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PROFED-1 MODULE 2 The Stages of Development and Development Tasks

The document discusses developmental stages from infancy through late adulthood based on the work of Havighurst and Santrock. It identifies 6 major developmental periods according to Havighurst: infancy/early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late maturity. Santrock also discusses 8 developmental periods: prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle/late childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. The document provides details on the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial characteristics and developmental tasks of each life stage.

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Karen Felipe
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19K views

PROFED-1 MODULE 2 The Stages of Development and Development Tasks

The document discusses developmental stages from infancy through late adulthood based on the work of Havighurst and Santrock. It identifies 6 major developmental periods according to Havighurst: infancy/early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late maturity. Santrock also discusses 8 developmental periods: prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle/late childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. The document provides details on the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial characteristics and developmental tasks of each life stage.

Uploaded by

Karen Felipe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Karen P.

Felipe
BEEd-IV

PROFED- 1
Mrs. Noli Matias

The Stages of Development and Development Tasks

ANALYSIS
1. How many developmental stages were described? How these stages compare to
Havighurst’s developmental stages given below?
Havighaurst has identified six major age periods:
1. Infancy and early childhood (0-5 years)
2. Middle childhood(6-12 years)
3. Adolescence (13-18 years)
4. Early adulthood (19-29)
5. Middle adulthood (30-60 years)
6. Late Maturity

 Developmental psychologists often divide our development into three areas: physical
development, cognitive development, and psychosocial development. Mirroring
Erikson’s stages, lifespan development is divided into different stages that are based on
age. These are prenatal, infant, child, adolescent, and adult development.
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
From beginning as a one-cell structure to your birth, your prenatal development
occurred in an orderly and delicate sequence.There are three stages of prenatal development:
germinal, embryonic, and fetal. Let’s take a look at what happens to the developing baby in
each of these stages.
1. Germinal Stage (Weeks 1–2)
2. Embryonic Stage (Weeks 3–8)
3. Fetal Stage (Weeks 9–40)
ADOLESCENCE
Adolescence is the period of development that begins at puberty and ends at
emerging adulthood.
ADULTHOOD
Adulthood begins around 20 years old and has three distinct stages: early, middle, and
late. Each stage brings its own set of rewards and challenges.

 Our physical, cognitive, and psychosocial skills grow and change as we move through
developmental stages from infancy through late adulthood. Attachment in infancy is a
critical component of healthy development. Parenting styles have been found to have an
effect on childhood outcomes of well-being. The transition from adolescence to
adulthood can be challenging due to the timing of puberty, and due to the extended
amount of time spent in emerging adulthood. Although physical decline begins in middle
adulthood, cognitive decline does not begin until later. Activities that keep the body and
mind active can help maintain good physical and cognitive health as we age.

