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Trip Generation Modeling of Lipa City

Conference Paper · April 2013

DOI: 10.13140/2.1.2171.7126

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CE 199 – Seminar and Research Methods in Civil Engineering 15 April 2013
Undergraduate Research Program Transportation Engineering Group

Trip Generation Modelling of Lipa City

DOMINIC S. ALOC
Undergraduate Student, B.S. Civil Engineering Program
Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman
E-mail: [email protected]

JAN AARON C. AMAR

Undergraduate Student, B.S. Civil Engineering Program
Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman
E-mail: [email protected]

Adviser:
Dr. Karl B. N. Vergel
Professor, Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman

Abstract: This study aimed to create models for the first of the four-step model of travel demand forecasting – that is, trip
generation. Lipa City, which is a first class component city in the province of Batangas and is composed of 72 barangays
or zones, is the study area considered. Household Interview Surveys is conducted by the Office of Transportation
Cooperatives and the results are encoded in a database. Two modelling techniques are used, namely: (1) regression
analysis; and (2) trip rate method. For the regression analysis, fifteen (15) independent variables and two (2) dependent
variables (i.e., trips produced and trips attracted) are considered by trip purpose. Eight (8) trip purposes were identified: To
Home; To Work; To School; To Private Business; To Employer’s Business; To Medical; To Shopping; and To Church.
Results of regression analysis showed that the population per zone, number of households per zone, workers per zone,
students per zone and household head monthly income per zone are significant parameters for a particular zone to produce
and attract trips. For the trip rate method, cross-classification tables are made for each purpose. Different household
characteristics are cross-classified for each purpose (i.e., household size and household income for purpose ‘To Home’, or
household income and occupation for purpose ‘To Work’.) Results of the trip rate method illustrated the trip generation
rates from different trip purposes.

1. INTRODUCTION traffic analysis zone) in combination with the land

use and the socio-economic characteristics of each
1.1 Background of the Study zone (Makinde and Oyedepo, 2009). The analysis
may be done through cross-classification, multiple
Travel demand forecasting is the key of a regression analysis or experience-based analysis. Trip
transportation engineer to model or predict the generation is represented by the question “How many
volume of a given traffic element in the future. It has person trips?” Generally, the output that would be
been said in the National Cooperative Highway obtained from trip generation is used to predict the
Research Program Report 716 (2012) that estimating number of trips originating in or destined for a given
travel demand is very essential in making decisions traffic analysis zone.
that involve system and facility design and operations
– and also developing transportation policies. For
instance, the results which would be the models that 1.2 Study Area
have been derived by analyzing the travel demand
could predict the number of vehicles that would Lipa City is one of the three cities in Batangas (i.e.,
occupy a certain road or any transportation element -- Lipa City, Batangas City and Tanauan City). The city
this would, in return, give a transportation engineer is considered to be a first class component city in the
an idea of what would come out in the future and a province of Batangas; and is located 78 kilometers
possible solution would then be carried out. south of Manila (i.e., the Philippines’ capital city).
According to the data of National Statistics Office, in
The process to forecast or model the travel demand 2007, the city has a population of 260, 558 and has
can be divided into manageable steps. This includes 41, 962 households.
trip generation, trip distribution, modal split and route
assignment. Meanwhile, it is important to note that At present, Lipa is comprised of 72 barangays
this study considered only the first step – that is, trip wherein 12 of which are part of the poblacion. The
generation. total land area of Lipa is 20, 940 hectares – according
to the website of the Lipa City Government.
Trip generation is used to estimate the total number
of trips generated and attracted by each area unit (i.e.,

1
The city is considered to be the transportation hub for 1.7 Study Flow
Batangas and nearby provinces. Some of its major
highways include Jose P. Laurel Highway, STAR
Tollway, Ayala Highway.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

