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Computer Fundamentals

The document provides an overview of computer fundamentals including: 1. Computers take input through input devices like keyboards and mice, process data in the processing unit, and provide output through output devices like monitors and printers. 2. Computer memories include internal memories like RAM and ROM that temporarily and permanently store data respectively, as well as external memories like hard drives and CDs that are used to store larger amounts of data and software. 3. Operating systems allow users to interact with computers, with early systems like DOS using commands and modern systems using graphical interfaces like Windows.

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Adnan Sohail
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93 views

Computer Fundamentals

The document provides an overview of computer fundamentals including: 1. Computers take input through input devices like keyboards and mice, process data in the processing unit, and provide output through output devices like monitors and printers. 2. Computer memories include internal memories like RAM and ROM that temporarily and permanently store data respectively, as well as external memories like hard drives and CDs that are used to store larger amounts of data and software. 3. Operating systems allow users to interact with computers, with early systems like DOS using commands and modern systems using graphical interfaces like Windows.

Uploaded by

Adnan Sohail
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

COMPUTER:
Computer is an electronic machine. Which take input in the form of the data
and instructions through input unit. This input goes to its processing unit. Where data process
according to instruction and give output to output unit.

I/P UNIT PROCESS O/P UNIT

INPUT DEVICES:
i. Key Board
ii. Mouse

OUTPUT DEVICES:
i. Monitor
ii. Printer

PROCESSING UNIT:
i. Mother board
ii. Processor
iii. Memories
iv. Casing

DATA:
Facts and figures are called data.

INSTRUCTION:
The command which process the data called instruction.

DATA FORMATS:
i. Text
ii. Pictures
iii. Numbers
iv. Audio
v. Video

HARD WARE:
Physical components of computer system are called hard ware.

SOFTWARE:
The programs like (windows, Ms Word, Ms Excel) called software.

TYPES OF SOFTWARE’S:
i. OPERATING SYSTEM:
That software’s through which user can operate the
computer system like (Dos, Windows)
ii. APPLICTOIN SOFTWARE’S:
Those software’s in which user can create or run any
application called application software’s like (Ms Word,
Ms Excel, paint, internet etc)

COMPUTER MEMORIES:
Memories are use to store data. There are two types of
memories.

i. INTERNAL MEMORIES
ii. EXTERNAL MEMORIES

INTERNAL MEMORIES

RAM ROM

EXTERNAL MEMORIES

Drives of Computer System

RAM:
Ram stand for (Random Access Memory)

PROPERTIES:
i. Currently executed data store in ram.
ii. It is a temporary memory.
iii. It is a volatile memory.
iv. Random Access means to store and read without any sequence which
made it faster.
v. Physically ram is a module of ICs.
ROM:
Rom stand for (read only memory)

PROPERTIES:
i. It is use to store personal data of computer system.
ii. It is permanent memory
iii. It is a nonvolatile memory
iv. Physically it is a IC placed on mother board

EXTERNAL MEMORIES:
All the drives of computer system called external memories.

DRIVES OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM:


1. Floppy Drive
2. Hard Disk Drive
3. Cd Rom Drive

FLOPPY DRIVE:
Use to store data and data transportation.

HARD DISK DRIVE:


Use to store data and software’s.

CD ROM DRIVE:
Use to store data and data transportation and installation of software’s

ACCESS LETTERS OF DRIVES:


1. Floppy Drive ( A,B )
2. Hard Disk Drive (C,D,E,F)
3. Cd Rom Drive (G)

MEMORIES UNITS:
Basic unit of memory is called Bit (binary digit)

8bits = 1 byte
1024 bytes = 1KB
1024 KB = 1 MB
1024 MB = 1 GB
1024 GB = 1 TB

FILE:
File contains data. Data may be text, pictures, numbers, audio and video. File having
two parts.

(i) File name (ii) File extension

LETTER.DOC

 File name represents its name


 File extension represents its type

COMMON TYPES OF FILES:

1. SYSTEM FILES:
System files run the operating system. The extension of system files is (sys)
For Example:
Ms Dos run through (MSDOS. SYS and IO.SYS files)
2. PROGRAM FILES/ EXECUTABLE FILES:
Program files run the application software’s on operating system. The
extension of the program file is (EXE or COM)
For Example:
Ms Word runs through (winword.exe)
Paint runs through (Ms Paint.exe)
Command prompt runs through(Command .com)

3. USER DATA FILES:


These files are created by the user in any application software. The extension
of these files changed by program to program.
For Example:
Ms Word______ doc
Excel ______ xls
Paint ______ Bmp

FOLDER/ DIRECTORY:
Folder is a portion which contains files & sun folders. It is only a name.

OPERATING SYSTEMS:
1. DOS (CUI) COMMAND USER INTERFACE:
In (CUI) user can operate the computer system through commands.

2. WINDOWS (GUI) GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE:


In (GUI) user can operate the computer system through graphics.
DOS (DISK OPERATING SYSTEM):

Dos run through the following files.

i. Command. Com
ii. Io.sys
iii. Ms Dos.sys

Dos interface is called DOS prompt


A:\>-
C:\>-

In Dos user operate the computer through Dos commands. There are two categories of
commands.
i. DOS INTERNAL COMMANDS
ii. DOS EXTERNAL COMMANDS

INTERNAL DOS COMMANDS :


Internal Dos commands load through command.com file in computer memory.

a) DIR (display the list of files and directory)


b) CLS (clear the last screen)
c) CD (change directory)
d) MD (make directory)
e) RD (remove directory)
f) DATE (display and change the current date)
g) TIME (display and change the current time)
h) VOL (display the volume label of the drive)
i) VER (display the version of the O/S)
j) COPY (copy files from one location to other location)

EXTERNAL DOS COMMANDS :


External Dos commands run through their executable files.

a) Label (display and change the volume label of drive )


Run through Label.EXE file

b) Diskcopy (Make a copy of Floppy disk to Floppy Disk )


Run through diskcopy.EXE file

c) XCOPY (Copy Directories, sub directories and files from one


location to other location)
Run through xcopy.exe file
d) SYS (Copy DOS bootable files from one drive to other
drive)
Run through sys.com file

e) Format (Formatting of HDD or Floppy Disk)


Run through format.com file

f) DATE (display and change the current date)


g) TIME (display and change the current time)
h) VOL (display the volume label of the drive)
i) VER (display the version of the O/S)
j) COPY (copy files from one location to other location)

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