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English Legalese Translation

Haru Deliana Dewi, Andika Wijaya, Rahayu S. Hidayat

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224 views29 pages

English Legalese Translation

Haru Deliana Dewi, Andika Wijaya, Rahayu S. Hidayat

Uploaded by

ryanrails
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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446 Wacana Vol. Vol.

Wacana 21 No.
21 3No.
(2020): 446-474
3 (2020)

English legalese translation


into Indonesian

Haru Deliana Dewi, Andika Wijaya,


and Rahayu S. Hidayat
Abstract
One of the difficulties in translating English legal texts derives from the uses of
specialized language, also known as “legalese“. This research is a preliminary
study which sets out to investigate the translation of English legalese into
Indonesian in four open-accessed agreements. The data in English, which cover
terms and expressions commonly used in legal documents, are classified into
seven categories of legal English features. Their Indonesian translations are
analysed by using Indonesian dictionaries to discover whether they can be
considered as Indonesian legal language. The research finds that most English
legalese terms and expressions studied are translated using common words
and expressions, which can be looked up in the official monolingual Indonesian
dictionary (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia/KBBI) but cannot be found in an
Indonesian law dictionary. Therefore, it is concluded that Indonesian legal
language is not yet established.
Keywords
English legalese; legal documents; legal language; Indonesian translation; terms;
expressions.

1. Introduction
Legal documents have always been among the most difficult texts to translate.
In addition to the different legal systems of the source and target cultures,
the specialized language used in most legal documents also contributes to the
difficulty faced by translators of such texts. Even though there have been some
movements towards using plain language in drafting contracts, many contracts
are still written in a distinctive style which characterizes the traditional legal
texts. Other than the frequent uses of long and very complex sentences, many
contracts use various terms which are rarely used in daily communication
settings. This paper sets out to investigate whether such words or phrases in

The authors can be reached at: [email protected] (Haru Deliana Dewi), andika.
[email protected] (Andika Wijaya), and [email protected] (Rahayu S. Hidayat).
More information about the authors can be found at the end of the article.
© 2020 Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Indonesia
H.D. Dewi, A. Wijaya, and R.S. Hidayat | DOI: 10.17510/wacana.v21i3.866.
Haru D. Dewi et al., English legalese translation 447

contracts, which have become distinct features of legal English, are translated
using language items which can also be considered distinct features of legal
language in Indonesian.
Studies on Indonesian legal translations, particularly those which focus
on the translation of words and phrases, are still scarce. Previous studies
on Indonesian translation of legal documents have tended to focus on the
translation methods, techniques or strategies employed by the translators
(Aris Wuryantoro, D. Edi Subroto, and Mangatur Nababan 2014; Hanifa
Pascarina, Mangatur Nababan, and Riyadi Santosa 2017). Meanwhile, the
study conducted by Ade I. Khairani (2008) on the Indonesian translations
of employment contracts focuses on the syntactical shifts in the translations.
Finally, overlapping very much with this study, a thesis written by Endang
D. Hastuti (2007) discusses the analysis the Indonesian translation of English
legal terms. However, unlike this study which concentrates on the translation
of terms and conditions in legal agreements, this earlier study focuses on a
law textbook on intellectual property rights. The study itself found that the
translator of the book managed to find the Indonesian equivalents of some
terms used in the book and employed phonological translations for these
without giving an Indonesian counterpart. Nonetheless, it can be argued that
the main purpose of the result of the study itself is to convey information
to their readers, while other legal documents such as acts of legislation and
contracts are performative texts (Lorenzo Fiorito 2006), whose main purposes
include setting out the rights and obligations of the parties involved.
This research serves as a preliminary study to identify the existence of legal
language features, particularly related to the lexical features, in the Indonesian
translations of English legal documents. This study is also expected to be used
as the foundation for many future projects, such as the compilation of an
English-Indonesian legal glossary or dictionary, training design for Indonesian
legal translators, and future research projects in the fields of translation
studies and terminology related to legalese. This paper will be presented
in the following format. After identifying the research gaps from previous
research and setting out the purpose of this research, the paper will discuss
the features of legal language in both the English and Indonesian languages.
In the next section, the paper will outline the method applied in this research.
The paper will then discuss the findings of the research. Finally, the paper
will present the conclusion made from the discussion in the previous section.

2. Legalese and legal documents


According to Black’s law dictionary (Bryan A. Garner and Henry C. Black 2004),
eighth edition, the term “legalese” refers to “the jargon characteristically used
by lawyers, esp. in legal documents” (Garner and Black 2004: 2848). Such
documents, according to Deborah Cao (2007), share some distinctive linguistic
features which can be further classified into textual, syntactical, and lexical
categories. The textual features of legal documents are the common parts which
can be found in almost every kind of such documents, such as the definition,
448 Wacana Vol. 21 No. 3 (2020)

governing law and force majeure clauses in contracts and agreements (Cao
2007: 85). Meanwhile, long and complex sentences, verb nominalizations, and
impersonal language style resulting from the peculiar use of passive voice
and pronouns are among the syntactic features of legal documents written in
English (Cao 2007; Ina Verentina-Chiriac 2012). Last but not least, the lexical
features, or the features related to words and phrases, which are prominent in
legal documents written in English, consist of archaisms, formal vocabulary,
technical languages, synonymy, foreign words of Latin or French origin, and
modal auxiliaries (Cao 2007; Verentina-Chiriac 2012; Chen Yan and Yun Dai
2014).
This research focuses on the Indonesian translation of specialized words,
terms or phrases in English agreements. Therefore, the “legalese” features
which are not directly related to such language items, including syntactic and
textual features, will not be explored in more depth in this research. In contrast,
lexical features will be used as a reference to categorize the language items
in the source text and to see whether similar features exist in the Indonesian
translation. The section below will briefly outline the lexical features of legal
English and the features of Indonesian legal language.

2.1 Archaisms
These refer to words and terms which have become obscure over the years
since other terms with similar meanings have come to be used more frequently.
Examples of archaisms are: “hereinafter”, “arraign”, “surrejoinder”,
“aforesaid”, and some formal expressions which are often used by lawyers,
such as “pursuant to”, “prior to”, and “subsequent to” (Verentina-Chiriac
2012: 104).

2.2 Formal vocabulary


Legal texts tend to use formal words or phrases, rather than their more casual
alternatives, to establish authority (Chen and Yun 2014: 2). For example, the
phrase “because of” is less likely to be found in legal texts compared to its
formal synonyms “due to” and “by virtue of”. Many contracts in English
also tend to use the word “commence” and “terminate” instead of “start”
and “end”.

