10

Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 8:
Polynomial Equations
Mathematics – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 8: Polynomial Equations
First Edition, 2020

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 What I Need to Know

This module is designed for you to understand the concept of polynomial equations
and how it is illustrated.

At the end of this module, you will able to illustrate polynomial

equations (M10AL-Il-1).

What I Know

One of the ways of solving polynomial equation is by finding the roots. This can be
done either by extracting, factoring or simply equating the factors to zero. Do you
still remember Addition Property of Equality? We will be using that to solve for the
roots if factors of a polynomial are given.

Come on, let us complete the table and answer the questions that follow. Identify the
degree, real roots of the equation and the number of real roots. The first one is done
for you.

Polynomial Equation Degree Real Roots of Number of

an Equation Real Roots

1. (x+1)2(x-5) = 0 3 -1, -1, 5 3

2. x – 4 = 0

3. (x+4)(x-4) = 0

4. (x – 2)(x + 3)(x – 1) = 0

5. x(x - 4)(x + 5)(x – 1) = 0

6. (x – 1)(x – 3)3 = 0
 7. (x + 3) (x – 5)3 = 0

8. (x + 1)5(x – 1)2 = 0

9. (x2 – 4)(x – 3)3 = 0

10. (x - √2 )6(x + √2 )6 x4 = 0

1. How did you get the roots of the polynomial equation when the polynomial is
expressed as a product of linear factors?

2. What can you say about the degree of the polynomial and the number of its roots?

Lesson

8 Polynomial Equations

This module will teach you illustrate polynomial equations. On your previous
lessons, it was discussed the product of terms, whether monomial, binomial or even
more. The product of which is what we called polynomial.

Polynomial expression and polynomial equation are the same on the components
that they are combination of constant and variables, the only difference is that
polynomial are merely phrases of elements, while, polynomial equation from the word
itself equation has an equal sign and usually equal to zero.

What’s In

Remember addition property of equality? Addition Property of Equality implies that

whatever added to the right side of the equation, must be added as well to the left
side of the equation, and will not affect the solution. This property is use if we want
to get the value of a variable with a constant equated to zero.
 Applying it here, let us solve for the roots of the following.

1. x–2=0 ______________

2. x+3=0 ______________

3. x (x – 4) = 0 ______________

4. (x + 1) (x – 3) = 0 ______________

5. x2 – 6x + 9 = 0 ______________

Show the solution you did for you to get the roots of the given.

Notes to the Teacher

Basic knowledge on factoring and extracting roots are
needed to fully understand polynomial equation, its
illustration and properties.

What’s New

The properties that define polynomials are degree, number of roots, its factors and
its real roots. If you will notice in the previous activity, the degree of polynomial and
number of roots are the same. That relationship between the degree and roots of
polynomials was discovered by the German mathematician Karl Friedrich Gauss
(1777 – 1885).

Let us observe the given table. Try to differentiate polynomial expression and
polynomial equation.
 Polynomial Expression Polynomial Equation

4x3 – 2x2 + 3x 5x4 – 3x3 + 4x2 – 8x + 6 = 0

4m + 13 6r3 – 4r2 + 2 = 0

3r4 – r + 6 y2 – 4y – 10 = 0

x2 – 4x + 3 4d5 – 2d4 + 3d2 + d – 10 = 0

4t2 + 3t – 6 4m + 5 = 0

1. What did you notice? Are entries on both columns similar? In what way?

2. How will you identify the given if it is a polynomial expression or a

polynomial equation?

Recognizing the properties of a polynomial equation will give you an easy way of
solving it. Remember the different methods in evaluating algebraic expression? These
are the same methods that we will use in solving polynomial equations. So, be ready
to refresh your mind with substitution, factoring and such.

Next part of the module will be the discussion about illustrating and solving
polynomial equations as we will use the above-mentioned basic methods in
Mathematics.

What is It

Polynomial equations are equations that have multiple terms made up of numbers
and variables. The degree is the highest exponent of the polynomial. The degree tells
us how many roots are found in a polynomial equation. The roots of the polynomial
equation are the values of x where y = 0.

