University of Zakho

College of engineering
Mechanical department

Experiment No (3)
Cooling Tower

Name: Sarkaft Muhager Samad

Stage: 4rd

Date: 14/11/2020

Nov-2020
PURPOSE:
To study and simulate the operation of the cooling tower and draw processes that
happen inside the cooling tower using a psychometric chart.

Introduction:
The cooling tower is one of the most important devices in industrial applications
and it is used to cool the warm water coming from the heat exchanger (condenser)
in the thermal power plant by contacting unsaturated air.
In a typical water cooling tower, warm water flows counter current to an air
stream. Typically, the warm water enters the top of the packed tower and cascades
down through the packing, and leaving at the bottom.
Air enters at the bottom of the tower and flows upward through the descending
water. The tower packing consists of a plastic or packed bed. The water is
distributed by troughs and overflows to cascade over packing that provides large
interfacial areas of contact between the water and air in the form of droplets and
films of water. The flow of air upward the tower can be induced by the buoyancy
of the warm air in the tower (natural draft) or by the action of a fan. The water
cannot be cooled below the wet-bulb temperature. (See Figure 4.1).

Fig. (4.1) Steam Power Plant with Cooling Tower

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APPARATUS:
The apparatus consists of the following components and instruments: - (see Figure
4.2, A-B).
1. Air distribution chamber.
2. A tank with heaters to simulate cooling loads of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 kW.
3. A make-up tank.
4. A centrifugal fan with intake damper.
5. Pump.
6. A water collecting basin.
7. An electrical control panel.
8. Packed column.
9. Column cap.
10. Temperature indicator.
11. Inclined tube manometer.
12. Variable area flow meter.

Figure (4.2- A) cooling tower apparatus

Figure (4.2-B) components of cooling tower apparatus

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THEORY:-

Cooling Range: The difference between the water temperature at the inlet and
outlet of the tower.
Cooling Load: The rate at which heat is removed from the water. This may be
expressed in kW.
Make-up: The quantity of freshwater which must be supplied to the water circuit
to make good the losses due to evaporation and other causes.
Drift: Droplets of water which are entrained by the air stream leaving the tower.
Approach to wet bulb: The difference between the temperature of the water
leaving the tower and the wet-bulb temperature of the air entering.
By using the wet and dry bulb temperatures, for points A (inlet air into the
column) and B (outlet air from column) may be plotted this process on the
psychometric chart and can be taken all properties of moisture air:

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Applying the Steady Flow Energy Equation to the system indicated by the
Boundary as shown in the figure:

𝑸̇ − 𝑷 = 𝒎̇𝒂 (𝒉𝑩 − 𝒉𝑨 ) − 𝒎̇𝑬 𝒉𝑬

Q̇ rate of heat transfer (Kw), P Power of water pump (Kw), ΔK̇E change in kinetic
energy (negligible), ΔḢ change in enthalpy.
hB = specific enthalpy of exit air (kJ/kg),
hA = specific enthalpy of inlet air (kJ/kg),
hE = specific enthalpy (hf) of make-up water (kJ/kg) at t7 (ambient dry bulb
temperature) ………. (t7 assumed the same as t1).
̇ 𝐸 ) = quantity of water consumed in the make-up tank (ME) divided
Makeup rate (𝑀
by time.

NOTE: - The pump power P is (-ve) since it is a work input.

Air enthalpy change = 𝑚̇ 𝑎 (ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴 )

Water enthalpy change = 𝑚𝑤

̇ 𝑐𝑝 (𝑡6 − 𝑡5 )

From the Mass Balance Equation:

̇ 𝐸 ) must be an equal evaporation rate.
Makeup rate (𝑀
Evaporation rate = 𝑚̇ 𝑎 (𝑤𝐵 − 𝑤𝐴 )

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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1- Fill water in the make-up tank, the level of the water should always be greater
than the mark of minimum level on the load tank.
2- Fill water at two positions of the wet-bulb temperature (inlet and outlet air
positions).
3- Switch on the experiment.
4- Open the cover of the air intake damper to set the air flow rate such that the
pressure drop through the tower is 16 mm H2O.
5- Set water flow rate at 40 g/sec.
6- Switch on the heater at 1 kW.
7- Read all temperatures each 5 min. until the system reached a steady state.
8- Fill water with the make-up tank up and measure the volume of evaporated in
10 minutes to find the rate of evaporation.
9- For the final reading plot process on the psychometric chart.
10- Calculate the mass of air flow rate 𝑚̇a, ΔḢ of system, evaporating rate, make up
̇ 𝐸 ), cooling range, approach to the wet bulb.
the rate (𝑀