2.3 Technical terms


Technical terms might refer to purely legal terms, legal jargon and common
words which have specialized meanings when they are used in an English legal
context. Examples of pure legal terms are “tort”, “patent”, “bailment”, and
“abatement’. Meanwhile, legal jargon refers to the terms which are often used
among lawyers to facilitate communications, such as “pro tem”, “boilerplate
case”, “punies” (from ‘punitive damages’), and “depo” (from ‘deposition’).
Finally, there are polysemous words, such as “attachment”, “action”, and
“furnish”, whose meanings can be different from their general meanings when
they are used in legal documents (Verentina-Chiriac 2012: 104).
Haru D. Dewi et al., English legalese translation 449

2.4 Foreign words


These words refer to the words of Latin and French origin frequently used in
legal English, either transliterated (for example, “adjacent”, “verdict”, “counsel”)
or borrowed directly (for example, caveat emptor, obiter dictum, pro se) (Cao 2007:
56; Verentina-Chiriac 2012: 104). The influence of the French language on legal
English is also reflected in the use of suffix “-ee” to denote the party who becomes
the object of an action (for example: “lessee”, “pledgee”, “payee”).

2.5 Word strings and synonymy


Verentina-Chiriac (2012) indicates that legislators might frequently use pairs
or strings of synonyms on account of the uncertainty about whether the
words have the exact same meaning, especially if they come from different
language roots; therefore, it is safest to use each of the alternatives at the same
time. Despite their apparent similarity, many lawyers believe that they are
never identical as their connotational value might be slightly different (Peter
Tiersma 1999 in S. Goźdź-Roszkowski 2013). Such a subtle difference may be
exploited in a case or a contract, so it is sometimes necessary to use the near
synonymous words altogether to prevent any loophole. Examples of these
words are “legal and valid” and “over and above”. Alliteration is also common,
such as in the phrase “rest, residue, and remainder” (Verentina-Chiriac 2012:
104-105). This linguistic feature might originally have been used to cover
all possible situations which have not perhaps been adequately included in
the meaning of one single alternative, but it can present some challenges to
translators since there might not be a similar string of words or synonyms
with equal meanings in the target language (Cao 2007: 89-90).

2.6 Modal auxiliaries


Another type of word use which has become a distinctive characteristic of
English legal texts is modal auxiliary. Klaudia Bernadrova-Gibová (2011)
found that “shall” and “may” are the most frequent modals used in European
Union legal texts written in English. Translators of different languages might
face some challenges in translating the modal “shall” as it can have either
performative or prescriptive meanings in addition to expressing futurity as
it is usually used in common speech (Bernadrova-Gibová 2011; Chen and
Yun 2014). Since the rise of the plain language use in legal settings, the use of
the modal “shall” has been limited to talk about obligations, and it has been
even suggested to replace this word with the modal “must”. However, this
has not always been the case, as the modal “shall” can be interpreted as ‘may’,
‘will’, or ‘must’ in traditional legal language, which has sparked many debates
among researchers and lawyers over decades (Olga Krapivkina 2017; Bruce
Corsino 2020). In some languages, including Indonesian, each of the possible
meanings is expressed by different words.
450 Wacana Vol. 21 No. 3 (2020)

2.7 Fixed expressions


In addition to the classifications of words and phrases discussed in different
previous works above, we also found that there are certain expressions
which are common in English legal texts but not so common in other types
of texts. An example of these expressions would be the phrases identified by
Cao (2007: 94) as the common phrases to introduce a proviso (for examples
“provided that”, “provided further that”, and “subject to”). Other examples
of these common expressions in the contracts are the phrases “in the event”
and “including but not limited to”. As such expressions have not been quite
covered or put into any category in the previous works, we decided to put
them into another category, which we called “fixed expressions”.

2.8 Features of Indonesian legal language


The Symposium of Indonesian Language and Law held in Medan in 1974
stipulated that Bahasa Hukum Indonesia, or ‘Indonesian legal language’, is
“a [specialized] Indonesian language used in the field of law which has its
own distinctive characteristics considering its function” (Nurul Qamar and
Hardianto Djanggih 2017: 340). This means that, similar to legal English,
Indonesian legal language is also a variation of the more standard or widely
used Indonesian language.
In terms of legal language characteristics, Harkristuti Harkrisnowo (2007)
argues that there is a tendency among Indonesian legal practitioners to:

1) use long, complex sentences to explain or define something,


2) use specialized terms without any further explanation,
3) use ambiguous or homonymous terms,
4) use foreign words which do not have direct equivalents in Indonesian,
5) avoid shifting from the currently existing template (such as in the case of
notarial deed).

Concerning the use of foreign words in legal settings, in contrast to legal


English which often uses words of Latin and French origin, Indonesian legal
language has commonly borrowed some words from Dutch. In fact, there
have been bilingual Dutch-Indonesian legal dictionaries such as Istilah-istilah
hukum bahasa Belanda (Paulus M. Dwidjodarmo 1973), Nederlands-Indonesisch
juridisch woordenboek (Marjanne Termorshuizen-Arts 1999) and Indonesisch-
Nederlands woordenboek privaatrecht; Verbintenissenrecht (Ab Massier and
Marjanne Termorshuizen-Arts 2000). This is because most of the Indonesian
laws have originated from the Dutch colonial law. Nevertheless, this paper will
not discuss the use of Dutch words in Indonesian legal language, as it focuses
on the translation English legalese in Indonesian contracts. Furthermore,
Indonesian contracts today no longer employ the use of Dutch language, or
any other foreign language, since the Article 31 Paragraph (1) of the Law of the
Republic of Indonesia No. 24/2009 requires any contract involving Indonesian
parties to be written in Indonesian language.
Haru D. Dewi et al., English legalese translation 451

In her study on the use of legal language in Indonesian contracts, Sri H.


Wijayanti (2009) finds that many Indonesian contracts share the following
common features:

1) Unusual spellings and use of punctuation,


2) Repetitive use of plural noun forms,
3) Synonymy,
4) The use of word bahwa, ‘whereas’ or ‘that’ in front of a subject,
5) The use of word forms which are not parallel,
6) Long sentences,
7) The use of expressions Dalam hal … maka … , ‘in the event … therefore …’.

These features, however, are also frequently criticized since they indicate
that there are still some ineffective or incorrect uses of Indonesian language
in Indonesian contracts.
It is also interesting to note that the official monolingual great dictionary of
Indonesian language (KBBI) puts a Huk [Hukum ‘law’] label on some entries.
The “Huk label” in KBBI is equivalent to the “law” label in many monolingual
English dictionaries. However, this application has been inconsistent. For
example, some purely legal terms, such as pidana, ‘criminal law’ and perdata,
‘civil law’, carry such a label, while others, such as wanprestasi, ‘breach of
contract’ and terdakwa, ‘defendant’ do not. The same is also true for polysemous
words. Some of these words, such as hak, ‘right’ and kewajiban, ‘obligation’,
have been accorded the Huk label to indicate their specific meaning in the field
of law. In contrast, there is no Huk label on other polysemous words, such as
beracara, ‘having an event’ or ‘taking a legal action in a court’, ayat, ‘verse (in
scriptures)’ or ‘paragraph (in legal documents)’, and kelalaian, ‘negligence’,
although one of the explanations of those entries has a specific meaning that
is only used in the field of law.

