Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

11 Zest for Progress

Z Peal of artnership

Reading and Writing

Quarter 3 – Module 5:
TYPES OF CLAIMS IN A WRITTEN TEXT

Name of Learner: ___________________________

Grade & Section: ___________________________
Name of School: ___________________________
Reading and Writing - Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 5: Types Of Claims In A Written Text

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein
the work is created shall be necessary for the exploitation of such work for a profit. Such agency or
office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.)
included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted
to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The
publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer/s: Mary Grace T. Ramos, LPT

Lito L. Valesco, LPT

Editor: John Philip M. Eijansantos, LPT

Reviewers: Florenda H. Quinte, P.D.

Valeria Fides G. Corteza, Ph. D.
EPS- English

Layout Artist: John Philip M. Eijansantos, LPT

Management Team:
Roy C. Tuballa, EMD.JD.CESO VI
Jay S. Montealto, CESO VI
Norma T. Francisco, DM
Mildred D. Dayao, Ed.D.
Valeria Fides G. Corteza, Ph. D.
Aida Coyme, Ed. D.

Printed
Printedininthe
thePhilippines
Philippinesby ________________________
Department
Department of Education – Region
EducationRegion IX –IXZamboanga Peninsula
Office Address: ____________________________________________
Office Address: Pres. Corazon C. Aquino Regional Government
____________________________________________
Center, Balintawak, Pagadian City, Zamboanga del
Telefax: ____________________________________________
Sur Province 7016
E-mail Address:
Telefax: ____________________________________________
(062) 215-3753, 215-3751, 991-1907, 215-3789
E-mail Address: [email protected]
 What I Need to Know

In this lesson, we're going to discuss the types of claims in a written text.

In this module, you are expected to;

Identify claims explicitly or implicitly made in a written text.

a. Claim of Fact
b. Claim of Policy
c. Claim of Value

Objectives:
1. Identify the types of claims in a written text.
2. Differentiate between and among the types of claim

What I Know

Directions: Identity which type of claim the statement is making. (FACT, VALUE, POLICY)

____1. Excessive consumption of alcohol can lead to many illnesses.

____2. Honesty is the best policy.
____3. Television newscasting influences the way Americans think about social and
political issues.
____4. The Bates GRE Study Guide is an excellent tutorial for students preparing to
take the GRE
____5. To attract more nontraditional students, this college must review and revise its
course offerings.
____6. The existence of nuclear weapons has prevented the outbreak of World War
III.
____7. An improved sewer system would solve these flood drainage problems.
____8. America should protect its domestic industries with tariffs and quotas.
____9. Obesity can cause heart disease.
____10. 20% of Americans believe that the U.S. has never landed on the moon.
a. Obvious and apparent
b. Not expressed clearly
c. true in some cases
d. maybe incorrect

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1. Read the passage and answer the question. Maria was getting ready to walk to
church. She put on her sandals and grabbed her sling bag. As she was leaving, her
mother said, "Good luck. Be careful." Which of the following is explicitly stated in the
paragraph?
A. Maria is going to have her first communion
B. Maria is going to see her friend
C. Maria put on her sandals and grabbed her sling bag.
D. Maria is always punctual in church services.

2. Read the passage and answer the question. Maria was getting ready to walk to church.
She put on her sandals and grabbed her sling bag. As she was leaving, her mother said,
"Good luck. Be careful." Which of the following is implicitly stated in the paragraph?
A. Maria is going to have her first communion
B. Maria is going to see her friend
C. Maria put on her sandals and grabbed her sling bag.
D. Maria is a churchgoer.