Since Lipa City has a wide extension of road

network, it has been considered as the transportation
hub not only for Batangas but also for the nearby
areas especially for the National Capital Region – this
scenario has led the highly urbanized city into its
present state of experiencing traffic congestion due to Figure 1. Study Flow
rapid urbanization and development. This might seem
to be from the lack of planning for transportation
systems to serve the increasing demand for transport The zoning system that would be employed for Lipa
services – this means that travel demand model must City is on a barangay basis. Since there are 72
be done which starts with trip generation modelling. barangays in Lipa, there would be 72 traffic analysis
zones that would be used throughout the course of
this study. The zoning system was implemented in
1.4 Objective answering the Household Interview Survey (HIS)
which was made successful through the Office of
This research is aimed to generate models for trip Transportation Cooperatives under the Department of
generation of Lipa City using the Household Transportation and Communication. The results of
Interview Survey (HIS) data. Specifically, this study the HIS that integrates the zoning system were
is expected to create models using the two modelling encoded to have a database that could be used to get
techniques: (1) regression analysis; and (2) trip rate the socio-economic characteristics needed. To avoid
method. statistical difference in the socio-economic data
obtained from the database, expansion factors were
applied. Not all desired socioeconomic data could be
found in the Lipa City Household Interview Survey
1.5 Significance of the Study database, some of them were obtained from the Local
Government Unit of Lipa City. Two (2) techniques
The trip generation model for Lipa City will be very were used, namely: (1) regression analysis; and (2)
useful in planning for transport systems for existing trip rate method to create trip generation models.
and future land use and urban development scenarios.

1.6 Scope and Limitations 2. METHODOLOGY

This study would be using the data from the 2.1 Data Collection
Household Interview Survey (HIS) of 1,252
households in Lipa City to be provided by the Office The study would be using the Household Interview
of Transportation Cooperatives (OTC). The survey Survey conducted to different barangays in Lipa City
covers 24 hours beginning at 3:00 am and ending at through the Office of Transportation Cooperatives.
3:00 am of the following day. The survey data limits There were 1,252 surveys collected from different
to a weekday. In addition, the surveying was held on households and the results would be presented using
a day starting from May 7, 2012 to August 27, 2012. Microsoft Access.

For the trip generation analysis, only the traffic

analysis zones (i.e., barangays) inside the Lipa City 2.1.1 Household Interview Survey
would be considered since these are the areas which
have the socioeconomic data that were obtained by There were three (3) forms to be filled-up by the
the researchers. household, namely:

(1) Household Information: covers the

socioeconomic characteristics of household members,
household structure, car ownership, income level,
location of residence, etc.

(2) Household Member Information: covers

the socioeconomic characteristics of household
2
members 4 years old and above. These include age, 2.2.2 Dependent Variables
sex, occupation, work and/or school address, income
and so on. It has been known that most multiple linear
regression models make use of the trip purpose to
and (3) Trip Information: covers the categorize trips. In line with this, the researchers
characteristics of trips made by residents of the study chose the following trips purpose to have a count of
area, including origin and destination, trip purpose, trips produced and trips attracted. The dependent
travel mode, transfer departure and arrival time, and variables are the trips produced and the trips attracted
so on. -- these are on a trip purpose basis trip productions
and attractions are factors of trip ends. Trip ends are
generally the start or the end of the trip. In addition,
2.1.2 The Lipa City Household Interview Survey trip production is the home end of a home-based trip
Database and the beginning of a non-home-based trip.

After getting all 1,252 surveys, the results would be Meanwhile, trip attraction is the non-home end of a
encoded into the Microsoft (MS) Access to function home-based trip and the end of a non-home-based
as the database of the data. The MS Access file would trip. To illustrate the idea, a model is shown below.
be composed of three (3) tables, namely: (1)
Household; (2) HouseholdMember; and (3)
PersonTrip – these tables correspond to the forms 1 to
3 of the Household Interview Survey.

2.2 Regression Analysis

2.2.1 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis

The multiple linear regression approach consists of

developing the equations in which the trips are related
to independent variables, which explain the variation
in the dependent variables. The equations are usually
developed by trip purpose and generally are based on
the data aggregated to the zone level as observations.
In using the multiple linear regression method in this
study, it is assumed that the relationships developed Figure 2. Trip Productions and Trip Attractions
for the model are linear, and will remain the same for for Home-Based and Non-Home-Based Trips
the future and so if land-use and socioeconomic
factors can be predicted; future trips can be estimated
for any proposed transport system. 2.2.3 Independent Variables

