’ HT-JAM, TIFR, WSc, DU, BHU, ISI CMI, BSc (H), IAS ete. em » 4Vikas Deoarshi Vishal Deoarshi / B.Tech, IIT-BHU B.Tech, IIT-BHU < ‘SAMVEDNAAuthors 2012, Samvedna Publication Allrightsreserved (First Efition 2012 & Reprints 2015) Head Office: 89, Mall Road, Kingsway Camp, Delhi-09 Phone: 01145644998, Fax: 011-45058016 Email: [email protected] No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publishers. Samvedna Publication has acquired the information contained in this book from the sources believed to be reliable. However, Samvedna Publication orits authors or the editors donot take any responsibility for the absolute accuracy of the information published and the damages suffered due to the useof this information, ‘Samvedna Publication, Delhi Laser Typesettin; Printed and bownd in India by Samvedna Press, Delhi Fos more information on ‘Samvedna Publication, visit our website swww.samvedna.com’ ‘The continued demand of the bookon VECTOR CALCULUS fiom student community has prompted usto write a book which can serve their needs. This book will ga long way in helping students in their graduate course and in preparation of M.Sc. Entrance exams like IIT-JAM, TIFR, 11Se, CMLIS, DU, BRU, ISM and Civil Services Exams, The questions of previous year papers of different competitive exams been solved as if discussed inclass by a teacher. The book has been divided into ten chapters. ‘We give special thanks to all my colleagues a! TRAJECTORY EDUCATION with special reference to Mrs, Jyoti, Mr. Amit, Mr Rajneesh, Ms Ravneet, and SAMVEDNA PUBLICATION team with special reference to Ms. Dashmeet Kaur, Mr. Shankar Choudhary, Mr. Ajeet Kumar, Mr. Devic, Mr Kishan Kumar, Mr. Ravi Kumat, Mr, Sanjeev Kumar, Ms. Rakhi, Ms, Neetu who always supported us while writing this book. Wealso thank Dr. PK Chakraborty. Head, Department of Mathematics, MJK College, Beitiah, Bihar forhis valuable inputs. Finally, we thank all our students and my family with special reference te my (vishal) daughter whose appriéciation and love constantly motivated us. ‘Wewoufi fe gratified to receive the comments, critical observation and suggestions fiom the readers. pee subsequent editions \ / os N 3 VIKAS DEOARSHI Ve 7 VISHAL DEOARSHIVectofAlgebra ‘Vector Valued Function Gradient,Divergence and curl Line Integral Green’s Theorem Surface Integral Gauss Divergence Theorem ‘Stoke's theorem Conservative Vector Field }. Curvilinear Coordinates 30 48 100 122 14 160 199 234 244| a VECTOR ALGEBRA Pee gee) ‘Ascalar isa quantity, which has only inagnitude but does not have a direction. For exainple: time, ‘mass, temperature, distance and specific gravity etc. are scalars. A Vector is a quantity which has magnitude, direction and follow -the triangle law of addition, For example : displacement, force, acceleration are vectors. @) There are different ways of denotinga vector: d or @ or a are different ways, We use for our | convenience d, 3, Zete. to denote vectors, and a, 8, c to denote their magnitude, Magnitude of a | / vector dis also written as|a, (b) A vectora may be represented by a line segment OA and arrow gives direction of this vector, | Length of te line segment gives the magnitude ofthe vector. oO A aan Here O is the initial point and ig the terminal point of 04 is a Figure 1.1 : is sum (orresultan) of vectors & and 8. ttisto ‘hectiorne intial point of 6 coincides withthe terminal point of and the fine joining the inital point of d to the ‘terminal point of b represents vector Z+-6 in magnitude and a direction, 2 : i @ a+b 2544, (Vector addition is commutative} @) 5+ +2)=G+b) +2, (Vector addition is associative) Gi) [a+b \<\a|+lbl, equality holds when @ and 5 are like vectors @) ja+5 zl al-lll, equality holds when G and } are unlike vectors © a+0=a=0+4< 2 LRT Vector Algebra (i Equal Vectors Two vectors are said to be equal ifand only if they have equal magnitudes and same direction. A————> B fia c———p ‘As well as diesion same c Figure 1.3 il) Zero Vector (Null Vector) Avvector whose initial and terminal points