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DEPARTMENT OF
PROSTHODONTICS
ROYAL DENTAL COLLEGE;
CHALISSERY
SEMINAR ON
INDIRECT RETAINERS
PREPA
RED BY
SHABE
EL .P.N
2
ROLL
NO;RDADBDS054
CONTENTS
1) DEFINITION
2) FUNCTIONS
3) MODE OF ACTION OF INDIRECT RETAINERS
4) FULCRUM LINES
5) PRINCIPLES OF INDIRECT RETENSION
6) FACTORS AFFECTING EFFECTIVENESS OF
INDIRECT RETENTION
7) TYPES OF INDIRECT RETAINERS
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INDIRECT RETAINRERS
DEFINITION
It is a part of a RPD which assists the direct retainers in preventing the
displacement of distal extension denture bases by functioning
through lever action on the opposite side of the fulcrum line (GPT)
FUNCTIONS OF INDIRECT RETAINER
1) Primary function
It shifts the fulcrum line away from the point of application of the
force, there by counteracting the lifting force and stabilizing the
denture
2) Auxiliary functions
A) Reduces the antero-posterior twisting leverages on the principal
abutments esp in the case of isolated tooth.
B) Helps in stabilization
C) Acts as an auxiliary guiding plane
D) Splints the anterior tooth against lingual movement
E) May act as auxiliary rest to support major connector esp in
mandible
F) May provide first indication to reline an extension base
G) It counteracts horizontal forces by providing support and stability to
the denture
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H) It provides lateral stability of PD by contacting axial tooth surface
with rigid minor connector that is connecting indirect retainer
I) It acts as a third point of contacting the tooth structure to ensure
accurate repositioning of the frame work on the tooth during
rebasing and relining
MODE OF ACTION OF INDIRECT RETAINERS
Movement of distal extension denture base
Towards the tissue away from the
tissue
Rest and rest seats
Rotational movement about an axis Displacement of
entire denture
(occurs around an imaginary line passing through the teeth and
component parts of the rpd, this imaginary
axis is called fulcrum line) Other
retentive components of rpd
indirect retainers
FULCRUM LINES
An imaginary line around which a partial denture tend to rotate (GPT)
A fulcrum line passes through terminal abutments
Types
a) retentive fulcrum line
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An imaginary line connecting retentive points of clasp arms,
around which denture tend to rotate when subjected to forces
such as the pull of sticky foods
b) stabilizing fulcrum line
an imaginary line connecting occlusal rests, around which
denture tend to rotate when subjected to masticatory forces
Location of fulcrum lines for different classes of RPDs
1)Class1-passes through most posterior abutments
2) Class2-passes diagonally through most posterior teeth on one side
and abutment on distal extention side
3) Class3-passes through two principal abutments
4)Class4-passes through two abutments adjacent to the edentulous
space
PRINCIPLE OF INDIRECT RETENTION
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It prevent displacement of denture base in two ways
1)resistance provided by rests ,extensions and rugae support
2) leverage advantage-
a) Lifting forces will displace entire beam in absence of
retainers
b)with direct retainer ,at fulcrum ,lifting force will
depress one end of the beam and elevate the other end
c)with DR & IR forces will not lift the beam
PRINCIPLES FOR USING INDIRECT RETAINERS
1) more than one fulcrum line may present
2) IRs must be placed as far as possible from distal extension
base ,for better leverage advantage
3) Most effective location for IRs is incisor region ,but due to their
poor strength canines or premolars are used
4) Whenever possible two IRs ,closer to fulcrum line are taken to
compensate for the compromise in distance
FACTORS AFFECTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
INDIRECT RETAINERS
1) Effectiveness of direct retainers
In order to become IR effective proper functioning of DR should
be present, I.e the retentive arms of the direct retainer must hold
the principal occlusal rests properly
2) Distance from the fulcrum line
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a)Length of the distal extension base ; if it increases IR must
placed far away from fulcrum line.