Among the different trip generation models available, The independent or explanatory variables used in this
the multiple regression model has been selected study were the socioeconomic data of the barangays
because of its clear and simple structure and its of Lipa City – hence, for the Traffic Analysis Zones.
application is easy. Most transportation studies Some of the data were obtained with the help of the
involving trip generation have relied on the technique Local Government Unit of Lipa City while the other
extensively, therefore producing a substantial amount remaining variables were acquired from the MS
of understanding of travel. Access database which based from the Household
Interview Survey.
The general equation of this modeling technique is of
the form: Assumptions must be first known before finding the
independent variables. The assumptions include: (1)
(1) all the independent variables must be independent
from one another; (2) all the independent variables
where Y: dependent variable which are the trips must follow a normal distribution; and (3) all the
produced or trips attracted by a zone or independent variables must be continuous.
facility
X1, X2, X3…Xn: independent variables The independent variables considered are the
representing various following:
parameters mate
β0, β1, β2, β3… βn: coefficients obtained by 1. Population
regression analysis 2. Number of Households
3. Population Density
4. Average Household Size

3
5. Ave. Number of Workers per Household To facilitate the elimination of redundant variables,
6. Workers per Zone two guidelines would be followed:
7. Car ownership
8. Household Head Income per Month 1. Independent variables that are highly correlated
9. Elementary Students per Household with the dependent variable should be considered for
10. High School Students per Household the model
11. College Students per Household
12. Ave. Number of Students per Household 2. Independent variables that are highly correlated
13. Students per Zone with each other are considered redundant if it would
14. Primary and Secondary Students in Public be in the same equation.
Schools
15. Primary and Secondary Students in Private After the elimination of nuisance and redundant
Schools variables, multiple regression analysis would then
follow. At present, there exists various software
which could be used to solve for the coefficients
It must be noted that the population, number of mentioned for the general equation of multiple
households, population density, primary and regression model. The researchers of this study
secondary students in public schools and primary and hereby utilized the regression function of Microsoft
secondary students in private schools were obtained Excel which could already give the coefficient of
from the Local Government Unit of Lipa – and thus, determination – in this case, for multiple linear
represented by the total population of Lipa City – regression analysis.
unlike the remaining variables which were acquired
only from the Household Interview Survey. Those The coefficient of determination is actually important
variables that were represented only by the household to know the goodness of fit of the model employed.
samples from the survey must be carefully identified The values of the coefficient of determination would
since expansion factors would later be applied to only range from 0 to 1 – that is, as it goes nearer to 1,
them. the more related the variables are.

2.2.4 Expansion Factors 2.2.6 Test of Significance of Individual Correlation

Coefficients
Since the data are collected from random sampling of
households in the different zones of the study area, Hypothesis testing must be needed to determine the
biases are present in the sampled data. To eliminate significance of the individual coefficients obtained
these biases, an expansion factor is set according to from the multiple regression analysis. With this, t-test
the distribution of known attributes, so that no will be used for the testing of hypothesis. The
statistically significant difference exists. statements of hypothesis to test the significance of a
regression coefficient, βi, are:
The expansion factors are applied to each zone, and
are computed to be: β
β
(2)
The H0 is the null hypothesis which says that the
where Ef : expansion factor per zone regression coefficient is not significant and H1 is the
NZ: total number of households per zone alternative hypothesis which says the opposite. The
Nh: total number of sample households per test statistic for t-test is shown below.
zone
β
(3)
β
2.2.5 Correlation Matrix
where T0: test statistic
Before identifying the list of independent variables to
be included for the multiple regression model, β : regression coefficient
correlation matrix must first be employed. Generally, β : standard error of the regression
the correlation matrix would allow the evaluation of coefficient
combining variables. For instance, given that there
are two independent variables that are the same but The null hypothesis will be accepted if the test
the only difference is the unit of measurement used – statistic computed lies in the acceptance region:
in this case, it would be redundant if these two
variables are to be included in an equation. This
follows the reason that a correlation matrix is hereby
needed to eliminate redundancy among the models.
where : value of significance (usually 0.1)
n: number of samples

4
The upper and lower t-values can be found in the - Household income vs Car availability
student’s t-distribution table. It must be noted that (7) To Shopping
when using this test of hypothesis, the test for a - Household size vs Household income
particular regression coefficient βi must be done in a (8) To Church
model with X1, X2,…,Xn depending on the - Household size vs Car availability
independent variables used.
3. RESULTS
2.3 Trip Rate Method
3.1 Regression Analysis
A trip generation model expresses the relationship
between the socio-economic factors of the population Table 1. Correlation Matrix Between the
or the households in the area and the number of trips Independent and Dependent Variables
produced from the area in one day. Another common
form of trip generation model that represents this
relationship is the cross-classification table.