are same, is called the null vector. Forexample 4d . Such vector has zero magnitude and no direction, and denoted by 6. AB+BC+CA= AA. ot AB+BC+ ii) Like and Unlike Vectors Two vectors are said to be (A) Like, when they have same direction. (b) Unlike, when they are in opposite directions Gand ~Gare two unlike vectors as their directions are opposite, Gand 3 Gare like vectors. (iv) Unit Vector Figure 14 Acunitvectot isa vector whose magnitude is unity, We write, unit vector in the difection of as. ° a \Therefore @= 2 — ok il CH z “ Parallel Vectors Two orf vectors ares tobe paral ittheyhavetesame support Pai Be—_+__+p Figure 1.5 df isany point in ae then the vector. OP is called position yector of point P, where Oisthe origin ofreference. Thus for any points A and B inthe space, AB =OB -OA ii) Co-initial vectors Vectors having same initial point are called co-initial vectors Figure 1.6 Asshownin figure: Here OA, OB, OC and OD are co-initial vectors. If @ isa vectorand misa scalar, then m @ isa vector parallel to @ whose snodulus is |m| times that of G. This multiplication js called Scalar Multiplication. If & and h #€ vectors and m, nare scalars, then : m(G)=(@)m = ma m(n@) = n(n) = (mn) a (mtn) =ma +n mG + b)=ma+mb 1. If @ and b are the vectors determiried by two adjacent sides of a regular hexagon, what are the vectors determined by the other sides taken in order?13 Vector Cateutos Solution. ‘ OABCDE isa regular hexagon. Let Od = and AB =b. Join OB and OC Wehave D C OB= 04+ AB=a+b Since, Oi is parallel to AB and double of 4B. Figure 1.7 Given a finite set of vectors 2,52, ... then the vector? =xd + yb + 28 +... is called a linear combination of &,5,é,... foranyx, y,z...¢R, We have the following results : @) If Gb arenon zero, non-collinear vectors then xd+ yb =x'd+y'b>x=xhy=y' (i) Fundamental theorem: Let , 5 be non zero, non collinear vectors. Then any vector # coplanar with GB can be expressed uniquely as a linear combination of , 5 i.e. There exist some unique x, ye Rsuch thatxd+ yb =F. Gi) If @,5 ,é are non-zero, non-coplanar vectors then: xd+yb+28= x'at+y'b+z2'2 > x=x',y=y', (v) Fundamental theorem in space: Let @, 5, € be non-zero, non-coplanar vectors in space. Then any vector 7, can be uniquely expressed asa lincar combination of 2,5 ,¢ i.e. There exist some 2 uijoue rye R such that + yb +22 = 7 (¥) If %,,%,, ..-,¥, aren non zero vectors, & k,,k,,...k,are n scalars & if the linear combination ith, =0=5k,=0, &=0..k, =0 then we say that vectors ¥,.%,..% nearly I apeldent Vectors. : * (Wi) HES), % 5. ate not Linearly Independent then they are said to be Linearly Dependent oN eGR Wks, + by, +. ot RE, 3, cua are said tobe Linearly Dependent, Note af ° fk, AE, + hE, + hi + Ea GE AGH HFC Hy HGH yt GE, i.e. , isexpressed asa linear combination of vectors. Fy Saye Fda erek, Hence %, with & ,¥,,. forms linearly dependent set of vectors. Note 2: () If @=3/ +2]+5é then G is expressed as a Linear Combination of vectors i, j, &. Also,a, & form a linearly dependent set of vectors. In general, every set of four vectors is a linearly dependent system.Veétor Algebra “ (iY, & are Linearly Independent set of vectors, For Kitkj+kk=0 > k 2. Show thatthe vectors 5a +65 +76, 74-8b +9¢ and 34+ 20b +5é are coplanar(where a, 6, & are three: amiga -vectors), Solution, Let A=Sa+ 65472 NB = 74-85 +98 and C= 344-205 +56 A, Band Care coplanar => xd-+ yB+2C = 0 musthave areal solution for x, y,z other than (00,0). Now x(5a+ 6b +76) + p(74-85 + 9) + 2(34 +205 +52) =0 => (5x4 Ty 432)G + (6x-8y + 202)b + (7x-9y + 52} Sx+Ty +3: 6r—8y+202= 0 T+ 9y+52=0 (As a, B:¢ arenon-coplanar vectors) Sarees Now, D=|6 -8 24=0 7p 9 5 So, the three linear simultaneous equation inx,yandz have anon-trivial solution. / Henice, A, Band Care coplanar vectors. Nees (@) The necessary and sufficient condition for three points with position vectors a, b and tobe _»* cbflinears that there exist scalars x, yz, not all zero, such that, where x + yb + 26 =0 a The necessary and sufficient condition for four points with position