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Reading:
NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6

h (cm) 9.2 15.21 2 2.9 2.4 1.9

Time (min.) 5 10 15 20 25 30

T1, °C 22.6 23.2 23.3 23.3 22.9 23.2

T2, °C 17.5 17.6 17.8 17.7 17.6 17.7

T3, °C 20.5 21.2 21.8 21.3 21.2 21.2

T4, °C 20 20.7 21.2 21.3 21.2 21.3

T5, °C 22.1 23 22.9 23.4 23 23.4

T6, °C 19.1 20 19.9 19.8 20 20.2

X (mm. H2O) 16 16 16 16 16 16

mw (g/sec.) 40 40 40 40 40 40

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Calculation:
𝑚𝑤 = 40 𝑔⁄𝑠 𝑥 = 16𝑚𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 1𝑘𝑊 𝑡 = 30𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇1 = 23.2℃ 𝑇2 = 17.7℃ 𝑇3 = 21.2℃ 𝑇4 = 21.3℃ 𝑇5 = 23.4℃
𝑇6 = 20.2℃
By psychrometric chart:

At 𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝒅𝒓𝒚,𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒚 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟐℃ , 𝑻𝟐 = 𝑻𝒘𝒆𝒕,𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒚 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟕℃ :

𝒘𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟔𝒌𝒈𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 /𝒌𝒈𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝒉𝑨 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑱⁄𝒌𝒈

At 𝑻𝟑 = 𝑻𝒅𝒓𝒚,𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒕 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟐℃ 𝑻𝟒 = 𝑻𝒘𝒆𝒕,𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒕 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟑℃ :

𝒘𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟏𝒌𝒈𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 /𝒌𝒈𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝒉𝑩 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟏 𝒌𝑱⁄𝒌𝒈 𝑽𝒂𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟕 𝒎𝟑 ⁄𝒌𝒈

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Find value specific enthalpy of Makeup, At table (A-2) properties of saturated
water (liquid-vapor):

23.2 − 23 ℎ𝐸 − 96.52
=
24 − 23 100.70 − 96.52
𝒉𝑬 = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟑𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝑱⁄𝒌𝒈

Form the Orifice constant equation, calculate Dry air mass flow rate (𝒎̇𝒂 ):

𝒙 𝒙 𝑤𝐵 = 0.0161𝑘𝑔𝑊 /𝑘𝑔𝐴
𝒎̇𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟕√ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟕√ 𝑥 = 16𝑚𝑚
𝑽𝑩 𝑽𝒂𝑩 (𝟏 + 𝑤𝐵 ) 𝑉𝑎𝐵 = 0.857 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔

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𝑚̇𝑎 = 0.0137√
0.857 × (1 + 0.161)

𝒎̇𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟒𝟗𝟑𝟖 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒔

Calculate Makeup rate (𝒎̇𝑬 ):

𝜋ℎ𝐷 2 𝜌𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3

𝐷 = 7𝑐𝑚 = 0.07𝑚
𝒎̇𝑬 = 𝑽̇ × 𝝆𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 4 × 𝝆𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 ℎ = 1.9𝑐𝑚 = 0.019𝑚
𝑡
(Time between each Temp.)= 5𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜋 × 0.019 × 0.072
𝑚̇𝐸 = 4 × 1000
5 × 60
𝒎̇𝑬 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟑 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒔

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Calculate 𝚫𝐇̇ of system, by applying the steady flow energy equation:

𝑸̇ − 𝑷 = ∆𝑯̇ − ∆𝑲𝑬
̇ 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟(𝑃) = −0.1𝑘𝑤
𝑄̇ = 0.5𝑘𝑤
∆𝑯̇ = 𝑄̇ − 𝑃 = 0.5𝑘𝑊 − (−0.1𝑘𝑊)
𝑚̇𝐸 = 0.00024373 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠
∆𝑯̇ = 𝑸̇ − 𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝒌𝒘 𝑚̇𝑎 = 0.054938 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠
ℎ𝐵 = 62.1 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔
∆𝑯̇ = ∆𝑯̇𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒕 − ∆𝑯̇𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒚
ℎ𝐴 = 50 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔
ΔḢ = 𝑚̇ 𝑎 ℎ𝐵 − 𝑚̇ 𝑎 ℎ𝐴 − 𝑚̇ 𝐸 ℎ𝐸 ℎ𝐸 = 97.356 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔

ΔḢ = 𝑚̇ 𝑎 (ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴 ) − 𝑚̇ 𝐸 ℎ𝐸

∆𝐻̇ = 0.054938(62.1 − 50) − 0.00024373 (97.356)

