Shs Els Module 4

This document provides an overview of rocks and their classification. It discusses that rocks are aggregates of minerals and are classified into three main types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic based on how they are formed. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form through accumulation and cementation of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to pre-existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical processes. The document also provides details on the formation, characteristics, and examples of the three rock types.

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Shs Els Module 4

Uploaded by

Charleston S. Ortega

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Earth and Life Science

Quarter 1 – Module 4: Rocks

Lesson
Rocks
1
2
Petrology is the scientific study of rocks. Rocks are combined aggregation of minerals. Petrologist
classified rocks based on how they were formed. In general, rocks are classified as igneous, sedimentary,
and metamorphic rock.

What’s In

This module contains activities that will enhance the teaching-learning process among learners about
the minerals. It deals with the characteristics of rocks and the properties exhibited by the rock. As the
learner answers the questions, they will able to classify and understand the concepts about three types
of rocks. They will understand the process of their formation. Moreover, they will develop awareness on
the importance of rocks to our daily life.

Notes to the Teacher

This module aims to develop learner’s awareness on the
characteristics of rocks and the processes of their formation. This
further develop their skills in classifying the rocks.

2
What is It

Earth is a solid rock to a depth of 2,900 kilometers, where mantle meets the liquid outer core. A rock is a
naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals. The aggregate minerals forming the rocks
are held together by chemical bonds. Grains can be different in color, texture, and sizes. Geologists then
group rocks into three categories based on how the rocks form: igneous sedimentary and metamorphic
rock. Petrology is the scientific study of rocks. Petrologists classify rocks based on how they were
formed.

Three types of Rocks

Igneous- formed from hardening and crystallization of magma or molten material that originates deep
within the earth.
Two types of igneous rock:
A. Extrusive/Volcanic rock - forms when magma makes its way to Earth’s surface as lava and then
cools. The crystals are very small (fine grained) since the cooling process is fast.
B. Intrusive/Plutonic - It cools slowly beneath the Earth surface and are created by magma. The
intrusive igneous rocks have very large crystals (coarse grained). Igneous rocks are classified based on
1. Composition
FELSIC - light in color; feldspar and silicates
MAFIC - dark in color; made up of magnesium and iron
INTERMEDIATE – between mafic and felsic
ULTRAMAFIC - very dark color
2. Texture- overall appearance of rock
Aphanistic - fine grained
Phaneritic- coarse grained
Porphyritic- large crystals with small crystals
Glassy- non-ordered solid from rapid quenching Pyroclastic-
composite of ejected fragments Examples:
Obsidian, pumice, basalt, granite, diorite, gabbro
Sedimentary rocks provide information about surface conditions that existed in the Earth’s past.
● Particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of materials called sediments, accumulate in
layers and over long period of time harden into rocks.
● Compaction-due to increase of pressure of layered sediments it bind together to form the
sedimentary rocks.

Three types of sedimentary rocks

a. Clastic Sedimentary rock - formed from accumulation of clasts: little pieces of broken rocks and
shells.
Examples: conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, shale
b. Chemical - formed when dissolved minerals precipitate from a solution.
Example: Halite - formed when a body of seawater becomes closed off and evaporates.
c. Organic - rocks formed from the accumulation of animal debris

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Example: Coal - composed of organic matter in the form of plants fragments.

Metamorphic - forms from pre-existing rocks: metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary

Examples: Quartzite, marble, slate, phyllite

Metamorphism - transformation of one rock type into another.

2 types of metamorphism
1. R egional-due to changes in pressure and temperature over large region of the crust
2. C ontact-mainly by heat due to contact with magma

Classification:
a. T exture - refers to the size arrangement ad grains within the rock.
b. Foliation - any planar arrangement of mineral grains or structural features within the rock.
*foliated - appeared banded or layered, contains crystals Example: mica Non-
foliated - made up of only few minerals

4
Collect at least five rock samples in your place and take a photo of the samples. Describe the
characteristics of each rock depending on their appearance, texture, color, and layers (or bands). Then
classify them as to igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rock.