veetors 4, 5, @ and d to be ‘ «coplanar flat then exist scalars.x, y,zand u, notall zero, stich that, where 22+ yb +28 -+ud =0. “beth point of intersection of dizgonals of parallelogram ABCD. ‘The points M,N, KandP 08, a iNCand KD respeeiNgly. Show that N, ahd P are colineas, Figure 1.8 — ae = =-Z0b+8) Also, ON = 1@+26)=-1@P) Hence, points N, aiid Pare collinear.es nnegeenr oo REST Vector Caless!13 mAC = nCB a0) C942) (As veetors are in same direction) m Now, OC => AC ji =\ 8 Undo) F+@B=5 => CB= sili) a ma+nb Figure 13 Let OX, OY and OZbe three mutually perpendicular straight lines. Given any point P(x, y,2) in sp we can construct the rectangular parallelepiped of which OP isa diagonal and OA=x, OB=y, OC Here A, B, Care (x, 0,0), (0, , 0) and (0,0, 2) respectively and L, M, N are (0, ¥.2),(x, 0,2) and (x, 1y, 0) respectively. Let j, j, & denote unit vectors along OX, OY and OZ respectively. 7 Wehave i+ yf-+zk as Od=axi, OB= yf and OC=2k . yi yw y * * B N P80} + OP = 0A+0B+0C (NP P| (3, 2) é r=|F|=|OPl- Je ty ee y SS xityjtak eijenk : wee ae aye ; fae OE IAI pe Mt Pa ni + mej + rrk Figure 1.10 Wee freuen (where ocis the angle between OP and x-axis) m=cosp= ——2—— (where Bis the angle between OP and y-axis) Av+yar z sy = — (wherey isthe angle between OP and z-axis) ty +z? £,m,n are defined as the direction cosines of the line OP and x, y, z are defined as direction ratios of ‘he line OP. P(x, 92) and O=(% ¥p2) then PO=(%-5)i+(7,- y+ —3)k Therefe - (xq) +) -¥,) H74) Hence, direct. AP and BP are perpendicular to each other, ie, ZAPB = 90°. Figure 1.32 10. VECTOR (CROSS) PRODUC’ The vector product of two non-zero vectors @ and b, whose magnitudes are a and b respectively the vector whose modulus is absin8, where 6(0 < 0 < n) is the angle between vectors @ and 5 as shown in figure 1.13. Its direction is that of'a vector f perpendicularto both @ and 6 , such that @, 5,74 are in right-handed cvientation. By the right-handed orientation we mean that, if we turn the vector Ginto the vector b through the angle 0, then i points in the direction in which a righthaiided screw would move if tumed in the same manner. Thus x5 =| |) | sin Oi. atleast one of d and 6 isa zero vector, then @ 5 is defined as the zero vector. igs (Bxa) @ ax (®, (ma) xb = m(@xb) = ax(mb) (where m is a scalat) b = (<> vectors @ and 5 'are paralfel. (provided @ and 8 are non-zero vectors), Jo kxk Figure 1.13 (0) Area oftriangle = Sp =Fabsind : s | and (8) Area of parallelogram = ap = absin® =| xB}. (i) Gxb 4 5 xa (notcommutative) (si + vector perpendicularto the plane of @ & 6 is # if a iN (ai) A vector 01 ~agnitude ‘r* & perpendicular to the plane of a&biso~ 4 (ax: Figure 1.15Vector Algebra (iv) Area of any quadritateral whose diagonal véctors are d, 8d, isgiven by Fe (xv) Lagranges Identity :forany two vectors & &b;(axb)? =|al |bl -@-8)? = a-b b-5| 5, 1f4,5,2 bertvee vectors such that d+5 +6 =0, prove that dx b = 5 x= xa and deduce the Solution. Let BC, CA, AB represent the vectors &, 5, ¢ respectively. ‘Then, we have = 2 Similarly, / Hence, => besin(n~ A)= casin(n- B) = absin(n—C) f= be sin A=ca sin B= ab sinC / sind sinB_sinC Figure 1.16 BOX PRODUCT The sealar triple produict of three vectors & 6 and ¢ is defined as (2xb)2=|a]B]12| sin cos whereg isthe betweend & 5 & ¢ istheangle between Gxb & Z.Itisalso defined as [a b é]. ota é Therefore (@x6)-E = (6 xd)-G= Ex) Note that (4xb)2=(5xe)a= a(b x2), hence in scalar triple product dot and cross are interchangeable. Therefore we denote (@x).