IBTM6010X Lighting Engineering

http://ibse.hk/IBTM6010J/

Basic Concepts of Lighting

Ir Dr. Sam C. M. Hui

E-mail: [email protected]
http://ibse.hk/cmhui/

Sep 2021
Contents

• What is light?
• How the human eye works?
• Functions of the human eye
• What lighting can do?
• Lighting quality
What is light?
• The large majority of our impressions of the
world come through our eyes, and light is
necessary to vision
• Light is therefore the medium through which a
majority of people perceive the world
What is light?

• What is Light?
• Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation with
an electric field & a magnetic field oriented at
right angles and varies in magnitude in a direction
perpendicular to the propagation direction
 Basic properties of electromagnetic wave

(Source: https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/lightandcolor/electromaghome/)
(Source: https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/lightandcolor/electromaghome/)
 Visible spectrum of light

(Source: https://www.manufacturer.lighting/info/245/)
What is light?

• Electromagnetic spectrum
• Visible light (380 to 760 nm)
• Mr. ROY G. BIV (Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue,
Indigo, Violet)

• Ultraviolet (100 to 380 nm)

• Infrared (760 to 1,000,000 nm)
• Speed of light (in air) = 299 702 547 m/s
• = (wavelength, metres) x (frequency, Hertz)
 Planck’s equation showing photon energy vs. wavelength
Q = photo energy (J), h = Planck’s constant (6.623 x 10-34 J s),
c = speed of light (2.998 x 108 m s-1), λ = wavelength of radiation (m)

(Source: http://apps.usd.edu/coglab/schieber/pdf/handbook.pdf)
What is light?

• The behaviour of light

• Inverse square law E = I / d2
• Cosine law - the irradiance falling on any surface
varies with the cosine of the incident angle
• Eθ = E cos θ = (I / d2) cos θ
• Optical properties
• Reflection (specular, diffuse, spread, mixed, scattered)
• Transmission and absorption
• Refraction
• Diffraction
• Scattering and polarization
Inverse square law Cosine law
 Measurement of light

Luminous flux –
Luminous intensity –
Illuminance –
Luminance

(Source: The Lighting Handbook (Zumtobel) http://www.zumtobel.com/PDB/teaser/EN/lichthandbuch.pdf)

What is light?

• Tools to measure light:

• 1. Photometer (measures light intensity)
• (a) Luminance meters - determine visible energy output
of a light source
• (b) Illuminance meters - measure visible energy falling
on an object’s surface
• 2. Integrating sphere (measure luminous flux)
• 3. Spectrometer (assess spectral components)
• 4. Light/Lux meter (measure light levels)
 Light measurement tools

Luminance meter Illuminance meters

Integrating sphere Light/Lux meter

Spectrometer
Essential elements of light and human vision

[Color Science, Texas A&M University http://www.isc.tamu.edu/%7Eastro/color.html]

 Sight and brain pathway in human body

(Source: https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/backgrounders/how-we-see)
How the human eye works?

• The camera and the eye

• Similar principles

• Structure of human eye

• 1. Optical elements
• 2. The retina
• 3. Photoreceptors

Video: A Journey Through the Human Eye: How We See (2:39) https://youtu.be/gvozcv8pS3c
 Structure of the human eye

(Source: Source: Advanced Lighting Guidelines 2001, adapted from IESNA Lighting Handbook, 9th ed.)
How the human eye works?

• 1. Optical elements
• Cornea 角膜 – first “lens”, 70% of optical power
• Sclera 鞏膜 – whites of the eye
• Aqueous humour – liquid between cornea & iris
• Iris 虹膜 – coloured muscular ring around pupil
• Pupil 瞳孔 – hole into which light enters eye
• Crystalline lens – 2nd lens, 30% of optical power
• Vitreous humour – fluid filling the eye
(* See also http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/eye.html
and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye )
How the human eye works?

• 2. The retina 視網膜

• Photoreceptors
• Fovea – highly concentrated 2 degree field
allowing colour and fine detail vision
• Optic disk – “blind spot” pathway to end of the
optic nerve (deficient in receptors)
• 3. Photoreceptors
• Rods – 120 millions per eye
• Cones – 8 millions per eye
 Human eye and photoreceptors in the retina

(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell)
 Microscopic anatomy of the retina

(Source: https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/lightandcolor/humanvisionintro/)
 Distribution of rods and cones in the retina

Cone cell
peak

(Temporal side) (Nasal side)

(Source: adapted from IESNA Lighting Handbook, 9th ed.)