As we go along and before we solve polynomial equations, let us first identify the
types of polynomial equation.
Polynomial equation is basically of six types;

1. Monomial Equations

2. Binomial Equations

3. Trinomial or Cubic Equations

4. Linear Polynomial Equations

5. Quadratic Polynomial Equations

6. Cubic Polynomial Equation

Monomial Equation:
An equation which has only one variable term is called a Monomial equation. This
is also called a linear equation. It can be expressed in the algebraic form of;
ax + b = 0
For example:

• 4x+1=0

• 5y=2

• 8z-3=0

Binomial Equations:
An equation which has only two variable terms and is followed by one variable term
is called a Monomial equation. This is also in the form of the quadratic equation. It
can be expressed in the algebraic form of;
ax2 + bx + c = 0
For example:

• 2x2 + 5x + 20 = 0

• 3x2 – 4x + 12 = 0

Trinomial Equations:
An equation which has only three variable terms and is followed by two variable
and one variable term is called a Monomial equation. This is also called a cubic
equation. In other words, a polynomial equation which has a degree of three is
called a cubic polynomial equation or trinomial polynomial equation.
Since the power of the variable is maximum up to 3, therefore, we get three values
for a variable, say x.
It is expressed as;
a0 x3 + a1x2 + a2x + a3 = 0, a ≠ 0
or
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0
For Example:

• 3x3 + 12x2 – 8x – 10 = 0

• 9x3 + 5x2 – 4x – 2 = 0
To get the value of x, we generally use, trial and error method, in which we start
putting the value of x randomly, to get the given expression as 0. If for both sides of
the polynomial equation, we get a 0, then the value of x is considered as one of the
roots. After then we can find the other two values of x.

A polynomial equation is an equation that has multiple terms made up of numbers

and variables. The degree tells us how many roots can be found in a polynomial
equation. For example, the highest exponent is three, then the equation has 3 roots.
The roots of the polynomial are the value of x where y = 0.

As for general statement, the observation on polynomial equations is called

Fundamental Theorem of Algebra: If P(x) is a polynomial equation of degree n and
with real coefficients, then it has at most n real roots.

Consider the following polynomial equation, can you tell how many real roots does
each have?

a. x15 + 4 = 0 ______

b. x5 – 2x3 + 3x – 5 = 0 ______

c. 18 + 8x5 – 12x3 – x23 + x34 = 0 ______

Were you able to find the number of roots of equation by inspection?

The degree of a polynomial equation is the highest exponent that can be found in an
equation. Furthermore, the number of real roots of a polynomial equation is the same
as its degree.
There are two ways on how to find the roots of polynomial equations: (1) Applying
Zero – Product Property and (2) Applying the Factor Theorem.

The Zero – Product Property simply states that if ab = 0, then either a = 0 0r b =0

(or both). A product of factors is zero if and only if one or more of the factors is zero.

Example:

1. (x – 1) (x – 3) = 0; x–1=0 and x–3=0

Roots are x=1 x=3

2. (x + 5) (x + 2) (x – 1) = 0 x+5=0 x+2=0 x–1=0

Roots are x = -5 x = -2 x=1

3. x2 (x – 9) = 0 x=0 x=0 x–9=0

Roots are x=0 x=0 x=9

In using factor theorem, factor will be solved if and only if the polynomial P(x) has
x – r as a factor and P(r) = 0.

Example:

Consider x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6 = 0

Trial 1: Is x = 1 a root of the equation? Using synthetic division,

-1 1 6 11 6

-1 -5 -6

1 5 6 0

Since the remainder is zero. Therefore, x = -1 is a root of

x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6 = 0.
Trial 2: Is x = -1 a root of the equation? Using synthetic division,

1 1 6 11 6

1 7 18

1 7 18 24

Since the remainder is not equal to zero, therefore, x = 1 is not a factor.