3. What is the meaning of the term "implicit"?

A.Obvious and apparent

B. may be incorrect
C. true in some cases
D. Not expressed clearly

4. Identify explicit information. Maryjane ran down the stairs in her school building.
She waited for a tricycle around the corner, and after a few minutes, she held up her
arm to stop the approaching tricycle. When she hopped in, she said, "Please take me to
Doctor's hospital."
A. Maryjane's car was broken
B. Maryjane has not enough money to pay for a taxi.
C. Maryjane was visiting her sick mother.
D. Maryjane waited for a tricycle around the corner

5. Identify the implicit information. Maryjane ran down the stairs in her school building.
She waited for a tricycle around the corner, and after a few minutes, she held up her
arm to stop the approaching tricycle. When she hopped in, she said, "Please take me to
Doctor's hospital."
A. Maryjane was visiting a sick relative.
B. Maryjane has not enough money to pay for a taxi.

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 C. Maryjane's car was broken
D. Maryjane waited for a tricycle around the corner.

6. What is the meaning of the word "claim"?

A. To acquire
B. To assert something
C. To reject
D. To possess
7. Identify explicit information. Marissa held her grandmother's hand as she crossed the
busy parking lot. They walked into a grocery store. Marissa assisted her in selecting the
grocery items to be bought. "Here," said grandma, "You can hold my shopping list."
A. Marissa and her grandma went to the grocery store.
B. Marissa was given a choice to pick any items she liked.
C. Grandma often shops in that grocery store.
D. Marissa went to the store.

8. Identify the implicit information. Marissa held her grandmother's hand as she crossed
the busy parking lot. They walked into a grocery store. Marissa assisted her in selecting
the grocery items to be bought. "Here," said grandma, "You can hold my shopping list."
A. Marissa and her grandma went to the grocery store.
B. Marissa was given a choice to pick any items she liked.
C. Grandma needed the assistance of Marissa.
D. Grandma had lots of grocery items to buy.

9. Which among the statements does not express an explicit message

A. Please leave clear directions for the housekeeper, so she knows what needs to be
done.
B. Gay marriage is still unacceptable in our culture.
C. You should not support the death penalty as capital punishment.
D. All children, except one, grow up.

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Lesson TYPES OF CLAIMS IN A WRITTEN

1 TEXT

What's In

You have learned the "EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT CLAIMS IN A TEXT"

text in the previous lesson. You were supposed to understand that being a writer, you
must have the first critical reading scheme.

• Critical reading is necessary for judging the text's reliability through the study of
implicit and explicit information. This information may lead to various claims, such
as rooted in history or science (claims of fact). Some claims demand action because
certain policies' present conditions are no longer effective (claims of the policy). Also,
claims assert an idea's morality based on certain standards or preferences (claims of
value).

• Explicit information is any idea that is stated or found in the text.

With explicit information, you see the text's clear or obvious meaning—no need to
explain.

• If something is implied (or implicit), the text is being suggested through the text's
details, which serves as a clue to get the right meaning of the text.

The idea is not clear. It needs analysis or deep thinking; thus, one needs to read between
the lines.

Types of Claims

1. Claims of Fact. (existence of something/definition or classification/facts -- inferences

about past present or future)

Types of factual claims (generally "objective")

1. Factual / historical
2. Relational - causal connections
3. Predictive

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 proof requires:

4. sufficient and appropriate grounds

1. reliable authority
2. recent data
3. accurate, typical data
4. clearly defined terms -no loaded language
5. a clear distinction between fact and inference.

2. Claims of Value (taste & morals / good-bad) [make value judgments/ resolve conflict
between values/ quasi policy (rightness of it; relative merit)]

proof requires:

1. Establishing standards of evaluation (i.e. a warrant that defines what constitutes

instances of the relevant value)
2. note the priority of the value in this instance.
3. Establish the advantage (practical or moral) of your standards.
4. Use examples to clarify abstract values
5. Use credible authorities for support.

3. Claims of Policy (action / should or ought) - usually involves sub-claims of fact and
value

proof requires:

1. Making proposed action clear

2. need (justification)
3. plan, (must be workable)
4. benefit (advantages)
5. consider opposition / counter arguments

Claims of Fact:

➢ Did it happen?
➢ Does it exist?
➢ Is it true?
➢ Is it a fact?