b) Location of the fulcrum line; ideally IR should be located at a
point perpendicular to the midpoint of the fulcrum line
c) Distance from the fulcrum line; IR is placed as far as away from
the fulcrum line
3) Rigidity of the connectors supporting the IR-It should be
rigid
4) Effectiveness of the supporting tooth surface; IR should be
placed on a definite rest seat .tooth inclines and weak teeth should
not be used for support
TYPES OF INDIRECT RETAINERS
-AUXILIARY OCCLUSAL
REST
-CANINE EXTENSION FROM
THE OCCLUSAL REST
-CANINE REST
-CONTINUOUS BAR
RETAINERS AND LINGUO-PLATES
-MODIFICATION AREAS
-RUGAE SUPPORT
-DIRECT INDIRECT
RETENSION
-INDIRECT RETENTION
FROM MAJOR CONNECTORS
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-INCISAL REST
-EMBRASSURE HOOK
-DOUBLE LINGUAL BAR OR
KENNEDY’S BAR
1) AUXILIARY OCCLUSAL REST
-Most frequently used
-located on the occlusal surface far away from distal extension
denture base
-ideal location is central incisor, which is weak, therefore bilateral
rests on first premolars are effective
-rests on premolars do not interfere with tongue movements
- in Kenneddy’s class1-bilateral rests on mesial fossa of first
premolars
-in Kenneddy’s class2 –mesial fossa of first premolar on opposite
side
-bilateral IR-An auxiliary rest for major
connector
-when distal abutment on modification
side is poor(functional class1)
2) CANINE EXTENSION FROM THE OCCLUSAL REST
-Consists of a finger extension from premolar rest to the lingual
slope of adjacent canine
-applied when first premolar is the primary abutment
-should always used with terminal rests to prevent tipping leverage
as in single cingulum canine rest
3) CANINE REST(CINGULUM REST OR LINGUAL REST)
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-used when mesial marginal ridge of the 1st premolar is too close to
the fulcrum line
-when the teeth is lapped to render the fulcrum line is inaccessible
-the rest can be more effective by placing the minor connector more
anterior to canine
4) CONTINUOUS BAR RETAINERS AND LINGUO-PLATES
-Terminal rests are actual IRs
-a continuous bar retainer or superior border of the linguo-plate should
never be placed above the middle third of the teeth to avoid tooth
movement(Kennedy class1 & 2)
-as they rest on unprepared lingual surfaces they indirectly provide
indirect retention
5) MODIFICATION AREAS
-the occlusal rest on a secondary abutment in class ii modification 1
serve as an indirect retainer.
-if only one tooth is missing in the modification areas ,occlusal rest on
this side should provide support for the unsupported major connector
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along with indirect retention
6) RUGAE SUPPORT
-Rugae area is firm hence used for indirect retention esp for class I
situations
-it can be used in case of ‘ u ‘shaped designs
-less effective than a tooth supported IR
7) DIRECT INDIRECT RETENSION
Reciprocal arm of a direct retainer located anterior to
fulcrum line may act as indirect retainer
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8) INDIRECT RETENTION FROM MAJOR CONNECTORS
-in mandible retention from denture base itself help in indirect
retention
-in maxillary arch ,full palatal coverage is necessary for additional
indirect retention esp when only anterior teeth are present
-it is obtained from major connector’s resistance to distortion
9)INCISAL REST
-On mandibular canines when mesial fossa of 1st premolar is close to
fulcrum line
-produces tipping force
10) EMBRASSURE HOOK
-less desirable, which engages anterior inter proximal areas
-used when less positive seat to stabilize the indirect retainer
-unaesthetic due to metallic display
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11) DOUBLE LINGUAL BAR OR KENNEDY’S BAR
-less effective
-it rests on unprepared lingual surface, so indirect retention enhanced
by terminal rests
-it is extended far from fulcrum line
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1)CLINICAL REMOVABLE PARTIAL
PROSTHODONTICS- Stewart
Rudd Kuebker- 2nd EDITION
2)McCracken's REMOVABLE
PARTIAL PROSTHODONTICS-
Alan [Link], Glen
[Link] ,David [Link]-11th
EDITION.
3)THE GLOSSARY OF
PROSTHODONTIC TERMS
4)TEXT BOOK OF
[Link]
NALLASWAMY