If we have factor theorem, we also have what we called Remainder Theorem. In

Algebra, polynomial remainder theorem is an application of Euclidean division of
polynomials. It states that the remainder of the division of a polynomial f(x) by a
linear polynomial x – r is equal to f(r). The value of f(r) is the remainder in the division
of polynomial. However, if f(r) is zero, that means the divisor is a factor of the
dividend.

Using remainder theorem, knowledge on substitution method and evaluation of the

equation will be important. Along the process of the remainder theorem, you will just
need to get the numerical value of the divisor that will be substituted to all the
variable in the dividend. Evaluating the given equation using the value computed
from the divisor, will serve as the remainder of the division of polynomial.

See the following examples for you to understand it well.

Example:

In the polynomial equation 2x4 – 3x3 – 4x2 + 3x + 2 = 0, show that the roots are – ½,
-1, 1, 2.

Using remainder theorem,

Trial 1: x = -1

P (-1) = 2x4 – 3x3 – 4x2 + 3x + 2, substitute (-1) to all x;

P (-1) = 2(-1)4 – 3(-1)3 – 4(-1)2 + 3(-1) + 2, evaluate

P (-1) = 2 + 3 – 4 – 3 + 2, simplify

P (-1) = 0; since the remainder is zero, then (-1) is a root of polynomial

equation 2x4 – 3x3 – 4x2 + 3x + 2 = 0.
Trial 2: x = 1, using remainder theorem

P (1) = 2x4 – 3x3 – 4x2 + 3x + 2,

P (1) = 2(1)4 – 3(1)3 – 4(1)2 + 3(1) + 2,

P (1) = 2 – 3 – 4 +3 + 2,

P (1) = 0, since the remainder is zero, therefore 1 is a root of the

polynomial equation 2x4 – 3x3 – 4x2 + 3x + 2 = 0.

Trial 3: x = 2,

P (2) = 2x4 – 3x3 – 4x2 + 3x + 2,

P (2) = 2(2)4 – 3(2)3 – 4(2)2 + 3(2) + 2,

P (2) = 32 – 24 – 16 + 6 + 2,

P (2) = 0, since the remainder is zero, then 2 is a root of the polynomial

equation 2x4 – 3x3 – 4x2 + 3x + 2 = 0.

Trial 4: x = -1/2,

P (-1/2) = 2x4 – 3x3 – 4x2 + 3x + 2,

P (-1/2) = 2(-1/2)4 – 3(-1/2)3 – 4(-1/2)2 + 3(-1/2) + 2,

P (-1/2) = 2/16 + 3/8 – 1 - 3/2 + 2,

P (-1/2) = 2/16 + 6/16 – 16/16 – 24/16 + 32/16,

P (-1/2) = 0, since the remainder is zero, then (-1/2) is a root of the

polynomial equation 2x4 – 3x3 – 4x2 + 3x + 2 = 0.

Using remainder theorem, we had identified that 1, -1, 2 and -1/2 are roots of the
polynomial equation 2x4 – 3x3 – 4x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 since the remainder is zero.

Furthermore, Rational Root Theorem is also one of the ways to find the roots of the
polynomial equation. This theorem is represented by:
 𝑝
Let an-1xn-1 + an-2xn-2 + … + a1x + a0 = 0 be a polynomial equation of degree n. If , in
𝑞
lowest terms, is a rational root of the equation, then p is a factor of a 0 and q is a
factor of a0.

In rational root theorem, we can use remainder theorem or synthetic division to find
the factors or roots.

Example no. 1.

Let us find the possible rational roots of y = x 5 + 3x2 – 10x – 24.

To use the Rational Root Theorem, we need all of the possible factors, positive and
negative, from our leading and lagging coefficients. Our leading factors are ±1. The
factors for the last term are more complicated: ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±6, ±8, ±12, and ±24.

Looks like complicated right? Now we take the second set (from the constant term)
and put each and every one on top of each and every one from the first set. It seems
a little backwards, but that’s how we do it. Constant over leading term.

In our case, that's easy, because the leading terms are ±1. So, our final list of possible
factors is: ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±6, ±8, ±12, and ±24.