A cross-classification model is one type of model

used to determine trip productions. This model is
based on estimating the response (e.g., the number of
trip productions per household for a given purpose) as
a function of the household characteristics. Trip rates
are derived empirically from travel surveys with the Table 2. Correlation Matrix Between the
same household characteristics. Cross-classification Independent and Dependent Variables
is based on grouping the households in different
strata; for example, a specific cell is based on
household size and household income. The trip
production rate for that specific cell then is the total
number of trips in that cell divided by the number of
households that exhibit the same household
characteristics. The relationship can be equated as:

(4)

Table 3. Correlation Matrix Among the

where h: households with a particular Independent Variables
combinations of characteristics
th: trip rate for purpose p made by
members of households of type h
Th: total number of trips by purpose p
made by households in cell h
Hh: number of households in cell h

The trips generated by the study zone are divided into

8 major purposes. (1) To Home, (2) To Work, (3) To
School, (4) To Private Business, (5) To Employer’s
Business, (6) To Medical, (7) To Shopping, and (8)
To Church. The categorization of the household
characteristics defines the set of attributes that will be
It is assumed that high correlation means that the
associated with a household, for a particular trip
coefficient of determination ranges from 0.7 up to
purpose. For these 8 purposes, the following
1.0. For the “To Home” trips – for the trip
characteristics are used:
production, it can be seen from Table 1 that only X1
and X2 qualified for high correlation with the
(1) To Home
- Household size vs Household income
dependent variable – but since the second guideline
(2) To Work for the elimination of redundancy among the
- Occupation type vs Household Income variables had to be followed – X1 and X2 should not
(3) To School be in the same equation (i.e., the variables are
- Student type vs Household Income perfectly related with each other having a coefficient
(4) To Private Business of determination of 1.0). In line with this, it can be
- Household size vs Household income concluded that the regression should be having two
(5) To Employer’s Business models (i.e., linear) which are: the dependent variable
- Household size vs Household income P and X1 and the dependent variable P and X2.
(6) To Medical Consequently, the researchers had chosen the better

5
equation – that is, the one with the higher coefficient Table 4. Regression Models
of determination.

For the “To Home” trips – for the trip attraction, only
the variables, workers per zone and students per zone
qualified for having the high correlation with the
dependent variable, trips attracted. Also, through the
second guideline, it can be said that the two
independent variables were not highly correlated so
both variables could be in the same equation. With
these two variables to be related to the dependent
variable, regression function of MS Excel is used.
After getting the multiple linear regression equation,
the coefficient of determination should be examined
if it resulted to a high correlation – that is, having a
value within the range of 0.7 to 1.

The same procedure was done for “To Work” Trips.

By looking at Table 1, it can be said that the
population and number of households were the
independent variables that yielded high correlation
with the dependent variable, trips produced.
However, it was said earlier that these two variables
were perfectly related – therefore, these variables
should not be found in the same equation. Again, the
researchers just used the better equation, which is the For the hypothesis testing, since the value of
one with the higher coefficient of determination. significance (i.e., 0.1) tested for hypothesis testing
and the value of the number of samples is equal to 72
For the trips produced of the “To Work” trips, only are the same for all, the t-value obtained in the t-
the independent variable, X6 was able to have a high distribution table would also be the same. Only the t-
correlation with the dependent variable – thus, the statistic values would determine if the null or the
regression equation would only have trips produced alternative hypothesis would be accepted.
as the dependent variable and workers per zone, as
the independent variable. Same process was done for Using the t distribution table and considering the two
the To School, To Private Business, To Employer’s tails distribution for α = 0.10 with large number of
Business, To Medical, To Shopping and To Church. degrees of freedom, the t-value will be 1.645. Thus,
Generally, the first to observe was the values of the the t-statistic should not range from -1.645 to 1.645 to
coefficient of determination that defined the accept the alternative hypothesis. Otherwise, the
relationship of the dependent variable with the regression coefficient should be eliminated since it
independent variables. This is done by just looking at would not be significant to include it in the model.
the second row of the correlation matrix or by just The result of the testing of hypothesis is shown in the
looking directly at Tables 1 to 2. The next thing to table below.
look at is if the independent variables that presented
high correlation with the dependent variable are Table 5. Hypothesis Testing
highly correlated among each other. After the
elimination of nuisance and redundant variables,
regression analysis would then be employed.