3. Method
The data sources of this paper are legal documents which are usually and
mostly confidential and cannot be accessed freely. Therefore, the data were
obtained from open-accessed websites on which the legal documents have
intentionally been provided for public scrutiny. This was done in order to
avoid any problems with confidentiality and copyrights. Four such legal
documents focusing on terms and conditions were acquired. Table 1 shows the
details of the data sources. All those documents shown in Table 1 are bilingual,
in English and Indonesian. They are about terms and conditions; therefore,
similar legal terms and expressions are to be found in those documents.
452 Wacana Vol. 21 No. 3 (2020)

Names of the documents The link Short names


Global Purchasing GTCS https://www/unilever.com/ Document A
Unilever: General Terms Images/2018-01-global-purchasing-
and Conditions for the gtcs-english-indonesian_tcm244-
Purchase of the Products 481206_en.pdf
and services
P.T. Apple Indonesia: https://www.apple.com/legal/ Document B
Purchase Agreement, procurement/docs/IND_TERMS_
Purchase Order Terms COND-0197.pdf
and Conditions
Purchase Order Standard https://www.meadjohnson. Document C
Terms and Conditions of com/sites/corp/files/Purchase_
Mead Johnson Order_Standard_Terms_and_
Conditions_%28indonesia%29.pdf
Hirose Financial MY https://hiroseuk.com/id/pdf/ Document D
LTD: Business Terms and terms_and_conditions_id.pdf
Conditions

Table 1. Data sources.

From the many legal terms and expressions discovered in each document,
only seventeen are found in all four documents and two in three documents.
Therefore, the total number of terms and expressions discussed is nineteen. The
details of all the data can be seen in the Appendices. This paper has applied
a qualitative descriptive method by comparing the English version of the
agreements with the Indonesian version. The results have been categorized
based on the types of legalese terms and expressions explained in the
literature review, and the meaning of each term and expression was looked
up in an online legal dictionary called TransLegal (The World Law Dictionary
Project, https://www.translegal.com/legal-english-dictionary). We also used
Bloomsbury’s Dictionary of Law (Peter H. Collins 2004), Oxford Dictionary
of Law (Jonathan Law and Elizabeth A. Martin 2009), and https://www.
merriam-webster.com/dictionary to support the definitions or meanings
from TransLegal. Furthermore, the results were listed and analysed based on
their translation into Indonesian, and the meaning of the Indonesian terms
and expressions was looked up in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) online
and The online Indonesian law dictionary (https://kamushukum.web.id/). The
following section displays the results of the data analysis.

4. Results and discussion


From the data analysis, nineteen legalese terms and expressions discovered are
categorized into six, not seven, types of legalese types as we have not found
foreign words used in all the documents researched. Table 2 lists the results
based on the types of legalese.
Haru D. Dewi et al., English legalese translation 453

Type Result
1. Synonymy terms and conditions; any and all
2. Modal auxiliary shall; may
3. Technical terms party/parties, apply/applicable; liability/liabilities;
binding; prevail
4. Formal language expressly; deemed; termination; otherwise; compliance
5. Archaic words pursuant to; hereby; notwithstanding
6. Fixed expression in the event; including but not limited to/including and
without limitation

Table 2. Types of legalese terms and expressions.

The analysis revealed that several terms have been translated consistently,
while for many others this is not the case, as discussed in detail in the following
section.

4.1 Consistently translated terms


Out of the nineteen data items, six terms have been translated consistently
into Indonesian (see Appendix 1). The first one is the term “party/parties”.
According to TransLegal, the word “party” refers to ‘a person taking part in
a business transaction, negotiating a contract bound by a contract, etc.’. It is
translated consistently as pihak in Indonesian and the word pihak, according
to KBBI, has several definitions. The definition related to a person is someone
who belongs to a party or a group in a war, game, politics, agreement, et
cetera. Therefore, “party” and pihak are synonymous, and they both belong to
technical terms, as they have their own meaning in legal documents, which is
different from the meaning in other types of documents. However, the word
pihak is not found in The online Indonesian law dictionary, which leads to an
assumption that this word in Indonesian is a common word, used in general
or any topics, not limited to law.
The second term refers to “apply” and “applicable”. These two words
are actually from different word classes. The word “apply” is a verb, while
the word “applicable” is an adjective. “Apply”, according to TransLegal, is
‘to have a connection with or to be relevant to somebody or something; to
put something (e.g. a law) into operation’. “Applicable” refers to ‘relevant
to, suitable for or affecting a particular situation, thing, person, or group of
people’. Both of these two words are consistently translated in Indonesian into
berlaku. This word is a verb and, according to KBBI, it has several definitions:
a) ‘still going on’ or ‘lasting’; b) ‘doing’ or ‘acting’; c) ‘carrying out a duty’; d)
‘can be used’; e) ‘applied to’. The last definition is the most suitable meaning
in the English version. Similarly, in The online Indonesian law dictionary, the
definition of berlaku refers to when any laws and regulations become effective
or when they are in effect. The two English words belong to technical terms in
legalese as they have a different meaning when used outside legal documents,
454 Wacana Vol. 21 No. 3 (2020)

while in Indonesian language the word berlaku has the same meaning whether
it is in legal documents or not, and in KBBI this word is not labelled Huk.
The third term refers to the word “binding” (such as in “business
agreements”, intended to be legally binding), which is an adjective word.
According to TransLegal, this word ‘requires that any party to an agreement,
or any party to whom the ruling or law et cetera, is directed to obey the terms
of that agreement, ruling or law et cetera’. This word is translated consistently
in Documents A, B, C, and D as mengikat. Based on KBBI, this word has
several meanings, as it is a common word in Indonesian, but among these
definitions there is one which is related to law: “3. v wajib ditepati: perjanjian
yang ~ perjanjian yang mengharuskan kedua belah pihak menepatinya dengan
sungguh-sungguh”. This definition refers to ‘promise’, to faithfully observe an
agreement, or to enter into an agreement, yet it is not labelled Huk. Moreover,
in The online Indonesian law dictionary, mengikat cannot be found, yet the word
“binding” is found in this dictionary with the definition: mengikat dari segi
hukum, ‘legally binding’. These two words (“binding” and mengikat) are both
legal terms belonging to technical terms, having their own meaning in legal
documents.
The next word translated consistently is the word “deemed”. This word
is from a verb “deem”, but in legal documents it is always in a past participle
form “deemed”. According to TransLegal, the verb “deem” means ‘to judge
or have as an opinion’. This word, in its past participle form, is translated as
dianggap and, based on KBBI, it refers to ‘be considered’ and it is a common
word, not specifically used in law. However, in The online Indonesian law
dictionary, the word dianggap is not found. In English, “deemed” is a more
formal word for ‘considered’. Moreover, although this word can sometimes
be used in a general text, this word belongs to legalese formal language as its
history can be read in https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/deem.
In contrast, in Indonesian, the word dianggap is not considered as a legal term
or a legalese expression.
Furthermore, the fifth term found to be consistently translated is
“compliance”. This word as a single noun (not as part of a prepositional
phrase, such as “in compliance with”) means ‘the action or fact of acting
in accordance with a demand or a requirement’ (TransLegal). This word is
translated as kepatuhan in the four documents and, according to KBBI, it means
‘obedience’, which is not a specific word used only in legal documents but
used for any topic or in general. The word kepatuhan is also not found in The
online Indonesian law dictionary. The word “compliance” belongs to the formal
language type in legal documents, while its translation in Indonesian is not
considered a legal term.
The sixth term consistently translated is “hereby”, which is used to
emphasize something written in a document or to say that something is now
official (TransLegal). It is considered an archaic word. In all documents, it is
translated consistently as dengan ini, ‘with this’. However, the expression
dengan ini is not considered a legal expression in Indonesian and it is not
found in The online Indonesian law dictionary.
Haru D. Dewi et al., English legalese translation 455