é by [4 b é]. {@ }(Gxxb)a| representsthe volume ofthe parallelepiped, whose adjacent sides -epresented by the vectors G6 and & in magnitude and direction. Therefore three vector %5,€ ave coplanar if andVector Catculus h a, ay ‘ + onlyif 6[@ 5 c|=O.ie.,|b b, b)=0 ery Gi) Volume ofghe tetrahedron = lta ball. (i) [a+b ed a\+[bzd] (wv) [4 a5]=0. (W) Ina scalar triple product the position of dot & cross can be interchanged i.e, G-(bx2) 5 bé aj=[é ab) Gxb)-e or Proj tok In general, if @ bl + byt + by & then G5] =|b, 6, 6) (0 wiz]; where? , i & i are noncoplanarvectors. f ice Cree 1 Oy Vii) If @, 5 ,é are coplanar €3 _7'(), Scalar prpduct of three vectors, two of which are equal or parallel is O i.e. (@52]=0, Note: If a, 6 ,@ are non-coplanarthen [4 b &} > 0 forrighthanded system & [2 b é} <0 forleft Kia tise, a Dee lume ofthe tetrahedron OABC with Oas 1 ~ origin & the positive vectors of, Band C being 425 & tespectively isgiven by V = [a6 2] (xv) The position vector of the centroid ofa tetrahedron ifthe positive vectors of its angular Vertices are 4,5,2&d aregivenby | (a+b +244). Note that: Thisis also the point of concurrence of the lines joining the vertices tothe centroids of the “opposite faces and is aiso catted the centre ofthe tetrahedron. incase the tetrahedron is regular itis equidistant from the vertices and the four faces ofthe tetrahedron. Remember that :(@-5 6-¢ 3-a) =0& [a+6 b+2 +a) =2 [ab @). Prove that the formula for the volume V of a tetrahedron in terms of the lengths a, b and c of three concurrent edges and their mutual inclinations 4, 0 and Wis given by 1 cos cosy! cosp 1 cos. lcosy cos 1 aptm ete eR EET NOE ET TR ane Vector Algebra Solution, ‘ Let OABC be the tetrahedron with O as origin. Let a,5,2 be the position vectors of A, B, C. Let d=altaj+ak, B=bi+oj+hk, Eachtqjrok, : a2 tap ta ab tah rab, ac, 44,¢, + a0, tape ag? saglrbitabs tab bP +6746) bathe tbe, tye? ae, Fac, tae, be, tye, thy, tote, } a abcosq cacosy| ¢ = Jabcosp 5 bccosd lcagosy becos® ec? Gx(5xé)=0. Inall othercases @x(b x2) will bea non-zero vector in the plane of non-collinear vectors and perpendicular to the vector @, Thus we can take ax(6 x?! Ab +e, for some scalars A and w. Since JLax(5x2), Hence ax (5x2) =(@2)b beginning. Inparticularifwe take, Hence @x(bxé) = (@-2) bye . 7. Forany vector &, prove that i x(Gxi)+jx(ax j)+kx(@xk)=24 Solution, Gx Gx i jxG@x M+ Gx A] _ = ()a-CaINE|I-CGH+{6-4a-EAk)1a = iai+aj+ah)=a, +a,0.)) +a. = a(1) + a,(0)+4,0)=a Similaty, © j-4= a, & LHS.= 34~(ai+a,j+a,b)=34-a= a, ; Let &, band @ bea system of three non-coplanar vectors. Then the system of vectors a’, b' and & which satisfies a.4' = b4 =land ab'= |, iscalled the reciprocal system to the vectors 4,,¢. In term of &,b, the vectors a’, 5, @ are given by g (@ The seal gle product 6 S|formed from three non-coplanar vectors @, 5, isthe reciprocal of the scalar in rout formed from epoca =e ~ Salvinga Son enTOn MEATS eterminingan unknown veto oranumber of veeorssaisyingihe _sivenconditions). ‘Generally to solve vector equations, we express the unknown asthe linear combination of three non- elt 7= xdi+ yb + 2(GxB) as G,b and axb are non-coplanar and find x, y,zusing given conditions. ismotperpendicilabto 6: (i) and we know «+ Taking dot product ote by @ we get FE-aé = 1b. bé) i) from (i)and Gi solution of | r-a-(2: Vector Algebra . Le. SOLVED EX. 1. If @,b and @ are unit vectors, then |@-b |? +|b-@ |’ +|@-GP doesnot exceed @4 ) 9 8 @6 Ans. (b) We have 0s|a+b +27 af +|bP +e 4$2|G-545-642-a] 342/4-6+b-24+é-a] 2-322. +|b-2|4|é-aP = 2a +|bP +|éP -@-b+4-8+5-2) <2(8+3/2)= Hence (b) isthe correct answer. 2, Let @=2+j-2k and 5 =i +7. If isavectorsuch that G between Gx and ¢is 30°, then |(@xb)xé| = |,|@-aJ= 202 and the angle 2 3 @5 © 5 . ©2 @3 / Ans.(b) oo ’ ij ‘| if 7 2 1-2 =2742j+k ¢ : ba | aces pet ae af=8 = [éP +|af 2/2] =8 #85 |e? 2I8|41 = 3k.1f i is a init vector, then for the maximum value of the scalar tiple prodilct [i w], i = Lae. top pe neae @ =Gi+j+2b) () gt a Lis asp © Fqee38 @ oe Ans.(d) Now, li||3i-7j-K cos @ (where @ isthe angle between i and 7x) 159 cos® toe Thus (i ¥ #] ismaximum if cos @ = 1 ie. 0=Oor a = we v Hence (d)is the correct answer.aie Vector, Calewtus GB-i =-2 then the length ofthe vector 204-308 is @ Vis ©) 251 © Wat @ Wai Ans. (d) Hence, |204-308| = |8?-10}| = Vie4 = 2V4i Hence (d)is the correct answer. 5, if 4, B, Cand Dare four points in space satisfying AB-CD = k{| ADF +| BCP -| ACP -| BDF} then the value of kis @2 0) 13 © 12 @1 Ans.(0) Let A be the origin of reference sad a ‘the Position vectors of B,C, Dbe b,é,d. The LHS. isequal to 5 .