2. What is an outstanding trait or behaviour of each stage?


A. Infancy and early childhood(0-5yrs old)
In this stage, the child begins to learn different physical activities like
walking, crawling as well as starting to read and forming concepts.
B. Middle childhood (6-12 years old)
Middle childhood is then where the child learns different physical skills for
simple games; as well as developing concepts for everyday living.
C. Adolescence
During the adolescence period, the child achieves more mature relations
with others. The child gets to knows oneself and prepares himself for the coming
years.
D. Early Adulthood
Here one is now ready to settle down and begin a family as well as a new
life. One looks for a career to help in raising himself and his family; practicing as
well socially.
E. Middle Adulthood
The middle age, is where one is able to see clearly to his future, here one is
then able to help his children as well as other teenagers to become more
responsible. Here one also is able to adapt to everything that is happening to him
physically, emotionally even socially
F. Later Maturity
In this stage, one is adjusting to the happenings of his life. Here, one needs
to adjust to understand everything especially in death.
3. What task/s is/are expected of each developmental stage?
Infancy and early childhood (0-5 years),
1. Learning to walk.
2. Learning to take solid foods
3. Learning to talk
4. Learning to control the elimination of body wastes
5. Learning sex differences and sexual modesty
6. Forming concepts and learning language to describe social and physical reality.
7. Getting ready to read
Middle childhood (6-12 years),
1 .Learning physical skills necessary for ordinary games.
2. Building wholesome attitudes toward oneself as a growing organism
3. Learning to get along with age-mates
4. Learning an appropriate masculine or feminine social role
5. Developing fundamental skills in reading, writing, and calculating
6. Developing concepts necessary for everyday living.
7. Developing conscience, morality, and a scale of values
8. Achieving personal independence
9.Developing attitudes toward social groups and institutions
Adolescence (3-18 years),
1. Achieving new and more mature relations with age-mates of both sexes
2. Achieving a masculine or feminine social role
3. Accepting one's physique and using the body effectively
4. Achieving emotional independence of parents and other adults
5. Preparing for marriage and family life Preparing for an economic career
6. Acquiring a set of values and an ethical system as a guide to behavior;
developing an ideology
7. Desiring and achieving socially responsible behavior
Early adulthood (19-29)
1. Selecting a mate
2. Achieving a masculine or feminine social role
3. Learning to live with a marriage partner
4. Starting a family
5. Rearing children
6. Managing a home
7. Getting started in an occupation
8. Taking on civic responsibility
9. Finding a congenial social group
Middle adulthood (30-60 years) and
1. Achieving adult civic and social responsibility
2. Establishing and maintaining an economic standard of living
3. Assisting teenage children to become responsible and happy adults
4. Developing adult leisure-time activities
5. Relating oneself to one’s spouse as a person
6. Accepting and adjusting to the physiologic changes or middle age
7. Adjusting to aging parent
Later maturity (61+)
1. Adjusting to decreasing physical strength and health
2. Adjusting to retirement and reduced income
3. Adjusting to death of a spouse
4. Establishing an explicit affiliation with one’s age group
5. Meeting social and civil obligations
6. Establishing satisfactory physical living arrangement

4. Does a developmental task in a higher level require accomplishment of the


lower level developmental tasks?
 Robert Havighurst defines developmental task as one that “ arises at certain
period in our life, the successful achievement of which leads to happiness and
success with later tasks while failure leads to unhappiness, social disapproval, and
difficulty with later tasks”
5. Refer to Havighurst’s Developmental tasks given in the table on the next page.
Match the descriptions given by Santrock. Are Havighurst and Santrock saying the
same things?

Developmental tasks (Santrock, 2002)


1. Prenatal period (from conception to birth)- it involves tremendous growth from a single
cell to an organism complete with brain and behavioural capabilities.
2. Infancy(from birth to 18-24 months)- a Psychological activities are just time of extreme
dependence on adults. Many beginning – language , symbolic thought , sensorimotor
coordination and social learning.
3. Early Childhood (end of infancy to 5-6 years ( grade 1) – these are the preschool years.
Young children learn to become more self- sufficient and to care for themselves, develop
school readiness skills and spend many hours in play with peers.
4. Middle and late childhood (6-11 years of age, the elementary school years)- the
fundamental skills of reading, writing and arithmetic are mastered. The Child is formally
exposed to the larger world and its culture. Achievement becomes a more central theme of the
child’s world and self-control increases.
5. Adolescence (10-12 years of age ending up to 18-22 years of age)- Begins with rapid
physical changesdramatic gains in height and weight, changes in body contour, and the
development of sexual characteristics such as enlargement of the breasts,
development of pubic and facial hair, and deepening of the voice. Pursuit of independence
and identity are prominent. Thought is more logical, abstract and idealistic. More time is
spent outside of the family.
6. Early adulthood(from late teens or early 20s lasting through the 30’s – it is a time of
establishing personal and economic independence, career development, selecting a
mate,learning to live with someone in an intimate way, starting a family and rearing children.
7. Middle adulhood (40-60 years of age) – It is a time of expanding personal and social
involvement and responsibility; of assisting the next generation in becoming competent and
mature individuals; and of reaching and maintaining satisfaction in a career.
8. Late Adulthood (60s and above)- It is time for adjustment to decreasing strength and
health. Life review, retirement, and adjustment to new social roles.

