In a passive RFID, the data storage is less then 128 bytes with no
search capabilities or data manipulation features.

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FEATURES OF RFID FOR LIBRARY

Easily locate book in the library.

Future possibilities:

Radio Frequency anti-theft detection is innovative and safe.

RFID tags replace both the EM security strips and Barcode.

Simplify patron self check-out / check-in.

Ability to handle material without exception for video and audio tapes.

High-speed inventory and identify items which are out of proper order.

Long-term development guarantee when using Open Standard.

RFID Technology for Libraries

1. RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) is the latest technology to be used in library

theft detection systems. Unlike EM (Electro-Mechanical) and RF (Radio Frequency)
systems, which have been used in libraries for decades, RFID-based systems move
beyond security to become tracking systems that combine security with more efficient
tracking of materials throughout the library, including easier and faster charge and
discharge, inventorying, and materials handling.

2. RFID is a combination of radio-frequency-based technology and microchip

technology. The information contained on microchips in the tags affixed to library
materials is read using radio frequency technology regardless of item orientation or
alignment (i.e., the technology does not require line-of-sight or a fixed plane to read tags

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 RFID based Library Book Locator

as do traditional theft detection systems) and distance from the item is not a critical factor
except in the case of extra-wide exit gates. The corridors at the building exit(s) can be as
wide as four feet because the tags can be read at a distance of up to two feet by each of
two parallel exit sensors.

3. The targets used in RFID systems can replace both EM or RF theft detection targets
and barcodes.

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 RFID based Library Book Locator

ADVANTAGES OF RFID SYSTEMS

Rapid charging/discharging

1. The use of RFID reduces the amount of time required to perform circulation
operations. The most significant time savings are attributable to the facts that information
can be read from RFID tags much faster than from barcodes and that several items in a
stack can be read at the same time. While initially unreliable, the anti-collision algorithm
that allows an entire stack to be charged or discharged now appears to be working well.

2. The other time savings realized by circulation staff are modest unless the RFID tags
replace both the EM security strips or RF tags of older theft detection systems and the
barcodes of the automated library system - i.e., the system is a comprehensive RFID
system that combines RFID security and the tracking of materials throughout the library;
or it is a hybrid system that uses EM for security and RFID for tracking, but handles both
simultaneously with a single piece of equipment. There can be as much as a 50 percent
increase in throughput. The time savings are less for charging than for discharging
because the time required for charging usually is extended by social interaction with
patrons.

Simplified patron self-charging/discharging

1. For patrons using self-charging, there is a marked improvement because they do not
have to carefully place materials within a designated template and they can charge
several items at the same time.

2. Patron self-discharging shifts that work from staff to patrons. Staff is relieved further
when readers are installed in book-drops.

High reliability

1. The readers are highly reliable. RFID library systems claim an almost 100 percent
detection rate using RFID tags.

2. There are fewer false alarms than with older technologies once an RFID system is
properly tuned.

3. RFID systems encode the circulation status on the RFID tag. This is done by
designating a bit as the "theft"(EAS) bit and turning it off at time of charge and on at time
of discharge. If the material that has not been properly charged is taken past the exit
sensors, an immediate alarm is triggered. Another option is to use both the "theft"(EAS)
bit and the online interface to an automated library system, the first to signal an
immediate alarm and the second to identify what has been taken.

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 RFID based Library Book Locator

High-speed inventorying

A unique advantage of RFID systems is their ability to scan books on the shelves without
tipping them out or removing them. A hand-held inventory reader can be moved rapidly
across a shelf of books to read all of the unique identification information. Using wireless
technology, it is possible not only to update the inventory, but also to identify items
which are out of proper order.

Automated materials handling

Another application of RFID technology is automated materials handling. This

includes conveyer and sorting systems that can move library materials and sort them by
category into separate bins or onto separate carts. This significantly reduces the amount
of staff time required to ready materials for re-shelving.

Long tag life

Finally, RFID tags last longer than barcodes because nothing comes into contact
with them. Most RFID vendors claim a minimum of 100,000 transactions before a tag
may need to be replaced.

Fig: Different Types of Tags

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 KEY BENEFITS

Changes inventory process:

1. No more book handling: just pass the reader across shelved books to performance
instant inventory.

2. Accuracy: book identification numbers are registered in the Shelf-Management

Reader. The data is then downloaded to the central database.