4.2 Inconsistently translated terms and expressions


Based on the data analysis, there are thirteen English legalese terms and
expressions inconsistently translated into Indonesian (see Appendix 2). The
first expressions discussed belong to the synonymy type as shown in Table 3.

English (the source text) Indonesian (the target text) Document


syarat-syarat dan ketentuan-ketentuan A
terms and conditions syarat-syarat dan ketentuan B
ketentuan-ketentuan dan syarat-syarat C
syarat dan ketentuan D
segala dan semua A
any and all setiap dan semua; setiap dan seluruh B
setiap dan seluruh C
setiap dan semua D

Table 3. Synonymy expressions and their translations.

Based on TransLegal, “terms and conditions” refer to ‘the provisions that


together form part of an agreement’. “Terms and conditions” are usually
written by one party as a standard agreement and they are the requirements
which must be fulfilled by all parties to the agreement. This expression belongs
to the synonymy type since the word “terms” actually has the same meaning as
the word “conditions”. In fact, according to TransLegal, the word “condition”
refers to ‘an essential or material contract term’. Similarly, Bloomsbury’s
Dictionary of Law defines the word “condition” as ‘term of a contract or duty
which has to be carried out as part of a contract, or something which has to
be agreed before a contract becomes valid’, while the word “terms” is defined
as ‘conditions or duties which have to be carried out as part of a contract,
arrangements which have to be agreed before a contract is valid’. Moreover,
Oxford Dictionary of Law shows the similar definition between “terms” and
“conditions”. In other words, those dictionaries of law indicate that the
two words are essentially the same. Despite this, both words are often used
together in legal documents, particularly those using legalese expressions. In
some documents written in plain English, sometimes only the word “terms”
is used. As pointed out in Table 3, the expression “terms and conditions” is
not translated consistently in Indonesian legal documents. “Terms” can be
translated as syarat-syarat and “conditions” is usually translated as ketentuan-
ketentuan, although it also can be the other way around. In English, the
expression is always “terms and conditions”, and it is never “conditions and
terms”. However, in Indonesian language, there is no consistent translation
for this term found in the four documents. The Indonesian translation of this
synonymous term cannot be found in KBBI and The online Indonesian law
dictionary.
456 Wacana Vol. 21 No. 3 (2020)

”Any and all” also belongs to the synonymy legalese type and it basically
means ‘all’ (TransLegal). In Document B, there are two translation versions
of this expression: setiap dan semua (which is the same as the translation in
Document D) and setiap and seluruh (the same as the translation in Document
C). Setiap is actually ‘every’ or ‘each’, semua means ‘all’ and seluruh means ‘all’
or ‘entire’. In Document A, it is translated as segala dan semua, where segala
means ‘any’. In KBBI and The online Indonesian law dictionary, this expression
cannot be found, which could be the reason there is no consistent expression
of “any and all” in Indonesian.
Table 4 shows the English modal auxiliaries with their translations in
documents A, B, C, and D.

English (the source text) Indonesian (the target text) Document


harus; akan A
shall harus; akan; --- (not translated) B
akan; harus C
--- (not translated); akan D
dapat; bisa A
may dapat; --- (not translated) B
mungkin C
dapat; mungkin D

Table 4. Modal auxiliaries in legal documents.

“Shall” is the most common used modal auxiliary in legal documents, and
it is used to indicate that something must be done (obligation) according
to TransLegal. It is also used to indicate that something will be done (future
action). Occasionally, it has no meaning in some contexts. All these definitions
of “shall” can be seen in Table 4. In documents A and C, “shall” is sometimes
translated as harus, ‘must’ and sometimes akan, ‘will’, while in Document B it
is translated as harus and akan, and sometimes it is not translated. In Document
D, sometimes it is not translated and sometimes it is translated as akan. Table
5 provides the examples.
Haru D. Dewi et al., English legalese translation 457

Document A: Document B:
ST1: …the supplier shall supply… ST3: Seller shall package all items…
TT1: …pemasok harus memasok… TT3: Penjual harus mengepak semua barang…
ST2: …shall also apply… ST4: Seller shall promptly…
TT2: …akan berlaku… TT4: Penjual akan dengan segera…
ST5: …shall constitute…
TT5: …merupakan…
Document C: Document D:
ST6: …shall be applicable… ST8: …we shall be entitled…
TT6: …akan berlaku…. TT8: …kami berhak…
Document C: Document D:
ST7: …shall be subject to… ST9: …we shall pass on…
TT7: …harus diperiksa… TT9: …kami akan melewatkan…
1

Table 5. Examples of modal “shall” and its Indonesian translations.1

Moreover, the modal auxiliary “may” is used to express possibility (TransLegal)


in legal documents, while in Indonesian translation it refers to mungkin,
‘maybe’ or ‘possible’ in documents C and D and dapat, ‘can’ in documents A,
B, and D, and in Document B it is sometimes not translated. Table 6 shows
the examples:

Document A: Document B:
ST1: …the buyer may assign… ST3: Apple may, at its option, decline…
TT1: …pembeli dapat menetapkan… TT3: Apple, atas pilihannya sendiri, dapat
menolak…
ST2: The Buyer may cancel a rejected ST4: …may be issued from time to time…
PO…
TT2: Pembeli bisa membatalkan … PO yang TT4: …sebagaimana sewaktu-waktu
ditolak. dikeluarkan….
Document C: Document D:
ST5: …any liability which may be ST6: …we may increase our spread…
imposed… TT6: …kami dapat meningkatkan spread…
TT5: …suatu kewajiban yang mungkin
diberlakukan…
ST7: …you may hold with Hirose…
TT7: …yang mungkin Anda miliki dengan
Hirose…

Table 6. Examples of modal “may” and its Indonesian translations.