 Absorption spectra of the four human visual pigments

(Source: https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/lightandcolor/humanvisionintro/)
Functions of the human eye

• Functions performed by the eye

• 1. Adaptation
• 2. Accommodation
• 3. Eye movements
Functions of the human eye

• 1. Adaptation
• The process through which the eye changes its
sensitivity to respond to different levels of light
stimulation
• Such as from dim “moonlight” to clear sky “daylight”
• May take > 60 minutes for complete dark adaptation
• Pupil size – 64 distinct magnitudes of control
• Accounts for quantity of light entering eye and depth of
field
• Photochemical adaptation – over 1,000 levels
 Adaptation time from light to dark

(Source: The Science of Lighting, Signify)

Functions of the human eye

• 2. Accommodation
• A process to focus images onto the retina by
adjusting the curvature of the lens (by tightening
the ciliary muscles)
• Near point - closest distance at which objects can be
focused (about 100-750 mm)

(* See also http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/accom.html)

 Human eye accommodation range

(Source: https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/java/humanvision/accommodation/)
Functions of the human eye

• 3. Eye movements
• Each eye has six muscles to control the movement
of the eye
• Smooth pursuit movement – binocular
• Saccadic movement – “jumping” focus when
scanning areas
• Disjunctive eye movements – opposing eye
movements for different distances
 Binocular vision
with two eyeballs

(Source: https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/eye-disorders/biology-of-the-eyes/structure-and-function-of-the-eyes)
Functions of the human eye

• Field of view:
• The angular extent of what can be seen, either
with the eye or with an optical instrument
• The field of view of an individual human eye is
95° away from the nose, 75° downward, 60° toward
the nose, and 60° upward, allowing humans to
have an almost 180-degree forward-facing
horizontal field of view
 With both eyes, different angles of convergence for objects at different
distances help us to see depth

(Source: The Science of Lighting, Signify)

Functions of the human eye

• Common refractive errors in accommodation:

• Myopia (near-sightedness) 近視– cannot focus on far
objects [Image forms in front of the retina]
• Hyperopia (far-sightedness) 遠視 – cannot focus on
near objects [Image forms behind the retina]
• Astigmatism 散光 – a difference in horizontal vs.
vertical focus die to asymmetric cornea shape [Multiple
foci are formed]
• Presbyopia 老花 – cannot focus on near objects due to
loss of lens elasticity in the elderly [Near objects focus
behind the retina]
(* See also http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/eyedef.html)
 Cataracts (白內障) in the human visual system

(Source: https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/lightandcolor/humanvisionintro/)
 Examples of optical illusions

(Source: Basics of Light and Lighting, Philips Lighting Academy)

What lighting can do?

• “Lighting” is the application of light to spaces

• Have a major impact not only on vision and visual
comfort, but perception
• Can impact satisfaction, visibility, task
performance, safety, security, sales, mood and
atmosphere, aesthetic judgment and social
interaction
• Also tells a story about the space, such as whether
a restaurant is selling fast food or a fine dining
experience
 Examples of restaurant lighting design (fast food & fine dining)

(Source: https://www.luminancesys.com/pages/restaurant-lighting-design)
What lighting can do?

• Lighting design is the process of delivering

lighting to spaces
• It begins with a conversation with the owner about
organizational & user needs
• Who will be using the space?
• What are their lighting needs?
• What are the space characteristics?
• What business goals should the lighting support?
• What does the owner want the space to communicate?
• How important is energy efficiency & maintenance?
What lighting can do?

• Major visual effects of lighting

• 1. Colour perception: For an object to be perceived
a certain colour, that colour must be present both
in the object & the content of the light striking it
• 2. Focus: The human eye is naturally attracted to
the brightest area in the field of view
• 3. Space perception: The pattern of light in a space
can stimulate a psychological response
• 4. Modelling: The contrast of light & shadow can
reveal texture & add depth to objects & surfaces
 Lighting effect and psychological impact

(Source: https://www.lightnowblog.com/2016/03/introduction-to-lighting-design/)
 Modelling to reveal texture & add depth to faces, objects & surface

(Source: https://www.lightnowblog.com/2016/03/introduction-to-lighting-design/)
What lighting can do?

• Visual performance
• Major aspect: Provide adequate lighting for people
to carry out their visual tasks
• Visibility is defined by our ability to detect objects or
signs of given dimensions, at given distances & with
given contrasts with the background
• Visual performance is defined by the speed & accuracy
of performing a visual task
• Visual performance & consumption of electricity
for lighting should be in balance in order to
increase energy efficiency
 Relative visual performance as a function of
background luminance and target contrast

(Source: Halonen L.,1993. Effects of Lighting and Task Parameters on Visual Acuity and Performance, Thesis for the degree of Doctor of
Technology, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo.)
 Luminous
environment
and human
performance

(Source: Gligor V., 2004. Luminous Environment and Productivity at Workplaces, Thesis (Licentiate), Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo)
What lighting can do?