It can be seen from Table 5 that for the “To

Employer’s Business” trips of the trip attraction
model, the coefficients β2 and β6 are values ranging
from -1.645 to +1.645 – thus, they should be
eliminated from the model. Having been able to

6
eliminate the insignificant coefficients and their For the other trip purposes, only the tables showing
corresponding variables, the new equation for the To the trip rates are illustrated.
Employer’s Business trip of the trip attraction model
is A = 0.0144X13 – 3.815 with a coefficient of Household Income shown in the tables are the
determination equal to 0.75. categorization of the income brackets. These brackets
are:

3.2 Trip Rate Method 1 Under 3,000

2 3,000-5,999
The cross-classification tables produced indicates the 3 6000-9,999
trip generation rates for the study zone, for each 4 10,000-14,999
5 15,000-19,999
purpose. Household characteristics differ for each 6 20,000-29,999
purpose, and the characteristics used for each purpose 7 30,000-39,999
are based on the independent variables on the initial 8 40,000-59,999
results of the multiple linear regression approach. 9 60,000-99,999
10 100,000-149,999
11 150,000-199,999
Table 6. For Purpose “To Home”, (unit: trips/day) 12 200,000-over
Household Size
Trips 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1 2 15 31 36 31 10 14 7 5 3 2 1 0 157 Table 8. For Purpose “To Work”, (unit:
2 2 37 71 101 75 51 22 7 13 2 1 1 0 383
3 7 71 111 133 130 63 34 19 12 11 2 0 0 593
trips/household/day)
Occupation
Household Income

4 0 39 75 89 68 57 15 4 4 4 1 0 1 357
5 3 13 46 44 37 21 6 1 0 2 0 1 1 175 Trip RATES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 15 AVERAGE
6 0 18 35 48 18 12 8 2 1 1 0 0 0 143
1 1.429 1.100 1.000 1.100 1.059 1.000 1.143 1.000 1.143 1.000 1.100
7 1 5 6 10 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 31
8 0 0 5 6 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 2 1.048 1.143 - 1.000 1.130 1.000 1.074 1.182 1.091 1.111 1.103
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1.077 1.149 1.000 1.229 1.105 1.000 1.158 1.094 1.138 1.156 1.129
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Household Income
4 1.217 1.138 1.000 1.000 1.075 1.000 1.045 1.129 1.024 1.095 1.090
11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 1.043 1.111 1.000 1.063 1.000 - 1.200 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.051
15 198 380 467 369 215 101 40 35 23 6 3 2 1854 6 1.286 1.000 - 1.000 1.111 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.133 1.154 1.097
7 1.000 1.000 - - 1.000 - 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
8 1.000 - - - 1.000 - 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.333 1.077
9- 1.000 - - - - - - - - 1.000
Table 7. For Purpose “To Home”, (unit: 10 - - - 1.000 - - - - - - 1.000
households) 11 - - - - - - - - - - -
Household Size 12 - - - - - - - - - - -
Household 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 AVERAGE 1.128 1.127 1.000 1.088 1.091 1.000 1.087 1.095 1.090 1.110 1.100
1 2 12 27 24 22 9 10 5 2 2 1 1 0 117
2 2 31 59 78 53 32 16 7 4 2 1 1 0 286
3 6 58 86 101 92 46 23 14 6 4 1 0 0 437 Occupation is also categorized as follows:
Household Income