1
In all tables, ST = Source text; TT = Target text; number refers to the number of data.
458 Wacana Vol. 21 No. 3 (2020)

Table 7 shows technical terms and expressions with their translations.

English (the source text) Indonesian (the target text) Document


tanggung jawab; liabilitas; kewajiban A
liability/liabilities kewajiban B
kewajiban C
kewajiban; kerugian; tanggung jawab D
digunakan A
prevail berlaku B
berlaku C
mengatasi; berlaku D

Table 7. Technical Terms.

Based on Table 7, the four agreements seem to agree that “liability” or


“liabilities” should be translated as kewajiban, ‘obligation’. However, in
Documents A and D, this term is also translated by several different words,
such as tanggung jawab, ‘responsibility’, liabilitas, ‘liability’, and kerugian, ‘loss’.
The term “liability” according to TransLegal refers to ‘legal responsibility for
acts or omissions (failures to act, especially when we should have)’. In KBBI,
the words kewajiban, tanggung jawab, liabilitas, and kerugian have their own
meaning as can be seen in Table 8. In this dictionary, only the words kewajiban
and tanggung jawab are labelled as Huk.

kewajiban something that must be done, an obligation, a duty


tanggung jawab a mandatory state to deal with things
liabilitas a person who hinders something from happening
kerugian suffering from losses

Table 8. Definitions based on KBBI.

Meanwhile, according to The online Indonesian law dictionary, the definition of


each word can be seen in Table 9.

kewajiban the burden imposed by law on an individual or a legal entity


tanggung jawab not found
liabilitas not found
kerugian in relation to the loss of state wealth

Table 9. Definitions based on The online Indonesian law dictionary.

The definitions indicate that the closest translation of “liability” in Indonesian


is kewajiban which is also considered a legal term.
Haru D. Dewi et al., English legalese translation 459

The term “prevail” means ‘to win through’ according to TransLegal.


Furthermore, it explains that when an idea, opinion, or argument prevails,
especially after a struggle or much effort, it has been accepted or it applies.
In the four documents, it is translated by several words in Indonesian. In
Document A, it is translated as digunakan from a clause “the parties agree that
the English version shall prevail” (maka semua pihak setuju bahwa versi Inggris
yang akan digunakan). In Documents B, C, and D, it is translated as berlaku in
the clauses, such as “the terms and conditions of this Agreement shall prevail”
(syarat-syarat dan ketentuan Perjanjian ini berlaku) and “the English text shall
prevail” (maka teks bahasa Inggris yang berlaku). In Document D, it is translated
as mengatasi in the sentence “the DSA Rules will prevail over this Agreement
if there is any conflict with them” (Peraturan FSA akan mengatasi Perjanjian ini
jika terdapat konflik). The translation of Document A is actually not wrong but,
if the word digunakan is replaced with berlaku, the meaning will be the same
and it will sound more “Indonesian legalese”. Documents B and C already
have a proper translation of the term, while in Document D the translation
of “prevail” does not seem to be successful. It should be translated as berlaku
to express the same message from the source text. The terms “prevail” and
“apply” do refer to a similar meaning in legal documents.
Table 10 shows terms and expressions of formal language and their
translations. The first one is “expressly” which has the same meaning as
‘clearly and intentionally stated’ based on TransLegal, and it is a formal form.
In Document A, it is sometimes not translated, such as in the phrase “unless
expressly agreed” (kecuali jika disetujui); the word jika, ‘if’ is not the translation
of “expressly”, but belongs to the meaning of the word “unless”. However,
sometimes it is translated as secara tersurat, ‘literally’ (see Appendix 2). In
Document B, it is translated as dengan tegas, ‘assertively’ and in Document C it
is translated as secara tegas, ‘assertively’, where both expressions have the same
meaning in Indonesian language. Moreover, in Document C it is translated
as dengan ini, ‘hereby’. However, those expressions cannot be found in The
online Indonesian law dictionary and they can be used in any types of texts. In
Document D, the term “expressly” is not found.
The second term is “termination”, which refers to ’the act of ending
something so that it no longer exists and refers to a contract, an agreement,
et cetera’ (TransLegal). This word is more formal than “ending”. This word is
translated into several words in Indonesian. In Document A, it is translated
as pemutusan and pengakhiran. In Documents B and C, it is translated as
pengakhiran. In Document D, it is translated as penghentian. The words
pengakhiran and penghentian have the same meaning according to KBBI,
namely: ‘stopping’ or ‘ending something’. However, the word pemutusan refers
to ‘deciding’ or ‘determining’ (KBBI). In The online Indonesian law dictionary,
those three words are not found or not considered as legal terms.
The third word is “otherwise”, which means ‘differently, in another way,
or in circumstances different from those being considered’ (TransLegal). It is
a formal form of “or” and often used in legal documents. In Document A,
460 Wacana Vol. 21 No. 3 (2020)

it is translated as lainnya, ‘another’, or ‘others’, sebaliknya, ‘on the contrary’


and dengan cara lain, ‘in another way’, but sometimes it is not translated.
In Document B, it is translated as lainnya and lain, ‘another’, or ‘others’. In
Document C, it is translated as yang lain, ‘another’ or ’others’ and sebaliknya,
and in Document D, it is translated as lain and sebaliknya. It seems that the
proper translation of “otherwise” in legal documents in Indonesian is best as
dengan cara lain, lainnya, and lain. The word sebaliknya does not really express
the meaning of “otherwise” since it expresses contrast. All those Indonesian
words, however, are not considered legal terms or expressions and they cannot
be found in The online Indonesian law dictionary.

English (the source text) Indonesian (the target text) Document


--- (not translated); secara tersurat A
expressly dengan tegas B
secara tegas; dengan ini C
not found D
pemutusan; pengakhiran A
termination pengakhiran B
pengakhiran C
penghentian D
lainnya; sebaliknya; --- (not translated); A
dengan cara lain
otherwise lainnya; lain B
yang lain; sebaliknya C
lain; sebaliknya D

Table 10. Formal language.