Example:

When you insist a paper was turned in on time even if the professor cannot find it, or that you
were not exceeding the speed limit when a police officer claims that you were, you are
making claims of fact.

Claims of Value:

➢ Is it good or bad?
➢ How bad?
➢ How good?
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 ➢ Of what worth is it?
➢ Is it moral or immoral?
➢ Who thinks so?
➢ What do those people value?
➢ What values or criteria should I use to determine its goodness or badness?

Example:

When you claim that sororities and fraternities are the best extracurricular organizations for
college students to join, you are making a claim of value.

Claims of value, as their name implies, aim at establishing whether the item being discussed is
either good or bad, valuable or not valuable, desirable or not desirable.

Claims of Policy:

➢ What should we do about it?

➢ How should we act?
➢ What should our future policy be?
➢ How can we solve this problem?
➢ What concrete course of action should we pursue to solve the problem?

Example:

When you claim that all new students should attend orientation or that all students who
graduate should participate in graduation ceremonies, you are making claims of policy.

A claim of policy often describes a problem and then suggests ways to solve it.

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 What's New

Students are expected to be able to read and evaluate arguments or opinions in a text but,
not all students are given an equal opportunity to be taught in depth on how to do it. Hence,
many learners develop low self-esteem in engaging reading meaningfully.

The problem is no longer with the students; it is a problem

of lack on training and practice in our current educational
system. In fact, everyone can learn to read and evaluate an
argument if resources are readily made available. Analyzing
a text in a formal argument presented by an author should be
seen beyond than a mere of something one does for a class.
It is a basic life skill that everyone must practice to be able to make reading engagement fruitful
and helpful in our life. Readers must be made aware that the goal of an author is to convey and
persuade, by providing arguments supported with evidences thus, expect them to change their
attitude, belief, or behavior. This poses a challenge to readers. It will now test the ability of the
readers to analyze a text, react, verify issues, affirming one's value, and make a stance that
would lead to yield right decisions for the betterment of oneself, community and industries. On
same note, readers should also be made fully aware that an opinion, idea, assertion, and
arguments cover certain claims. And there are three types of claim: Fact, Value, and Policy
Claim.

What is a Claim?

A claim is an arguable statement – an idea that a speaker or writer expects an audience to

accept. A claim is an opinion, idea, or assertion. Here are some examples: "I think we should
protest the Anti-Terror Bill." "I believe that the present administration has no concrete plans to
fight COVID-19". "We need Modernization." These three claims might all be valid, but it
should be supported with evidence to reach an audience's agreement.

The word claim comes from the Latin word clamare, which means "to cry out, shout."
Hence, with the definition of a claim, this can then be argued, verified, or disproved. A claim
deals with the searching for agreement from the audience to agree with the statement or
discourse. It also involves anticipation from the audience's agreement and anxiousness that they
might disagree with. A claim must pose two sides of a coin. It is a question of whether the
audience will agree or not. Because a claim with a certain answer, whether to agree or not to
agree, is not a claim.

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Three (3) types of claim in a Written Text
1. The claim of fact. A claim asserts some empirical truth. It is an assertion of:
• A condition that has existed exists or will exist.
• The truth of an assertion to be ascertained by an event. The speaker will give information
and offer an explanation that characterized the events.
• An argument with strong evidence presented as a reason for the arguer's belief in the
claim.
Examples:
1. Action research is conducted to respond to the needs of the students.
2. Illegal mining has already become an issue in the Philippines.
3. School is the most important part of education.