3. The fastest inventory you have ever made: 20 books per second.

4. Notification: books to be pulled are up-loaded to the reader for quick identification.

5. User friendly:

6. Light weight

7. Wand allows easy reading of high and low shelves

8. Saves time and resources:

9. Implementers indicate a 75% reduction in human resources required for shelf

management activities.

10. The ability to return books during off hours

11. Loans for the returned items will be instantaneously cancelled so that patron may
immediately borrow again.

12. Librarians are able to allocate more time to customer service, as they are free from the
labor-intensive loan cancellation activity associated with bar-code system

13. Display the return status and printing receipt

14. The design of the Book Drops is such that items cannot be retrieved back once
deposited.

15. Single technology is required for both inventory and theft management of the library

16. Library staff are alerted immediately when un-borrowed items passes through the
theft detection gates

17. Would-be thieves are deterred by the physical presence of the gates
18. Number of patrons passing through the gantry is captured by a counter on the gates
Alarm volume can be easily controlled

To Librarians:

- Speeds up book check-in / check-out

- Frees staff to better service patrons

- Better space planning

- Increases membership rate

To Patrons:

- Easy to use: books can be read in any orientation

- Reduces queuing time

- Provides patron privacy

Advantages:-

• Less staff is required for handling of each individual item.

• Ability to locate the specific items.
• Improve the customs service.
• It does not require the line of sight between the transponder and reader
• RFID labels or smart labels can be attached to divergent media such as DVDS,
and other print and non print media.
• Automation is possible.
• RFID hardware will not create any interference with current security system or to
the electronic device.

Disadvantages:-

• RFID have area limitation.

• Because of the low production of RFID its price is more.
 APPLICATION

• It can be used to find the location of any person like security guard and object
like book.

• RFID labels a smart label can be attached to divergent media such as CDs,
DVDs and other print and non print media.

• It’s used in cargo tracking in industries.

• RFID tags, can track consumer products worldwide. Many manufacturers use
the tags to track the location of each product they make from the time it's
made until it's pulled off the shelf and tossed in a shopping cart.
• People tracking system are used just as asset tracking system. Hospitals and
jails are most general tracking required places.

• An RFID document-tracking system saves time and money

• Supply Chain - WalMart, Target, BestBuy, and other retailers have discovered
that RFID technology can keep inventories at the optimal level, reduce out-of-
stock losses, limit shoplifting, and speed customers through check-out lines.

• Contactless Payments - Blue-chip companies such as American Express,

ExxonMobil, and MasterCard use innovative form factors enabled by TI
RFID technology to strengthen brand loyalty and boost revenue per customer.

• RFID tags are used for tracking vehicles, airline passengers, Alzheimer's
patients and pets.
• It can be used in big stores.
• Static or in-motion assets tracking or locating, like a healthcare facility,
wheelchairs or IV pumps in, laptops in a corporation and servers in a data
center
 Project report on RFID based Library Book Locator

CONCLUSION

A library & information system can not be said fully automated, unless the “Auto ID
technology” is not incorporated into the “Integrated Library System”. Once such Auto ID
technology is RFID, which proven to bring convenience & efficiency in the item
management through the automation of library function .Henceforth, many libraries are
choosing RFID technology, which significantly improves the customer service
&enhances the patron satisfaction.

RFID refers to the process of grabbing & retrieving data from integrated circuit using
“Radio frequency transmission”. RFID seen as the next generation of the barcodes offers
libraries marvelous opportunities by contributing to saving time & manpower &creating
cost efficient &total quality service. Embedding books & other library items with radio
frequency identification chips, widely known as RFID tags, would improve efficiently by
helping staff track materials better, deter theft & allow patrons to check out books faster.

An Integrated Library System harnessing RFID technology, convert traditional library

into a “Book smart Library” by reducing queue times at circulation desk, quick inventory
control without handling books, trouble free identification of misplaced books, automatic
book sorting & theft prevention & more time for library staff to assist the patrons.
However careful analysis of potential implication relating to “Individual Privacy” is
global imperative, since privacy advocates worry about what happens when the RFID
leaves the library.

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 Project report on RFID based Library Book Locator

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Basic Electronics – B.Ram

2. Digital Electronics – R.P.Jain

3. redcircuits.com

4. alldatasheet.com

5. RFID for Libraries “http://www.tagsys.net/

6. Richard, w.boss. “RFID Technology”. hhp://www.plag.org/

7. www.rfidwizard.com/

8. www.atmel.com

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