APPLICATION
1. Answer this question with a learning partner. What are the implications of these
developmental tasks to your role as a facilitator of learning? Let’s pay particular
attention to the stages that correspond to schooling- early childhood, middle and late
childhood and adolescence.
Let’s do #1. Early Childhood- what are preschool teachers supposed to do with
preschoolers?
Help them develop readiness for school and not to be too academic in teaching
approach. They ought to give much time for preschoolers to play. Or perhaps help
preschoolers develop school readiness by integrating children’s games in school activities.
Readiness for school and not to be too academic in teaching approach. They ought to give
much time for preschoolers to play. Or perhaps help preschoolers develop school readiness by
integrating children’s games in school activities.
#2- Middle and Late childhood
Elementary school teachers ought to help their pupils by being responsible for the
educational and emotional growth of children in a classroom setting, as well as managing the
materials and resources used for educating them. This career demands communication,
patience, creativity, and energy,
#3- adolescence
High school teachers ought to help their students by helping students meet the state
standards in their academics and the state’s high school graduation requirements.

BIG IDEAS
1. Complete this unfinished sentence.
Developmental tasks are _____________________
1. Learning to get along with friends of both sexes.
2. Accepting one's physical body and keeping it healthy.
3. Becoming more self-sufficient.
4. Making decisions about marriage and family life.
5. Preparing for a job or career.
6. Acquiring a set of values to guide behavior.
7. Becoming socially responsible.

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING


Put a check ( √) beside those statements that are correct and an (X) beside those
that are wrong. If your answer is an X, explain why.
√ 1.Developmental task are only for the 3 stages of human development.
√ 2. Failure of achieving developmental tasks in an earlier stage also means failure for
the learner to master the developmental task in the next stage.
√ 3. Preschool corresponds to early childhood stage.
√ 4. Adolescence is middle and late childhood stage .
√ 5. Teenage is middle childhood.
√ 6. Mastery of fundamental skills is a major concern during early childhood.
√ 7. Play is a great need of children in middle school.
√ 8. Preparing children for school readiness is the major concern of middle childhood.

REFLECTION
1. Reflect on your early childhood, middle and late childhood days. Were you able to
acquire the developmental tasks expected of early, middle, late childhood and
adolescence.what facilitated acquisitions of the ability to perform such tasks? Write
your reflections.
My mom says that I learned to walk when I was exactly one year old and I speak
clearly that they easily understand what I say. I learned to write at the age of four and learned
to read at the age of five. I remember that when I turned twelve years old, it starts to change
my physical appearance such as being in a teenage stage.My emotions and my thinking skills
changed too. As we grow old our we also become matured in every aspects of life.
What “facilitated” my development? Me being a ray one soul. Having a really
excellent memory and strong mental will. I’ve never been as emotional as average. And I
worked hard.
2. Having mastered the developmental tasks of early childhood middle and late
childhood and adolescence, reflect on what you should do
As a teacher to facilitate your students’ acquisition of these developmental tasks. Write
down your reflections.
 The tasks of one stage do not need to be completely mastered before a child begins the
tasks of the next stage. However, the sooner he masters a task, the easier it will be to
tackle the tasks of the next stage.Children continue to work on most tasks throughout
childhood, even though there is usually one stage at which any one task is most
prominent.
When you know what tasks your children are working on:
 You can model and teach the skills that will help them to successfully complete the
“jobs” of their age.
 You can be more patient
 You will be less likely to blame yourself or your children when they behave in
frustrating yet developmentally appropriate ways, such as:
-all the “no’s” and not sharing of childhood
-the strict adherence to rules on one hand mixed with breaking rules at other times of
school age children
-the defiance, opposition and criticality and peer focus of teens
 You can affirm your children for practicing/mastering their developmental tasks.

 Teachers can facilitate learning by making the educational process easier for
students. This does not mean watering down the curriculum or lowering
standards. Rather, facilitating learning involves teaching students to think
critically and understand how the learning process works. Students need to learn
how to go beyond the basic facts—who, what, where, and when—and question
the world around them.

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