Example no. 2

Find the possible rational roots of y = 3x7 − 12x3 + 52x2 − 96x + 9.

Our constant factors are ±1, ±3, ±9. These are the ones that go on top. The leading
factors are ±1, ±3. We'll stick these below. Let's write all the combinations out:

We can have any combination of positive and negative numbers our hearts desire,
so these are all ± as well.

Our final answer is ±1, ±3, ±9, and ± .

Example no. 3

Find all the roots of y = x4 − 5x2 + 4.

A quick application of the Rational Root Test gives us the following possible roots:
±1, ±2, and ±4. The leading 1 makes this simple.
When checking roots, it's usually a good idea to start with 1; it's always there when
we need it, and it is easy to plug in. What a good friend 1 is.

f (1) = 1 – 5 + 4 = 0

Let's factor it by using synthetic division:

Our polynomial is now y = (x – 1) (x3 + x2 − 4x – 4). If we wanted to, we could use the
Rational Root Theorem on our new degree 3 polynomial, find a root for it, and try
factoring it that way. We see another way, though: factoring by grouping.

x2(x + 1) – 4(x + 1)

= (x + 1) (x2 – 4)

= (x + 1) (x + 2) (x – 2)

That worked better than expected, because we remembered the difference of two
squares. Now we tie it all together. Our original polynomial, y = x4 − 5x2 + 4, has
become:

y = (x – 1) (x + 1) (x + 2) (x − 2)

Our roots are x = 1, -1, 2, and -2. Most of our possible roots were actually roots. That
doesn't happen very often. `

What’s More

Find the real roots of the following equations. Then, write each polynomial on the left
side of the equation in factored form. Show your complete solutions.
1. x3 – 10x2 +32x – 32 = 0 Factored form: ____________________________

Solution:

2. x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 = 0 Factored form: ____________________________

Solution:

3. x3 + x2 - 14x – 24 = 0 Factored form: ____________________________

Solution:

4. x3 – 3x – 2 = 0 Factored form: ____________________________

Solution:

5. x4 + 12x3 + 52x2 + 96x + 64 = 0 Factored form: ____________________________

Solution:

Reminder:

Real roots can be obtained by inspection, factoring, zero

product property, rational root theorem or by using the
remainder or factor theorem.
 What I Have Learned

Create sense in the paragraph below by rearranging the letters of the words in
capitalized form. This paragraph contains salient points of our discussion.

LYANMOPIALO UATIQEON is an equation that has multiple terms made up of

numbers and variables. The EEEDRG of the polynomial is the highest exponent that

can be found in an equation. Furthermore, the number of SOORT of the polynomial

equation is the same as the highest exponent in the given equation. Roots of the

polynomial equation can be determined by NACFTORIG, CSYNETTHI OINSIVID,

ERDMAINER MEROEHT, RNALOITA TOOR MEROEHT or by CTORAF REMTHEO.

What I Can Do
Let us do it the other way. This time you have the roots as starter. Your task is to
find and solve for the corresponding polynomial equation for each set of roots given.
Be careful in multiplying and take only two roots at a time.

1. -2, 5, 4

2. ±3, ±8

3. 0, -3, 2, ±4

4. ±3, 2, 2/3

5. ±1, -1/3, 2/5, 3

 Assessment
A. Given these polynomial equations, identify its degree.
1. 2x4 + 3x5 – 6x + 3 = 0 ______
2. 5m12 + 4m6 – 3m + 12 = 0 ______
3. 4r5 – 2r + 3 = 0 ______
21 18 14
4. p + p – 3p -15 = 0 ______
5. s3 – 5s2 + 2s – 12 = 0 ______

B. By inspection, determine the number of real roots of each polynomial equation.

1. (x – 4) (x + 6)4 (x – 1)2 = 0 ___________________________

2. x6 (x – 5)3 = 0 ___________________________
3. x (x + 4) (x – 2) = 0 ___________________________
4. 4x (x – 3) (x + 2)3 = 0 ___________________________
5. (x3 – 27) (x4 + 1) = 0 ___________________________