Table 11 shows the archaic words with their translations. The first word
is “notwithstanding” which refers to ‘in spite of’ or ‘despite the fact or thing
mentioned’ (TransLegal). It is translated as tanpa mengabaikan and dengan
tidak mengindahkan which both mean ‘without ignoring’ in Document B;
meskipun, ‘although’, ‘even though’, ‘in spite of’, or ‘despite’ in Document C;
and tidak termasuk, ‘not including’ in Document D. This word is not found
in Document A. Based on the definition in TransLegal, it seems that the only
suitable translation is meskipun, but this word is a common word (a connector),
not considered as a specifically legal term. According to some professional
legal translators, “notwithstanding” should be translated as dengan tidak
mengindahkan, yet this expression is not found in The online Indonesian law
dictionary.
The second expression of the archaic language found is “pursuant to”. It
has the same meaning as ’in accordance with, relating to, or concerning a law,
resolution, contract, or other legal documents’ (TransLegal). In Document A, it
Haru D. Dewi et al., English legalese translation 461

is translated as sesuai dengan, ‘in accordance with’, ‘relating to’, or ‘concerning’


and atas, ‘on’. In Documents B and D, it is translated as berdasarkan, ‘based
on’ and in Document C it is translated as menurut, ‘according to’. Based on
the meaning, it appears that the most suitable translation is sesuai dengan.
However, all these Indonesian words are not considered Indonesian legal
terms or legalese as none of them is found in The online Indonesian law dictionary.
In other words, those words or expressions are just common ones used in
any text types.

English (the source text) Indonesian (the target text) Document


not found A
notwithstanding tanpa mengabaikan; dengan tidak mengindahkan B
meskipun C
tidak termasuk D
sesuai dengan; atas A
pursuant to berdasarkan B
menurut C
berdasarkan D

Table 11. Archaic words.

Table 12 shows the fixed expressions with their translations. The first one is
“in the event” which has the same meaning as ‘if’ (TransLegal). It is translated
as jika, ‘if’ in Document A, apabila, ‘if’ or ‘when’ in Document B and dalam hal,
‘in the matter of’ in Documents A, C, and D. This fixed expression appears
more in English legal documents than the connector “if”, and in Indonesian
legal documents the expression dalam hal appears more frequently than the
words jika and apabila, even though this expression is not found in The online
Indonesian law dictionary. Similarly, the words jika and apabila are not found
in the law dictionary, as they are common words, not specifically used in
legal documents. The second expression is “including but not limited to” or
“including and without limitation”, which actually means ‘including’ based
on an online blog discussing the legal terms and expressions (http://www.
lawprose.org/lawprose-lesson-226-including-but-not-limited-to/). The blog
(Garner 2015) explains that this expression is part of the verbosity (too wordy
expression) which is one of the characteristics of legalese. In Documents A
and B, it is translated as termasuk namun tidak terbatas pada, in Document C
as termasuk tetapi tidak terbatas pada and in Document D as meliputi dan tidak
terbatas. All three of them have the same meaning, but the first two expressions
seem to appear more frequently than that in Document D. However, all these
Indonesian expressions are not listed yet in The online Indonesian law dictionary.
462 Wacana Vol. 21 No. 3 (2020)

English (the source text) Indonesian (the target text) Document


dalam hal; jika A
In the event apabila B
dalam hal C
dalam hal D
termasuk namun tidak terbatas pada A
Including but not limited termasuk namun tidak terbatas pada B
to/including and without
limitation termasuk tetapi tidak terbatas pada C
meliputi dan tidak terbatas D

Table 12. Fixed Expression.

5. Conclusion
To conclude, based on the analysis, we have discovered only six out of seven
types of legal language in Indonesian documents. One type, foreign words,
is not found in all the documents researched. Of the six types, six terms are
consistently translated which cannot be said of the other thirteen terms and
expressions. Only a few words of the Indonesian translations, such as berlaku,
mengikat, and kewajiban, are considered legal terms as they are listed in The
online Indonesian law dictionary consulted in the writing of this paper, although
not all of them are marked with the Huk label in KBBI. This also shows that
there is still inconsistency about what words are considered as legalese in
Indonesian between different dictionaries.
The translations of the rest of the sixteen terms and expressions are all
just considered common words and expressions which can be looked up in
KBBI but not in the Indonesian law dictionary. This discovery leads to several
assumptions that: (1) Indonesian legalese terms and expressions are not yet
established, unlike English legalese; (2) the Indonesian law dictionary has
not included the terms and expressions usually used in Indonesian legal
documents; (3) inconsistency and perhaps errors in the translation from
English legalese terms and expressions to Indonesian will continue to appear
quite frequently if the issues arising from (1) and (2) have not been dealt with
and resolved. The result of this paper is limited to the data found in those
four open-accessed documents, so further research into different types of
legal documents, such as regulations, laws, MOUs and others, is required to
obtain more conclusive evidence on the almost non-existent Indonesian legal
terms and expressions.

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About The Authors


Haru Deliana Dewi is the coordinator of the Master’s Degree Programme of the Applied
Linguistics, Translation of the Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Indonesia and a full
member of HPI (Indonesian Translators’ Association) since 2016. Her research interests are
translation pedagogy, translation theory and practice, and academic translation. Her most
recent publications are Dasar-dasar penerjemahan umum (Introduction to general translation, with
Andika Wijaya, edited by Rahayu S. Hidayat, Bandung: Penerbit Manggu, 2020) and “The
effectiveness between two translation assessment models for English to Indonesian translation
of undergraduate students”, Journal of Language and Literature 20/2 (October, 2020: 270-287).
Haru Deliana Dewi can be contacted at: [email protected].

Andika Wijaya is a faculty member at the English Studies Programme, Universitas Indonesia
and a full member of HPI (Indonesian Translators’ Association). In 2015 he received his Master
of Translating and Interpreting from RMIT University and got a certification as a professional
English-Indonesian translator from the National Accreditation Authority for Translators and
Interpreters (NAATI), Australia. He is the Manager of Translating and Interpreting Program at
LBI UI. His recent publications include “Translation of nonstandard language and readability;
Analysis of Joseph’s speech in an Indonesian version of Wuthering Heights ”, SKASE Journal of
Translation and Interpretation 13/1 ( 2020: 34-49) and a co-authored of Dasar-dasar penerjemahan
umum (with Haru Deliana Dewi, edited by Rahayu S. Hidayat, Bandung: Penerbit Manggu,
2020,). His research interests include cross-cultural translations, translation and popular culture,
and censorship in translations. Andika Wijaya can be contacted at: [email protected].
Haru D. Dewi et al., English legalese translation 465

Rahayu Surtiati Hidayat has been retired recently from her position as senior lecturer
of translation studies and educational linguistics in the Master’s Degree Programme of the
Applied Linguistics, Translation of the Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Indonesia. She is a
translator mostly from French to Indonesian, a member of Himpunan Penerjemah Indonesia
(Indonesian Translators’ Association) since 1990 and a member of its Advisory Council since
2010. She has been Editor in Chief of Paradigma, Jurnal Kajian Budaya since 2016. Rahayu Surtiati
Hidayat can be contacted at: [email protected].
Appendix 1
466