2. A claim of value. A claim asserts judgment. It is an

assertion of:
• Look for keywords that are a matter of judgment rather than fact, such as: good, well,
kind, useful, desirable, etc.
• Authors offer reasons for their judgment, with the ultimate goal of getting the reader's
agreement with the reasons rather than comparing to the fact that establishes assent to
the claim.
• A claim is based on things we like or dislike. Hence, it deals with the goal of what value
us most.
• The authors' argument is based on judgment or value and does not necessarily carry out
facts. Disagreements overvalue importance for us to determine how one presented his
or her point over certain belief.
• An argument usually gets the other person's approval because the claim's underlying
value proves to be acceptable as a public good.
Examples:
1. Living in a city is more productive than living in the countryside.
2. Saying "OPO" is the highest form of respect.
3. Staying with a family with limited resources is more valuable than working abroad.
3. A claim of Policy. A claim asserts that an action should be taken.
• Be careful to call that some actions be taken.
• Take note of the keywords "should," "ought," or "must. These words may not be present
all the time, but the author's purpose is usually to call for an action to be taken if they
are.
• The most difficult thing in an argument is to decide whether we should take action or
not in any of the claims.
• An argument usually turns on whether the reasons for taking action compensates for the
possible costs of taking action.
Examples:
1. Deforestation should be eradicated in the Philippines.
2. The government should pursue scholarship programs, especially to those
identified marginalized sectors affected by COVID-19.

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 3. Child Protection Policy should be implemented in the school system.

What Is It
Directions: Read the statements below carefully and identify the types of claims written in a
text used. Write A for Claim of Fact
B for Claim of Policy
C for a claim of value on the space provided before the number.

____1. Basketball is more exciting than football.

____2. Mercury is the closest planet to earth.
____3. Law is a prestigious profession than Medicine.
____4. The Department of Health should impose mass testing amid an increase of
COVID-19 cases in the country.
____5. The School Principal should recommend for strict policy on "NO ID, NO
ENTRY".
.

What's More

Activity: Try to write claims (fact, value, and policy) with the issue of social
media and bullying.

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 What I Have Learned

A Claim is an arguable statement – an idea that a speaker or writer expects

an audience to accept. A claim is an opinion, idea, or assertion. Here are some
examples: "I think we should protest the Anti-Terror Bill." "I believe that the present
administration has no concrete plans to fight COVID-19". "We need Modernization."
These three claims might all be valid, but it should be supported with evidence to get
the agreement of an audience.

Three (3) types of claim in a Written Text

Characteristics Claim of Fact Claim of Value Claim of Policy

Assertion A claim asserts some A claim that asserts A claim asserts that an
empirical truth judgment. action should be taken
Meaning A condition that has Author's argument is Argument usually
existed, exists, or will based on judgement or turns on whether the
exists. value and does not reasons for taking the
necessarily carried out action compensates the
Argument with strong facts. Disagreements possible costs of
evidence presented as over values is taking the action.
reason for arguer's important for us to
belief in the claim. determine how oneself Take note of the key
presented his or her words "should,"
point over certain "ought" or "must.
belief. These words may not
be present all the time,
An argument usually but the author's
gets the other person's purpose is usually to
approval because the call for an action to be
underlying value of the taken if they are.
claim is accepted as a
public good.

10
 What I Can Do

Directions: Read the instruction below, then answer that question that follows;

Jess was an officer in the military. Everyone admired him for his erect posture. But, jess
felt some discomfort in his back which made it difficult for him to maintain his bearing.
Seeing a doctor he was diagnosed to have a pinched nerved or herniated disc. The doctor
explained that there are three treatments for his back: back surgery, chiropractic treatment
or exercise / postural / massage restraining.

Questions:
1. Give claims of fact?
2. Give claims of value?
3. Give claims of policy?

Assessment

Directions: Directions Read each item carefully and answer the following questions. Write the
letter of the correct answer in your paper.