4 0 30 59 72 52 44 10 4 4 3 1 0 1 280
5 3 12 43 33 31 17 5 1 0 1 0 1 1 148
6 0 15 26 41 16 9 5 2 1 1 0 0 0 116
7 1 3 5 10 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 1 Official of Gov’t & Special Interest Org.,
8 0 0 4 6 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 Corporate Executive, Manager
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Professional
11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Technician
12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
14 161 309 365 276 158 71 33 17 13 4 3 2 1426 4 Clerical Worker
5 Service Worker & Shop & Market Worker
6 Farmers, Forestry Workers & Fisherman
Then in the computation of trip rates, values from 7 Traders & Related Workers
8 Plant & Machine Operators & Assemblers
cells in Table 24 are divided by the values from cells
9 Laborers & Unskilled Workers
in table 25. Average values are also computed for the 10 Student (Elem.)
trip rates. 11 Student (HS
12 Student (Univ.)
Table 8: For Purpose “To Home”, (unit: 13 Housewife
trips/household/day) 14 Jobless
Household Size 15 Others, specify
Trip RATES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 AVERAGE
1 1.000 1.250 1.148 1.500 1.409 1.111 1.400 1.400 2.500 1.500 2.000 1.000 - 1.342
2
3
1.000 1.194 1.203 1.295 1.415 1.594 1.375 1.000 3.250 1.000 1.000 1.000 -
1.167 1.224 1.291 1.317 1.413 1.370 1.478 1.357 2.000 2.750 2.000 - -
1.339
1.357 Table 9. For Purpose “To School”, (unit:
Household Income

4-
5
1.300 1.271 1.236 1.308 1.295 1.500 1.000 1.000 1.333 1.000 -
1.000 1.083 1.070 1.333 1.194 1.235 1.200 1.000 - 2.000 -
1.000
1.000 1.000
1.275
1.182
trips/household/day)
6- 1.200 1.346 1.171 1.125 1.333 1.600 1.000 1.000 1.000 - - - 1.233 Student Type
7 1.000 1.667 1.200 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 - - - - - - 1.107 Trip RATES 1 2 3 AVERAGE
8- - 1.250 1.000 1.000 - 1.000 - - - - - - 1.071 1 1.000 - 1.000 1.000
9- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 1.167 1.000 1.000 1.091
11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Household Income

4 1.000 1.000 - 1.000

12 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
AVERAGE 1.071 1.230 1.230 1.279 1.337 1.361 1.423 1.212 2.059 1.769 1.500 1.000 1.000 1.300
5 1.000 - - 1.000
6 1.000 1.000 - 1.000
7 1.000 - - 1.000
8 1.000 - - 1.000
9- - - -
10 - - - -
11 - - - -
12 - - - -
AVERAGE 1.048 1.000 1.000 1.026

7
 Table 10. For Purpose “To Private Business”, Table 14. For Purpose “To Church”, (unit:
(unit: trips/household/day) trips/household/day)
Household Size Vehicle Ownership
Trip RATES 2 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 AVERAGE
1- 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 - - 1.000 - - - - - 1.000
Trip RATES 1 2 3 AVERAGE
2- 1.000 1.000 1.833 1.250 2.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 - - - - 1.368 1- - - -
3- 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 - - 4.000 - - - - - 1.300 2 1.000 1.000 - 1.000
Household Income

4- 1.000 1.000 2.000 1.000 1.000 - - - - - - - 1.333

5 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.250 - - - - - - - - 1.100
3 1.000 - - 1.000

Household Income
6- 1.000 - - 1.000 1.500 - - - - - - - 1.143 4 1.000 - - 1.000
7- - - 1.000 1.000 - - - - - - - - 1.000 5 1.000 - 1.000 1.000
8- - - - 1.000 - - - - - - - - 1.000
9- - - 1.000 - - - - - - - - - 1.000
6 1.000 - - 1.000
10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 1.000 - - 1.000
11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 1.000 - - 1.000
12 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
AVERAGE 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.471 1.125 1.500 1.000 2.000 1.000 - - - - 1.231
9- - - -
10 - - - -
11 - - - -
12 - - - -
Table 11. For Purpose “To Employer’s Business”, AVERAGE 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
(unit: trips/household/day)
Household Size
Trip RATES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 AVERAGE
1- - - 1.000 - - - - - - - - - 1.000 4. CONCLUSIONS
2- 1.000 1.000 - - - - - - - - - - 1.000
3- 1.000 - 1.000 - - 1.000 - - - - - - 1.250
Household Income

