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Reading Comprehension. Andres IP4A

There are currently 27 offshore oil and gas platforms in California waters. State and federal laws require platforms to be decommissioned by removing the entire structure and returning the seabed to its original state. Some platforms may be incorporated into artificial reef programs. From the 1960s to 1990s, 24 production facilities were installed off the central and southern California coast to extract oil and gas from rich offshore formations. Worldwide there are about 6,000 offshore platforms extracting hydrocarbons from coastal waters. Platforms are installed by driving support legs into the seabed and attaching the steel jacket structure that sits above the water and guides pipes for oil and gas.

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Andres Rodriguez Contreras
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68 views

Reading Comprehension. Andres IP4A

There are currently 27 offshore oil and gas platforms in California waters. State and federal laws require platforms to be decommissioned by removing the entire structure and returning the seabed to its original state. Some platforms may be incorporated into artificial reef programs. From the 1960s to 1990s, 24 production facilities were installed off the central and southern California coast to extract oil and gas from rich offshore formations. Worldwide there are about 6,000 offshore platforms extracting hydrocarbons from coastal waters. Platforms are installed by driving support legs into the seabed and attaching the steel jacket structure that sits above the water and guides pipes for oil and gas.

Uploaded by

Andres Rodriguez Contreras
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Reading comprehension

 Andres Rodríguez Contreras IP4A


There are currently 27 offshore California oil and gas
platforms. State and federal laws require that a rig be
decommissioned at the end of its hydrocarbon
production life and completely disposed of unless the.
The rig removal practice uses explosives or mechanical
techniques below the seabed to cut the jacket so that it
can be removed and brought to shore for limited
recycling and / or final placement in a landfill.
Means can be used to break large pieces of concrete
and metal in order to demolish facilities.
During decommissioning, the platform is completely
removed and the seabed is returned to its previous
unobstructed state.
lease condition. The reef option has been most popular
in the Gulf of Mexico, where thousands of rigs have been
installed and removed and about 11% of the rigs
dismantled have been incorporated into state artificial
reef programs.
From the mid-1960s through the late 1990s, 24 oil and
gas production facilities were installed in federal waters
off the California coast in a scattered chain from the San
Luis Obispo coast to Orange counties. . These facilities
were installed to produce hydrocarbons, mainly oil and
some smaller amounts of gas, from the rich formations
that stretch from inland to offshore along the central and
south-central coast.

Platform Production.
The structures are offshore platforms that were created
for the extraction of hydrocarbons and other minerals.
Worldwide, there are about 6,000 offshore platforms that
extract oil and natural gas from below the global OCS in
water depths of 30 to 7200 feet from 1 to 120 miles
offshore. Rigs have been installed and are actively
producing oil and gas along the coasts of Asia, the
Middle East, the Mediterranean, Africa, Northern and
Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand, South
America, Mexico, North America and Canada, with the
highest number in the Gulf of Mexico. About 3,000 of
those structures are located in US federal waters in the
Gulf of Mexico, most off Louisiana and Texas, and
perhaps another 1,000 in Gulf state waters. The first
offshore oil well (out of sight of land) in the United States
was brought in by Kerr-McGee in 1947 in the Gulf of
Mexico.

Platform installation
A jacket is a steel support structure that rests on the
ocean floor and has columns or legs that extend from
below the seabed to the surface of the sea. The piles
are driven through the tubular legs of the jacket into the
seabed to hold the jacket in place.
Most fixed platforms are typically found in shallow water,
but some fixed platforms are located in water depths
between 400 feet and 1400 feet. Deeper water
production facilities are floating, sleeveless structures
that are tied to the seabed.
Fixed steel platforms for oil production are installed by
driving steel support legs (hollow piles) deep into the
seabed. Machinery and work personnel sit on the water
supported by a steel jacket net under the water. The
vertical conduit tubes that carry the oil and gas to the
platform superstructure from below the seabed are
guided into place through the shell structure. The
submerged jacket is reinforced by cross beams.
Horizontal, diagonal and oblique tubular beams extend
around the perimeter of the jacket and reach into and
through the deck.

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