____1. Living with parents after marriage is ______7. Which of the following
being practical. statements is TRUE about Claim?
a. Claim of Fact c. Claim of Policy a. Is an opinion, idea, or assertion that need
b. Claim of Value d. Claim to be backed up with evidence and
____2. Students should wear their reasoning.
identification card inside the school campus. b. It is not just something doing in a class
a. Claim of Fact c. Claim of Policy but useful skill.
b. Claim of Value d. Argument c. Certain that the audience will agree.
d. Does not attempt to search for an
____3. Advocates should heighten their call
agreement
for gender equality in the workplace.
___8. Which of the following types of claim
a. Claim c. Claim of Policy
Asserts matter of judgment than a fact?

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 b. Claim of Value d. Claim of Fact a. Claim c. Claim of Fact
____ 4. Good Moral and Right Conduct b. Claim of Policy d. Claim of Value
(GMRC) integration should be made of the ___9. The School Principal of Baliwasan
Curriculum. Senior High School-Stand Alone asserts for
a. Claim of Fact c. Claim of Policy an action to be taken on Child Protection
b. Claim of Value d. Argument Policy. What type of claim is that?
____ 5. It's more fun in the Philippines a. Claim of Fact c. Claim of Policy
a. Claim of Fact c. Claim b. Claim of Value d. Argument
b. Claim of Value d. Claim of Policy __10. A claim that asserts judgment for the
____ 6. The following are Policy claim, good of many people.
except. a. Claim c. Claim of Fact
a. There should be a recommendation b. Claim of Policy d. Claim of Value
to stop the opening of classes in August.
b. Mass Testing for COVID-19 should
be implemented immediately.
c. We need to wear face mask all the
time.
d. The City Councilors of Zamboanga
must declare the City as COVID
free.

Additional Activities

Directions: To strengthen your understanding of types of claims, take this nine-question self-
test. See if you can identify which type of claim the statement is making, then check the answer.
_____1. Vaping can lead to increased blood pressure, lung disease, and insulin
resistance.
_____2. The basic keys to success are perseverance and discipline.
_____3. Studies have shown that exposure to violent media is a risk factor for violent
behaviors.
_____4. The Career Support Network is an excellent resource for people who are
considering a mid-life career change
_____5. To ensure that graduates are competitive for top jobs in their fields,
the college must put additional resources into its career services office and
internship programs.

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 Answer Key

10.D 10.A 10.A

9. C 9. A 9. A
8. D 8. A 8. A
7. A 7. A 7. A
6. C 6. A 6. A
5. B 5. A 5. B
4. C 4. D 4. D
3. C 3. A 3. C
2. C 2. A 2. A
1. B 1. A 1. D

Assessment What's More What I Know

References
For further reading, please follow these links:

“ Explicit and Implicit Claims in a Text ” , .Tine Lachica. accessed June 20, 2020, Source:
https://www.slideshare.net/tinelachica 04/readinglesson-7-explicit-and-implicit-claims-in-a-
text?from_action= save (

"The QTS Literacy Skills Test Support Book," Steve Padget, accessed June 20, 2020. Source:
https://www.steveslearning. com/ QTS%20Lit%20support/Comprehension%20-
%20Explicit%20 and% 20Implicit.pdf

"Reading and Writing First Quarter Period Properties of a Well-Written Text," M. Tan (nd), accessed
June 20, 2020. Source: https://www.slideshare.net/tinelachica04/readinglesson-7-explicit-and-
implicit-claims-in-a-text

13
 Development Team

Writers: Mary Grace T. Ramos, SHST -II

Baliwasan Senior High School Stand-Alone

Lito L. Valesco. , SHST-II

Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School
Stand-Alone Senior High School

Editor/QA: John Philip M. Eijansantos, LPT

Reviewer: Florenda H. Quinte, Ph. D.

Valeria Fides G. Corteza, Ph. D.
EPS- English

Layout Artist: John Philip M. Eijansantos, LPT

Management Team:
Roy C. Tuballa, EMD.JD.CESO VI
Jay S. Montealto, CESO VI
Norma T. Francisco, DM
Mildred D. Dayao, Ed.D.
Valeria Fides G. Corteza, Ph. D.
Aida Coyme, Ed. D.

14