Consistently translated terms

No. Legalese Documents


A B C D
English Indonesian English Indonesian English Indonesian English Indonesian
1 Party …under the …menurut …operated …dioperasikan …by an …oleh suatu …from certain …dari pihak
Agreement Perjanjian ini by Seller or a oleh Penjual atau authorized perwakilan third parties in ketiga tertentu
to any third kepada pihak ke third-party on pihak ketiga atas representative berwenang respect of any sehubungan
party. tiga mana pun. Seller's behalf nama Penjual of each party. dari masing- transactions… dengan
masing pihak. transaksi…
2 Apply … shall also … juga akan that apply to yang berlaku The Terms Ketentuan- References to … Referensi untuk
apply berlaku all purchases untuk semua under this ketentuan shall not apply. … tidak berlaku
pembelian Document shall dalam
apply to all Dokumen ini
transactions… akan berlaku
terhadap
seluruh
transaksi …
Applicable Applicable Hukum yang … shall … memenuhi The terms, Ketentuan- …where required …sesuai
Laws Berlaku conform to semua spesifikasi conditions, ketentuan, pursuant to any yang telah
Wacana Vol. 21 No. 3 (2020)

all applicable yang berlaku and/or syarat-syarat applicable law… dipersyaratkan


specifications instructions dan/atau menurut hukum
shall be instruksi- yang berlaku…
applicable instruksi
to all current akan berlaku
purchase untuk…
orders….
3 Binding … shall be … hanya …shall be …adalah final dan …shall not be …tidak akan …are legally …secara hukum
non-binding akan bersifat final and mengikat para binding upon mengikat binding and mengikat
estimates only perkiraan saja binding on the pihak… Buyer… Pembeli… enforceable… dan dapat
yang tidak parties… dipaksakan…
mengikat
4 Deemed … deemed to …dianggap … shall not … tidak …shall be …akan …you will be …Anda akan
be included telah termasuk be deemed dianggap deemed to be dianggap deemed to be dianggap
accepted diterima an acceptance of merupakan providing your memberikan
the Terms… suatu consent… persetujuan…
penerimaan
atas Ketentuan-
ketentuan…
5 Compliance ….verify … compliance kepatuhan pada …furnished …diberikan …will not impair …tidak
compliance memverifikasi with laws; hukum; standar in strict dengan compliance mengganggu
by all entities kepatuhan safety keamanan dan compliance kepatuhan with… kepatuhan
of the Supplier semua and labor ketenagakerjaan with… ketat pada… terhadap…
group… entitas grup standards
Pemasok…
6 Hereby …they have …mereka telah Seller and Penjual dan Seller hereby Penjual dengan We hereby Kami dengan
requested, meminta, dan Apple hereby Apple dengan ini grants to ini memberikan grant you use ini mengizinkan
and do hereby dengan ini agree as sepakat sebagai Buyer, and kepada Pembeli, of the Trading Anda
confirm their menegaskan follows: berikut: Buyer hereby dan Pembeli Platform… penggunaan
request, permintaan accepts… dengan ini Platform
mereka menerima… Trading…
Haru D. Dewi et al., English legalese translation
467
Appendix 2
468

Inconsistently translated terms and expressions

No. Legalese Documents


A B C D
English Indonesian English Indonesian English Indonesian English Indonesian
1 Terms and …that any …bahwa This purchase Perjanjian Terms and Ketentuan- These terms and Syarat dan
Conditions terms and syarat-syarat agreement pembelian ini Conditions Ketentuan dan conditions and Ketentuan,
conditions dan ketentuan- (the (“Perjanjian”) Syarat-Syarat the Application Formulir
other than the ketentuan “Agreement”) menetapkan Form… Aplikasi…
Agreement... apapun di luar sets forth the syarat-syarat
Perjanjian terms and dan ketentuan
ini… conditions … …
2 Any and All ...any and ...segala …any and …setiap dan …on a pro rata …secara pro You must pay Anda harus
all relevant dan semua all claims seluruh klaim basis any and rata setiap to us any and membayar ganti
purchase Dokumen and assign dan mengalihkan all amounts… dan seluruh all costs and rugi terhadap
orders… Pemesanan to Apple kepada Apple jumlah… expenses… setiap dan
Pembelian any and all setiap dan semua semua biaya
(Purchase rights or any hak atau hak atas dan beban…
Order)… interests… Hasil Kerja…
3 Shall The Supplier Pemasok akan Seller shall Penjual harus Any purported Setiap ...we shall not be ...kami tidak
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shall be dianggap telah package all mengepak semua acceptance penerimaan liable for losses… bertanggung
deemed menerima… items in… barang dalam… containing dimaksud jawab atas
to have additional or yang berisi kerugian…
accepted… different terms persyaratan
shall be deemed persyaratan
… tambahan dan
berbeda akan
dianggap…
The Supplier Pemasok harus Seller shall Penjual akan Buyer shall Pembeli harus The Agreement Perjanjian ini
shall supply to memasok promptly…. dengan segera... discontinue menghentikan comes into effect mulai berlaku
the Buyer, the produk… further use of penggunaan on the date pada tanggal
products… such Licenses. selanjutnya atas we notify you saat kami
Lisensi tersebut. or first accept memberitahu
a trade from Anda atau
you, and shall pertama
supersede…. menerima
perdagangan
dari Anda,
dan akan
menggantikan…
…shipment ...pengiriman
of the Goods Barang atau
or beginning dimulainya
performance pelaksanaan Jasa
of any oleh Penjual
Services by merupakan
Seller shall persetujuan
constitute tersebut.
such assent.
4 May The Buyer Pembeli dapat Apple may, Apple, atas ...any liability ...suatu We may increase Kami dapat
may menetapkan at its option, pilihannya which may kewajiban our spread… meningkatkan
assign the sebagian … decline… sendiri, dapat be imposed yang mungkin spread…
Agreement in menolak… or threatened diberlakukan
part… against Buyer… atau diancamkan
terhadap
Pembeli…
Haru D. Dewi et al., English legalese translation