(d-2). TheRHSis a Md +|@-5 fF -J@P -|d-b P| = Md-d 42-46-56 -26-b-E-2-d-d / ‘ = #b-d-d). C Hence (¢) is the correct answer. tree non-coplanar vectors @, 6 and & ate drawn from a common initial point, The angle between ‘Yhe plane passing through the terminal points of these vectors and the vector @x5 +5 xd +2xd is ts 2 Re SO5 (@) none of these. 4 oti int beh origih of feldrence so that cular tothe plane ABC. G)x(6-a) = bxd4+Exd+axb. le between the plane and the'given vectoris x/2. Hence (b) isthe correct answer. +7, Ifa+5+é =0and || =3|5|=5 and |é|=~7, then the angle between a and 6 is k 2n x Sn @§% oF O43 oF Ans.(¢) G+b+é=0> a+b 6 => (G+5)-(G+6)=|éF Thus |G)? +|5 f +2|a||b |cosO=|é[?, where @ isthe angle between and b . 49-9-25_1 therfore eoso = PSP => > o=% 3 Hence (c)iscorret answer.Vector Algebra : if 8. Given that (¥-a)-(#+ =2, then the aigle Between #4)’ & (#+€) #8: af 3 =D “[ 5 } 4) none oft @ cos ( a] 4) © eos | (@) none of these Ans.(@) (-8)@+a)=8 > x=3 ‘Todetermine (#—4) we have G-a) E-A=9+ 1-4-6 so that = 6 and similarly (g+a! = Jia Then (¥-4)-(E+4) = J14 V6 cos 6 8= J14 J6 cos @ 4 9, The vector (@ +35) is perpendicular to (74-55) and (@~44) is perpetidicular to (74-26) ‘The angle between a & 5 is: @ 30° ) 45° © 6" (@ none ofthese Ans.(c) / Given (@+35)-(74+5b) =0 f > Te-1sbi+ 163-5 0 ofl) } Also,,, @~45)-(14-26) =0 304-6 Cos 1a +8 2) y - 2 Sprecting, -230°+46a-5=0 => a-b= Pune, 10. X-cothponent of @ is twice its Y-component, If the magnitude of the vector is sy2 and itmakes an angle of 135° with z-axis then the vectors : @ wi 3,-3 () 26 v6 ,-6 © wW5.5,-5 @) noneofthese Ans.(¢) Let The required vector @ = 2/5i+J/5j-sé 11, If |@-5] = |x 5), then the angle between & & & is: ar () 180° © 135° @ 45°Veevor Coleutas Ans.(6),(@) ‘ Wehave ab) > |] [5] cos > » cos =sin 8 . =. 0 = 45%, 135° 12. If the non zero vectors @ & b are perpendicuiar to each other then the solution of the equation, Fxazbis: @) Fexa+ (a x by & Fexb--LGaxd) a be © FexGx5) (@) none ofthese Ans. (a) Since @ ,5 and ¥x@ arenon coplanar F = xt yb+2(axb) a Fersome scalars» ed Now Fxa z {xdi+ yb + 2(Gxb)}xa = x(4xa)+ y(b xa) +2{(axb)xay ’ = 0+ y(bxa)+2((@-a)b -(@-5)a} Ba yOxaena-as f @5=0) Goi estes ee @) z Wehave Gx (bx 2) = t zi then a@.¢-—- =Oand G.b+—=0 4.2-3p =Oand a.b +5 ab (1 4,5, 2 are non coplanar) Let the angle between a & 6 be 6 then =e14, Les & &§ ave two vectors making angle 8 with each other, then unit vectors along bisector of a&bis: avd asb cae ae (+8) wes 25 -O.* @ iad Solution. Nowin A ABC / a+byk yo (AB): + (ACP -24B.AC Cos 6 ‘a if = a+b 2ab cos @ peta the G45 ~ 2abcosd oa, — . - Ad) ae are Fanasiqod non 9183.8 8, o 1 EL {from (1)} aban EO gee oo “ar _ 2ab cos§ (a+b) BD -, Gerba (a+) ab {a Gb la® a) a+) “@+tby _ AD _ (a+b) sul sgnagtt i 2 cos} = BIVeetorstratereltist ee 5 k lal” Vig ?-g J * ia 2. Find values of x & y for which the vectors x+2)i -G-yjrk x-l)i +(2x+y) j +2£are parallel. Solution. ' Gand b are parallel if +2j+36 and B = 2i+4]-5é represent two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, find unit oo vectors parallel to the diagonals of the parallelogram, c 7 Sohition. _ Let ABCD be a parallelogram such that 4B = Gand BC=§. » L. ABCDEis'apentagon. Prove that the resultant ofthe forces AB, 4B. BC, DC, ED and AC is 34C. Solution, Let R be the resultant force R= 4B + AE + BC + DC + ED + AC“= AC + AC + AC =3AC. Hence proved. Figure 1.18 $. ABCDisa parallelogram. if L, M be the middle point of BC and CD, express AZ and 4M interms of AB and AD also show that AL + AM = 3 aC. Solution. Letthe position vectors of points B and D be! regetvely 5 and G referedto A asorigin of reference, Then AC = AD + DC = AD + 4B (» DC=4B] =dté 4B =6, ie, pasion vector ofCreferredto dis d+ AL =pxof L,the mid pointof BC. » . =F fpxof Dt ps.ot IM ee 4 D 2 Figure 1.19 al WM = + a 2 AL + AM = 6+ 22 2 eee = 76 d- 5 HC. AC = AB + AD =a +5 I Asiana de such that AK: AC=1:3 Figure 1.20 S ax= tac ee > AK = ~(@+5) soai) Again E being the mid point of 4B, we have