• Visual comfort
• It is highly dependent on the application
• Lighting that is considered comfortable in an
entertainment setting may be disliked and regarded as
uncomfortable in a working space
• Pleasantness of the visual environment and its
adaptation to the type of room & activity
• Many physical & physiological factors can
influence the perception of lighting quality
• Also long term effects of light on our health
 Considerations for visual comfort

(Source: https://www.archdaily.com/911210/let-there-be-light-key-indicators-to-describe-and-design-visual-comfort)
 The socio-psychological aspects of visual comfort

(Source: https://www.archdaily.com/911210/let-there-be-light-key-indicators-to-describe-and-design-visual-comfort)
What lighting can do?

• Factors affecting visual comfort

• Illuminance level
• Uniformity & light distribution in a space
• Glare & veiling reflections
• Formation of shadows in the space
• Flicker (fluctuation of light emitted by light source)
• Light colour characteristics
• Psychological aspects of light
• Light scenes judged w/ references & expectations
 Colour mood chart for psychology emotion

(Source: https://www.spiritedexchanges.ca/thrive-in-2018/b5-colour-mood-chart/)
Lighting quality

• 1. Lighting level
• To support visual performance for the tasks
• 2. Luminance contrast
• Luminance distribution within the field of view
• 3. Glare restriction
• Brightness levels within the visual field
• 4. Spatial distribution of the light
• Determines the pattern of illuminances that will be created
• 5. Colour and colour rendering
• Colour composition of the lighting & appearance
 The quality of the lighting depends on a number of factors

(Source: http://www.new-learn.info/packages/mulcom/comfort/visual/quality/content.html)
 Visual and non-visual effects of light

(Source: https://www.oledworks.com/news/blog/from-lumen-centric-to-human-centric/)
Lighting quality

• Non-visual effect of light

• Impact of lighting on human health, well-being &
visual performance
• Physiological mechanisms of the visual & non-
visual effects of light on humans
• Biological bases of photoreception & non-image-
forming vision at the cellular level
• Circadian lighting & human centric lighting
• Visual, emotional & biological effects
 Light has both visual and non-visual responses acting through the
different retinal photoreceptors and tracts in the nervous system

Eye and
Light Nervous system Physiology
retina
Vision
Rods Primary optic Occipital  Visual performance
Cones tract cortex  Figure recognition
 Movement perception
 Colour vision

Biological response
 Health & wellbeing
Intrinsically Synaptic  Biological rhythms
photosensitive Retinohypotha outputs  Hormonal action
retinal lamic tract in the  Cognitive performance
ganglion cells brain  Alertness
(ipRGC)  Body temperature
 Blood pressure
 Three aspects of non-visual effects of light*

(*Xiao X., Cai H. & Li X., 2021. Non-visual effects of indoor light environment on humans: A review, Physiology & Behavior, 228: 113195.)
 Human Centric Lighting (HCL) based on the biological effects of light

(Source: https://www.actis.co.in/human-centric-lighting-hcl-why-is-it-a-buzzword-in-the-lighting-industry)
 Design of different types of human centric lighting (HCL)

Circadian Lighting Energising Lighting

The light is not static but changes Light with a high blue component (or
throughout the day in terms of its colour cold white) and which energises the
and intensity. An installation of this type body, increasing performance as well as
promotes the necessary sleep-wake the ability to concentrate.
rhythm.

Relaxing Lighting Emotive Lighting

Light with a warm white tonality (with a Light that adapts to the chromatic
high red component) has a relaxing intensity and tonality, depending on the
effect on our body. emotional needs of the individual.

(Source: https://www.elt.es/en/human-centric-lighting)
 Entertainment lighting to synchronise with movies, music & games

(Source: https://www.philips-hue.com/en-hk/explore-hue/philips-hue-benefits)
Further Reading

• Lighting theory essentials (Philips Lighting/Signify)

https://www.signify.com/global/lighting-
academy/browser/course/lighting-theory-essentials
• Visual process of the eye (3:57)
https://youtu.be/Wx1bgW3eFEk
• Lighting vision (4:02) https://youtu.be/880FaL_9QJY
• Light and health (4:56) https://youtu.be/GbHGRMv7rDE
• Light@Work, by OSRAM [PDF]
• http://ibse.hk/IBTM6010J/Light_At_Work.pdf