The Buyer Pembeli bisa …the spread … spread


may cancel a membatalkan may therefore be mungkin lebih
rejected PO… …PO yang larger or smaller besar atau lebih
ditolak than the spread kecil daripada
quoted… spread yang
dikutip…
469
5 Liability …without …tanpa penalti Apple may, Apple, atas ...any liability ...suatu …orders may be …order dapat
470

any penalty apapun atau at its option, pilihannya which may kewajiban executed which dieksekusi, dan
or further kewajiban atau decline to sendiri, dapat be imposed yang mungkin could cause hal ini dapat
obligation or liabilitas lebih accept the menolak or threatened diberlakukan liability for you; menimbulkan
liability: lanjut: Goods and menerima Barang against Buyer… atau diancamkan kerugian untuk
cancel the dan membatalkan terhadap Anda;
PO without PO tanpa Pembeli…
liability… menanggung
...no UGC ...UGC tidak The intention of Tujuan dari
kewajiban
shall be party boleh terlibat a Stop Order is to Stop Order
apapun…
to or have any atau memiliki limit the liability adalah untuk
liability for kewajiban of the trade. membatasi
payment of membayar kewajiban dari
such Products. Produk perdagangan.
tersebut.
...adequate ... asuransi Nothing in our Tidak ada dalam
general tanggung Agreement shall Perjanjian yang
liability jawab exclude or limit mengesam-
insurance…. umum yang our liability: pingkan atau
memadai…. membatasi
tanggung
jawab kami:
6 Prevail ... the parties ...semua pihak …the English …maka yang …the English …maka teks The FSA Rules Peraturan FSA
agree that setuju bahwa text shall berlaku adalah text shall bahasa Inggris will prevail akan mengatasi
Wacana Vol. 21 No. 3 (2020)

the English versi Inggris prevail … teks bahasa prevail…. yang akan over this Perjanjian ini…
version shall yang akan Inggris… berlaku…. Agreement….
prevail. digunakan.
...the market … kondisi
conditions and market dan
available quotes harga yang
that prevailed at tersedia yang
that time. berlaku di
waktu itu.
7 Expressly ...unless ...kecuali jika The parties Para pihak Buyer’s order Pesanan pembeli [Not found] [Not found]
expressly disetujui oleh expressly dengan tegas expressly limits secara tegas
agreed by kedua belah agree that… sepakat bahwa…. acceptance to membatasi
both parties. pihak. Terms…. penerimaan
Ketentuan-
ketentuan …
... unless ...kecuali Buyer and Seller Penjual dan
expressly dinyatakan expressly waive Pembeli dengan
stated as secara the applicability ini mengesam-
binding in the tersurat dalam of… pingkan
CTC. CTC. penerapan…
8 Termination ... with ...dengan Upon Setelah …prior to ...sebelum In the event of a Dalam hal
additional pihak ketiga termination pengakhiran the date of tanggal termination of terjadinya
third parties tambahan of this Perjanjian ini termination, pengakhiran, your Account, penghentian
entered yang dilakukan Agreement for atas alasan apa Akun Anda,
into before sebelum any reason, pun,
termination… pengakhiran…
The Perjanjian
Agreement ini akan
shall apply berlaku sampai
until the habis masa
expiry or berlakunya
termination…. atau sampai
pemutusan….
Haru D. Dewi et al., English legalese translation
471
9 Otherwise (whether such (baik apakah …implied …yang secara Unless Kecuali Pembeli ...(unless ...(kecuali
472

risk arises as a risiko tersebut by statute or tidak langsung Buyer directs memberikan the context terdapat konteks
result of non– timbul akibat otherwise. dinyatakan oleh otherwise… arahan yang otherwise lain)
conforming Produk yang undang-undang lain… requires)
Products or tidak sesuai atau lainnya.
otherwise). atau lainnya).
...except as ...kecuali jika Unless Kecuali disebut ...shall renew ...akan ...unless we ...kecuali kami
specified ditetapkan otherwise lain di bagian annually unless diperbarui setiap agree otherwise, setuju akan
otherwise sebaliknya specified on depan PO… otherwise tahun kecuali trade with us as hal sebaliknya,
in the PO or dalam PO atau the face of a terminated by sebaliknya principal; melakukan
CTC… CTC… PO… Buyer, diakhiri oleh transaksi dengan
Pembeli, kami sebagai
prinsipal;
Unless Kecuali bila
otherwise disebutkan
specified in a dalam CTC,
CTC,
(whether (baik yang
presented disampaikan
electronically secara
or otherwise) elektronik atau
dengan cara
lain)
Wacana Vol. 21 No. 3 (2020)
10 Notwithstan- [Not found] [Not found] Notwithstan- Tanpa Notwithstan- Meskipun (notwithstan- (tidak
ding ding anything mengabaikan ding anything terdapat ding any termasuk
to the contrary ketentuan yang to the contrary ketentuan payments or pembayaran
herein, tercakup dalam contained lainnya yang receipts of atau penerimaan
dokumen ini, herein, menetapkan charges or similar dari biaya atau
sebaliknya yang items) barang serupa)
terdapat dalam
Dokumen ini,
Notwithstan- Dengan tidak
ding the mengindahkan
foregoing, hal-hal tersebut
di atas,
11 Pursuant to ...required to ...diperlukan ...it will be ...sengketa All goods Seluruh barang …in respect …sehubungan
be put in place untuk diadakan resolved tersebut akan furnished yang diberikan of trades dengan trading
pursuant to sesuai dengan pursuant to diselesaikan pursuant to menurut undertaken yang dilakukan
(g); (g); Section 18 berdasarkan Buyer’s order pesanan Pembeli pursuant to this berdasarkan
below. Bagian 18 di shall be subject harus… Agreement Perjanjian ini
bawah ini. to…
...approved ...disetujui oleh …where required ...sesuai
by relevant pejabat yang pursuant to any yang telah
authorities berwenang applicable law… dipersyaratkan
pursuant atas Peraturan menurut hukum
to Data Perlindungan yang berlaku…
Protection Data.
Legislation.
12 In the event …on giving …pada saat In the event Apabila In the event Dalam hal
notice in the menyampaikan Seller fails to Penjual tidak of a breach by terjadi suatu
Haru D. Dewi et al., English legalese translation

event of a pemberita- deliver the menyerahkan Seller of any of pelanggaran


Force Majeure huan jika Goods… Barang… its representa- oleh Penjual
Event… terjadi Keadaan tions… atas salah satu
Kahar… dari pernyataan-
pernyataan…
473
13 Including but ...relevant ... hukum ...including …termasuk, (including, but (termasuk, ...anything ...apapun yang
474

not limited laws, terkait, but not namun tidak not limited to, tetapi tidak outside our diluar kendali
to/Including including but termasuk limited to, terbatas pada, disclosing the terbatas pada, reasonable kami, termasuk,
and without not limited to namun tidak any type of jenis asuransi. existence of pengungkapan control, tapi tidak
limitation government- terbatas pada insurance. this Document keberadaan including, but terbatas pada:
tal, legal, persyaratan and any other Dokumen not limited to: perubahan
regulatory pemerintah, documents dan seluruh any change of hukum…
and persyaratan related there to) dokumen lain law…
professional hukum, yang terkait
require- persyaratan dengannya)
ments… peraturan dan
persyaratan
professional…
...including ...termasuk ...all ...semua
without namun tidak information, informasi, baik
limitation, terbatas pada, whether tertulis atau
reimburse- ganti rugi oleh written lisan, dalam
ment by Pemasok… or oral, in bentuk apapun,
Supplier… any form, termasuk
including namun tidak
without terbatas pada
limitation, informasi yang
information terkait dengan…
relating to…
Wacana Vol. 21 No. 3 (2020)

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