4- 1.000 - - - - - - - - - - - 1.000
5- - - - 1.000 - - - - - - - - 2.000
This study used two trip generation modelling
6- - - 1.500 1.000 - - - - - - - - 1.333 techniques, namely: (1) regression analysis; and (2)
7- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
8- - - - - - - - - - - - - - trip rate method. For the regression analysis, it has
9- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - been observed that the population per zone, number
11 -
12 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
of households per zone, workers per zone, students
AVERAGE - 1.000 2.000 1.400 1.000 - 1.000 - - - - - - 1.231 per zone and household head monthly income per
zone are significant parameters for a particular zone
to produce and attract trips.
Table 12. For Purpose “To Medical”, (unit:
trips/household/day) Table 15. Regression Models
Vehicle Ownership
Trip RATES 1 2 3 AVERAGE
1 1.000 - - 1.000
2 1.000 - - 1.000
3 1.500 - - 1.500
Household Income

4 1.000 1.000 - 1.000

5 1.000 - - 1.000
6 1.000 - 1.000 1.000
7 1.000 - - 1.000
8- - - -
9- - - -
10 - - - -
11 - - - -
12 - - - -
AVERAGE 1.091 1.000 - 1.083

Table 13. For Purpose “To Shopping”, (unit:

trips/household/day)
Household Size
Trip RATES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 AVERAGE
1 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.125 1.600 1.500 - - - - - - - 1.217
2- 1.100 1.182 1.176 1.143 1.286 1.000 - - - - - - 1.170
3- 1.000 1.000 1.071 1.000 1.000 - 1.000 - - - - - 1.023
Household Income

4- 1.333 1.400 1.000 1.000 - 1.000 - - - - - - 1.200

5- 1.000 1.000 - 1.000 1.000 1.000 - - - - - - 1.000
6- 1.000 1.250 1.400 1.000 1.000 1.000 - - - - - - 1.188
7 1.000 1.000 - 1.000 1.000 - - - - - - - - 1.000
8- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9- - - - - - - - - - - - - - For the trip rate method, cross-classification tables
10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - are made for each purpose. Different household
12 -
AVERAGE
- - - - - - - -
1.000 1.069 1.135 1.143 1.148 1.231 1.000 1.000 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.128
characteristics are cross-classified for each purpose
(i.e., household size and household income for
purpose ‘To Home’, or household income and
occupation for purpose ‘To Work’.) Results of the
trip rate method illustrated the trip generation rates
from different trip purposes.

8
 5. RECOMMENDATIONS

The HIS covered only residents of Lipa City which

accepted for internal-internal and internal-external
trips. Additional roadside interview surveys to cover
external-internal and external-external trips can be
done to complete the OD Table.

REFERENCES

1. Easa, Said M. (1993). Urban Trip Distribution in

Practice I: Conventional Analysis. European Journal
of Transportation Engineering. Vol. 119.
November/December. Ontario, Canada pp.793-815
2. Federal Highway Administration (1975). Trip
Generation Analysis. US Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C., USA.
3. Florida Department of Transportation (1980). Urban
Transportation Planning Model Update: Task B
Review and Refinement of Standard Trip
Generation Model. Retrieved April 8, 2013, from
http://www.fsutmsonline.net/images/uploads/reports/T
askB.pdf
4. Japan International Cooperation Agency (1999). Metro
Manila Urban Transportation Integration Study. Report
No. 4. Metro Manila, Philippines.
5. Jongho Rhee (2003). Improvement of trip
generation forecast with category analysis in Seoul
Metropolitan Area. Proceedings of the Eastern Asia
Society for Transportation Studies, Vol.4.
6. Makinde, O. O. and Oyedepo, O. J. (2009). Regression
Model of Household Trip Generation of Ado-Ekiti
Township in Nigeria, European Journal of Scientific
Research, Volume 28, No.1, 132-140.
7. National Cooperative Highway Research Program
(2012). NCHRP Report 716: Travel Demand
Forecasting: Parameters and Techniques.
Washington D.C., USA.
8. University of Dublin (n.d.). Four Stage Model.
Retrieved April 8, 2013, from
http://www.tcd.ie/civileng/Staff/Brian.Caulfield/T2%2
0-20Transport%20Modelling/Lecture%202.pdf
9. Wootton, H. J. and Pick, G. W. (1967). A Model for
Trips Generated by Households. Journal of
Transport Economics and Policy. 137-153

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