Lg AES Left icon DE ck i IM: ME=2: a= AD+24E _ b+a ae 1 From (i) and (i) we find thatand so we conclude that K and M coincide. i, DE trisect ACand istrisected by AC. Hence proved: 7, Find the value ofp for which the vectors @=31+2}+9% and 5 =i+ pj+3k are @ perpendicular parallel Solution, @ GLb =} G.b=0 > Gi+27+98).G+ pf+38) =0 => 342p+27=0 => p=-15 Gi) Weknow that the vectors @ = ai +a,j+a,b and b= 2 +b,j+b,e are parallel iff Garb © (afta j+ak)=AGl+j+6b) e a= 2b, a= Aya, a 4 — ORE eY So, vectors @ = 3+27+9k and b= i+ pj-+3k are parallel iff j eae ooo => p=2/3 { 1p 3 P ; 8. If +B +8 =0,)a)=3, |b] =5 and Ja | =7, find the angle between Gand 5, Solution, Wehave, G+5+é=0 9, Find the values of forwhich the angle between the vectors @= 2x77 +4xj + & and be +ark is obtuse. Solution, The angle @ between vectors a and 5 isgiven by ab ~ 1ai5| Now, @ is obtuse = cos@ <0 cosé a = <0 > (aui6l = a.b <0 Cy [aL{61>0] = Mde-Brtr<0eetarlgeca S sp Tx (Q2x-1)<0 > xQx-1)<0- . i => O AB? = (AD+DBy = AD? + DB + 24D.DB Ai) t— S Figure 1.27 ‘Also we have AC = AD + DC > AC?= (AD+ DC) = AD'+ DC + 24D . DC Ail) Adding () and (i), we get AB? + AC}= 24D? + 2BD'+24D . (DB+DC) = 2(DA? + DB’), for DB + DC =0 ~ +34, then find /U, fa=f+jrkandb i (@, Componentof & along x ~ Co Gi) Component of & perpendicular to along a. Sohition, ND. componentof é alongais Gi) Component of & perpendicularto along a is 5 ( (27-7) +58) jap yr 12, Finda vector of magnitude 9, which is perpendicular toboth the vectors 47 + j-+3k and -24 + j-2k. Solution, Let a= 4i ~J+3h and b = -2f + j-2. Then, ijk xb =) 4 - 3) =Q-3))-(84+0)j+G-Dk 212 faaje deJax p= (CDs 242-83. cer | 2+ Required vector=9 ( 13. Forany three vectors, 5, 2. Show thatax(G 42) +826 +2)+Ex(O+b)= b. Solution. ’ Wehave, @ x +8) + § ¥ Era) +E x G45) = Gxb + GE 4 5x8 +b xGt Ox dt Exd (Using distribitive law] = xb +Gxd+5xd-axb-Gxd-bxe (ye dxb =~bxd ete} 14, Forany vectra, prove that [ax ? + |ax jf +|axk? =2\a/ Solution. Let G=aitajrak. Then axl =(ai+aj+abxt al =aGxi+ axl) +a, xd) =-a,k taj > |axif =a2tay axj = @i+a,j+ah)xj = ak-ae ie Jax jh e@tay Jaxk? =a2+ a> axe tax ph axeke a? tast+a?+ap+a?+a? , =2(a?+a2+42)=2 af &, OB =104 + 2b and OC = b where 0 is origin. Let p denote the area of the f oN | niet jai ter OBC" A her adain =! \OBxaC| |OBx(OC-04) |(l0d+26) x (6 -a)| (10@x6)~10(xa)+2(6 x5) - 26 xa}| = [10@x5)~040+2(4x5)} i) q=. j- Area poaletren with Od and OC as adjacent sides = | OAxOC| = (ax5| oii) From (i) and (i), we get p= 6q ~ oF46. Find the volume ofa parallelopiped whose sides are given by~3/ +7} +5é, -91+7j-34 and -3j-3 Sokution. Let G=~314+77+5k, b=-Si+7j+3k and €=7i-5}-3k. Weknow thatthe volume of apaallelopiped whose three adjacent edges ace a,6,¢ is {[@,,]]. 375 Now, [52}=|-5 7 -3) =-3(¢-21-15)-7(15 +21) +5 25-49) 7-533 = 108 - 252 - 120 =-264 So, required volume ofthe parallelopiped = | [4,5 é]|=|~264| =264 cubic units 17. Simplify (4-6 6-2 6—A] Solution, Wehave: (a-b 5-28 -a) = (G-b)xb-3} - E-a) [by def] = (@xb-axd-5xb+5x8) . E-a) {by dist law] / = (@xb+éxd45xd) . @-a) (since 5x6 =0] = (Gxb).g — G@xb).a + (@xd).2 - (@xd).a + (6xd).2 - (xe). / : {by dist. law] L ._ 3 = [wb 3} (ab aj + ae] - [aa] + (be) - (Bea) 7 & = (abe) Peal ok scalar triple product when any two vectorsaré equal is zero] 19. Show that the vectors @ =~27 +47-2k, Solution, = 47-2} -2 and ¢ =-27 -2] + 4k are coplanar.RRR seen 2 4-2 The vectors are coplanar since [@5z]=| 4 -2 -2}=0 22 4 20, Forany vectora, prove that ix (axi)+ jx(@x j)+ kx (@xk) = 24 Solution. * Let G=ai+ajrak. Then, ix (Axi) + jx (ax j)+kx(axk) “(oi saj+ah) aa ax) - (6:8) (xd) 2A, Prove that ax{b x(éxd)} Solution. We have, {by dist. taw} = (6.4) (@2)-6.2) (@x4) y, 22. Let @= a+ 27 ~ 3k, 6 = i+ 2aj - 2h and Z = 2} — gj + &. Find the value(s) ofa, ifany, ° such that {(x)x(b x23} «(2 x@)=0. Find the vector product when a=0. Solution. (xd) (5 xo)} x (ExA) weed a]bxex let eliate-om, A aci[a be}=0 -=(6 .2) @ leads to the equation 2a? + a+ 12=0,0°+6a=Dand 64 -6=0, whickdo not havea common solution, @ {aé a2 3 > => |1 2a 2 -0=3a=2>0-3 2-0 1 when a=0, [a 5 2]-= 104.56, b.c- andthe veciorprodueis- 60(2i +2) 23. If A+B =@, A.