C. List all the words you see from the jumbled letters below that are related to the
topic.

G H T G T H V B N E

E S S G Q E T S E W

T T A L D F N D F Y

P O L Y N O M I A L

J O J K I L F T C Y

K R D T F G L I T K

E Q U A T I O N O E

L R D E G R E E R T

N G T H H F S R G L

S Y N T H E T I C E
What are the words that you find from the group of letters? (in any order)
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________

D. Write TRUE if the statement is true. Otherwise, modify the underlined word (s) to
make it true.

1. The roots of a polynomial equation in x are the values of x that satisfy the equation.

2. Every polynomial equation of degree n has n-1 roots.

3. The equation 2x3 – 6x2 + x – 1 = 0 has no rational root.

4. The possible roots of 3x5 – x4 + 6x3 – 2x2 + 8x – 5 = 0 are ±3/5, ±3 and ±5.

5. The only rational root of the equation x 3 + 6x2 + 10x + 3 = 0 is 3.

Additional Activities

A. Given one of the roots of the polynomial equation, find other roots.

1. – 2x4 + 13x3 – 21x2 + 2x + 8 = 0 x1 = - 1/2

2. x4 – 3x2 + 2 = 0 x1 = 1

3. x4 – x2 – 7x2 + 13x – 6 = 0 x1 = 1

4. x5 – 5x4 – 3x3 + 15x2 – 4x + 20 = 0 x1 = 2

5. 2x4 – 17x3 + 13x2 + 53x + 21 = 0 x1 = - 2

 What is It:
What’s More: Activity 3
1. (x+2)(x-4)2 = 0 1. 5
2. 12
2. (x-3)(x-2)(x-1) = 0 3. 5
4. 21
3. (x+2)(x+3)(x-4) = 0 5. 3
Activity 4
4. (x+1)2(x-2) = 0
6. 9
5. (x+4)2(x+2)2 = 0 7. 9
8. 3
9. 5
10. 7
What I Know:
1. GIVEN
2. 1 4
3. 2 -4,4
What is It
4. 3 2,-3,1
1. 15
5. 4 0,4,-5,1
2. 5
6. 4 1,3(3x)
3. 34
7. 4 -3,5(3x)
8. 7 -1(5x),1(2x)
9. 5 ±2, 3(3x)
10. 16 ±√2(6x),0(4x)
Answer Key
 What Can I Do
1. x3 – 7x2 + 2x + 40 = 0
2. x4 – 73x2 +576 = 0
3. x5 +x4 - 22x3 - 16x2 - 96
4. 3x4 – 8x3 – 23x2 + 72x – 36 = 0
5. 15x5 – 46x4 – 14x3 + 40x2 – 31x – 6 = 0
Assessment: What I Have
Learned:
C. factor, Assessment
synthetic, roots, 1. polynomial
polynomial A B. equation
2. degree
D. 1. 5 1. 7 3. roots
2. 12 2. 9 4. factors
1. TRUE 3. 5 3. 3 5. zero product
2. FALSE 4. 21 4. 5 6. rational
3. TRUE 5. 3 5. 7 7. remainder
4. FALSE 8. factoring
5. FALSE 9. inspection
References
Acejalado M. J., Beronque Y. B & CO. F. F. (2005) Algebra Concepts and Processes.
(3rd Edition). Mandaluyong City: National Book Store

Coronel I.C., Coronel A. C. & Munsayac, J. M. (2013) Growing Up with Math. Quezon
City: FNB Educational Inc.

Colonel I. C., Villano, L. M. Manalastas P. R., Marasigan J.A. and Coronel A. C. (2004)
Advanced Algebra, Trigonometry and Statistics. Quezon City. Bookmark Inc.

Larson R. & Hostetler R.P. (2013). Algebra and Trigonometry (8th Edition) Cergage
Learning Asia Ple Ltd.

www.mathisfun.com/algebra/polynomials-division-log.html

www.brightstorm.com/math/algebra-2/factoring/rational-roots-theorem/

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