@=1and Ax B=6 , then prove that A=(Given Ax B=) (@.B) A-(@.A) > (af) 4 {using equation (2)] Solving equation (1) and (5), simultaneously, we get < axbea bxd+a(lap 1 7a 8tbs8 ge (at -1) lay 24, Solve for 7, the simultaneousequations 7 xb = 2x, 7. = Oprovided dis not perpendicularto 5; Solution. hy ‘sPrenmultiple the given equation seta by a x (¥xa) + k(GxF) => @AF-(G. +k Gxd)=axd wii) Premultiply @scalarly by & {azajreG. ii) ka Substituting ¥ @ from (i) and a . x from (iii) in (fi) we getjo Ans anesae™ OB, CA OA-OC, AB=OB-0A ‘2 Chea epee CDEP wither show that \ 6. The position vectors of the points 4, B,C, Dare i+ j+h, 2145), 3142)-3k, {-6)-k respectively: Showthat the lines 4Band CD are parallel and find theratiooftheirlengths. Ans.1;2 7. The veitices P, Q and Sofa triangle PQShave position vectors p, ands respectively. @ Find m, the position vector of M, the mid-point of PO, in terms of rand: (i) Find 7 the position vector of T on SM such that ST: TM=2:1, in terms of p.Gand3. Gi) the parallelogram PORS is now completed. Express 7 ~hgeotignvepptoiie point Rin terms of p,, Gq and$ Prove that P, Tand & are collinear. xR} Xt, lee eee Ansm= > (p+4), f= > (B+49+5),rT Vector Algebra. . ‘| 8 D,E, Fare the mid-points of the sides BC, CA, AB respectively of a triangle. Show FE = 1/2 BC. and that the sum of the vectors AD , BE, CF iszero. 9. The median AD of a triangle ABC is bisected at E and BE is produced to meet the side ACin F, show that AF = 1/3 AC and EF = 1/4 BF. ). Point Lf, N divide te sides BC, C4, AB of AABCinthe ratios 1:4,3+2,3 : 7respectively Prove that AZ + BM + CN isa vector parallel to CK , when K divides AB ee 3. |a-5) I 12, Find the values of x and y is the vectors @ = 37+aj~k and §=2+ j+ yk are mutually 11. If Gand 6 are unit vectors and 9 is angle beiweenthem,provetht an = perpendicular vectors of equal magnitude. ans s=— 3, y= 2?" i2 43. Let @= x74+2)-2b, b= i-j+h and @=x1+5j—4k be three vectors. Find the values of x for which the angle between Gand} isacute and the anple between and is obtuse. Ans.(-3,~2) v (2:3) : 14. The points O, A, B, C, D, are such that 04=a;, OB =b, OC =24+3b, OD =4+25.Given that the length of OA isthree times the length of OB showthat BD and AC are perpendicular. / 15, 4BCDisatetrahedton and G is the centroid of the base BCD. ; Prove that 4B? + AC? + AD? = GB + GC + GD + 3G#? J 16. Ip and aretmit vectors forming an angle of 30% find the area ofthe parallelogram having & = +23 ands 26+ Gasitsdiagorals Aas. 3/4 sq. units aR Show thar (a+ 6 +2)x(6-5)}.a-2[8 5 a aR Prove that the: normal to othe e plane containing the three poims whose position vectors are G, 5, é lies I ive adjaet vertices are at B(-1, 0,2), C(2,-2, 3) and D(A, 2,1), then find the volume ofthe parallelopiped. Ans. 72 22, Find the value of m such that the vectors 2/~j+k; ?+2j-3h and 31+ mj +5k are coplanar, Ans.-4 23, Show that the vector, 5, , are coplanar if'and onlyif b+2, @+ a, @+6 are coplanar. 24, Prove that dx (5x2) +5 x (Exa)+éx(axb)=0. 25, Find the unit vector coplanar with 7 +7 +2k and i +2j + Kand perpendicularto 7 +j +k. ee eee Ans, —=(-j+k)or,——(j - k) Borg 26. Prove that Gx {@x (ax 5)} = a.a) (bx).Heston Cateutus B.D pete Fp interne andj. and 3.2 E.DGxd) , F.HNE 29, Prove haw = To abe] where @, 6, € are three non-coplanar vectors. 28. If ¥.a=0, ice may be Correct, 1, Let Ga qit ay) tak, b Bit bj + Ok, F< G+ cy) + ck be three non-zero vectors such that Zs aunit vector perpendicular to both the vectors d and & Ifthe angle between & and 6 is % lay a al then |p bby} sequal to la 2 % (0 () Lea? tay 103) 6? +62 465) 5 yn @ Rat +a?+a") (62+b2 +b) (e2 +02 +0") ne J 2 Thenumbers of vectors otunit Jength perpendicularto vectors @ =(1, 1, 0)and 5=(0, 1, 1)is @) one (©) two © (A) infinite 3 Let o=2-j+k, b= 242j-hand e=7 + j-2K be three vectors. A vector in the plane of 6 *taieuinepoisononaisofein [i is G3 7-3k (&) 2143j43k (© -2i-j+sk = @) 2fa fash jek bintiscdie-aheande ai 2 cea aimee nayeoors and 2 i ) @ekParl &) a=tBatt ©) a=-l, Bes) @ a=il, Be 1 Forthree vectors i, which ofthe following expressions isnot equal to any ofthe remaining three? () 2x) 0) Goma © Hx) @ GH 6. Which ofthe following expressions are meaningful ? @ aGxw) &) Gx) (©) (xy @ ux 7. Letdandb be twonon-collinear unit vectors. If ii = d- (4.5)b and = 4x8, then| Fis (@ |i] (b) \a|+]a.a] © |al+jab) () a+i(G+5) : SE'3 (OBJECTIVE) Only one CI correct : 4. Thescatar 4.(B+C)x (A+B +6) equals 3 @ 0 &) BGC A (b) [48 C} (@_ none ofthese 2, Fornon-zero vectors &, 5, 2, |(2x5)2{={a {6 |1é | tiolds ifand only ifvector Algebra + @ coe © & 3. Tete vie se ey Cara 2), OB 2 @ 4 7 : ® 5 (none of these 4, The points with position vectors 607 437/40? 87; ai ~52) are collinear if 40 a4 ~~ @*a=20 (@) none ofthese (+).b+(b +2).G+ (E+) F isequalto @o (b) 1 2 @3 6. Let a,b, cbe distinct rionnegative numbers, If vectors af +aj+ck, f-+k and ci+o+bk lieina plane, then cis @ theAMofaandd (b) theGMofaandb (6) theHMofaands (4) equaltozero 4), then d equals @ +k = a=56 +6) then the angle between to x/2 @ x ‘ip ( He )w damit pals'Sthen inedabear (@) 25 A+ B)x(A+O)] equals I @o ® [4BC] (© AABC} @ -(4BC] UL, If B, @ 7 be three mutually pempendicular vectors of the same magnitude. Ifa vector Z satisfies the equation x((#-G)x p) +4 x ((%-7)xq) +7 ((F- p)x7)=0, then ¥ isgivenby ae ae lo es, Lae ns @ 3O+4-27)— @) D+4+") © Z@+d+7) — @ 32p+4-7) k i+}. WZisavectorsuch that 2 =|2|,|é-d|=2V2 and theangle between (2x5) aid-Gis 30°, then | (@xb)xé |= @ 2B () 32 ©2 @3 1B. mae b=i+2j-k Se ge eee eae 1 @ —Ci+b @ © =zG-27) t ¥ 14, Ifthe vectors a, 5, & formthesides BC, CA and AB respectively of a triangle. ABC.thenVector Calesthis bxe=txa ®) axb (@ Gxb+bxd+2x5=0 15, Letthevecior 3, 5, 8 and d besuchthat (2x5) x(@@) = 0. Let P, and P, be planes determined bythe parsof vectors & & and respectively. Then te angle between P, and P, is ao! w% o @t 16. 1f4, 6, @ are unit coplanar vectors, then the scalar triple product [24-5 2b- 2¢ @o ®1 © WB © 8 17. Let Gs ih, Baxke J+ (140k and 3 = yf taj e¢l+a~ yh. Then (4,6,¢] depends on (@) onlyx (b) onlyy (©) Neither x Nory —(@) bothxand y 18. If, b, 2 are unit vectors, then |@-5f +(6~2| +|¢-G? doesNOT exceed @4 (b) 9 os (a) 6 19. 6G and 6 aretwo unit vectors such that +26 and 5a —4b are perpendicular to each other then the angle between Gand 6 is @ 45 © 60° © wo'(4) @ o'(2 | 20, Let = 2547 product fa 3 wi}is @-1 © Vi0+V6 © 59 @ 60 24. The Value ofa’ so thatthe volume of parallelopiped formed by f+ aj +, j+ ak and ai +f becomes oe is vector, and w=i+3k .If i isa unit vector, then the maximum value of the scalar triple © WB @ 8 ~F then 6 is © i @ @Vector VaLuep Function VITIE ECO Avvector valtied function ofa real variable isa rule that associates a vector (0) with areal number t where f belongs to some subset D or R' called domain of f. We write 7 :D > Rtodenote 7 isa mapping of Dinto R°.Forexample: (0) =f +7 +0E isa vector valued function in A, defined forall real numbers. We would write j* : R->R'.Att= 1, the value of functions is the vector f+ j+# which f in cartesian coordinates has the terminal point (1, 1, 1). x Avector valued function of real variable can be written in component form as / % FO = HOI+HO]+ HOF Cs orinthe form ¥ FO =H, AO, AO) Real valued functions /(),f(0),A()are called the component functions of . The first formis often ‘used whey/egpphesizing that 7(2) isa vector and the second fom is useful when consderingjust the eaninal bili of he | b The véehor imetion FW =(cost, sint,1) defines a helix in i dimensiogal space. As the value of r increases the terminal points of 7(¢) trace out acurve spiralling upward. t ‘Domain of vector valued function is the intersection of domains of individual function f,(1), £(0), fd). Itis set of real values of for which all the functions (0), (1), (0) are defined. Figure 2.1 1, Find the domain ey function sins}+in9—?)k | ee fo a Solution. ‘The vector valued function is defined as eee a Fo = Fi ssingj +1092 )k = (Sosnsino-"))