∆𝑯̇ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟏𝒌𝑾

Calculate cooling range:

𝑇5 = 23.4℃
𝑪𝒐𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝑇5 − 𝑇6 = 23.4 − 20.2 = 3.2℃ 𝑇6 = 20.2℃

Calculate air enthalpy change and water enthalpy change:

𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒑𝒚 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝒎̇ 𝒂 (𝒉𝑩 − 𝒉𝑨 ) 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟(𝐶𝑝 ) = 4.186 𝑗/𝑔°𝐶

𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 0.054938(62.1 − 50) 𝑚̇𝑎 = 0.054938 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠 𝑚̇𝑤 = 40 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠
ℎ𝐵 = 62.1 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ℎ𝐴 = 50 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔
𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒑𝒚 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟒𝟕 𝒌𝑱⁄𝒔

𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒑𝒚 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝒎̇ 𝒘 𝑪𝒑 (𝑻𝟓 − 𝑻𝟔 )

𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 40 × 4.186 (23.4 − 20.2)
𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒑𝒚 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝟓𝟑𝟓. 𝟖𝟎𝟖 𝒌𝑱⁄𝒔

Calculate cooling range:

𝑇2 = 17.7℃
𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒕𝒐 𝒘𝒆𝒕 𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒃 = 𝑇6 − 𝑇2 = 20.2 − 17.7 𝑇6 = 20.2℃

𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒕𝒐 𝒘𝒆𝒕 𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒃 = 𝟐. 𝟓℃

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Calculate evaporating rate from mass balance equation:

𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝒎̇𝒂 (𝒘𝑩 − 𝒘𝑨 )

𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 0.054938 (0.0161 − 0.0106)

𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟓𝟗𝒌𝒈/𝒔

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 Results:

𝒉𝑨 𝒉𝑩 𝒉𝑬
No. 𝒘𝑨 𝒘𝑩 𝑽𝒂𝑩
(𝒌𝑱⁄𝒌𝒈) (𝒌𝑱⁄𝒌𝒈) (𝒌𝑱⁄𝒌𝒈)

1 0.0106 49.5 0.0145 57.5 0.852 94.844

2 0.0106 49.6 0.0152 59.5 0.854 97.348

3 0.010 50 0.0157 61.8 0.857 97.767

4 0.0106 50.1 0.016 62 0.856 97.767

5 0.0106 49.8 0.0157 61.7 0.855 100.281

6 0.0106 50 0.0161 62.1 0.857 97.356

Water
Cooling Air enthalpy Approach to Evaporation
enthalpy 𝑚̇𝑎 𝑚̇𝐸 ∆𝐻̇
No range, change wet bulb rate
change (𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠) (𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠) (kW)
(℃) (𝑘𝐽⁄𝑠) (℃) 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠
(𝑘𝐽⁄𝑠)

1 3 502.32 0.4715 1.6 0.05894 0.0018019 0.359 0.00022986

2 3 502.32 0.5826 2.4 0.05885 0.0019511 0.392 0.00027071

3 3 502.32 0.6930 2.1 0.05873 0.0002565 0.667 0.00033476

4 3.6 602.78 0.6985 2.1 0.05876 0.0004650 0.653 0.00031698

5 3 502.32 0.6997 2.4 0.0588 0.0003078 0.668 0.00029988

6 3.2 535.04 0.6647 2.5 0.0549 0.0002437 0.641 0.00030215

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DISCUSSION:
Q1/What is the purpose of using the cooling tower. What are the types of the
cooling tower? Explain them?
Answer/
A cooling tower is designed to remove heat from a building or facility by spraying
water down through the tower to exchange heat into the inside of the building.
Purpose of a cooling tower is to reduce the temperature of circulating hot water to
reuse this water again in the boiler. This hot water is coming from the condenser.
If you look at the roof of most high rise commercial buildings, or even around
industrial sites and power stations, you’ll notice these large boxes with a fan on
top. These are Cooling Towers and their purpose is to reject the unwanted heat
from a building or process.
Types of cooling tower:
1. Atmospheric cooling tower: The atmospheric cooling towers
utilize no mechanical fan to create air flow through the tower,
its air is derived from a natural induction flow provided by a
pressure spray.

2. Mechanical or forced draft cooling tower: In this type of cooling tower, fan
is used to circulate the air. They are two different classes: Forced draft cooling
towers and Induced draft cooling towers. Forced draft cooling tower contains
horizontal shaft for the fan and it is placed at bottom of the tower and induced
draught cooling tower contains vertical shaft and it is placed at top of the
cooling tower.

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3. Hybrid draft cooling tower: They are equipped with mechanical draft fans to
augment airflow. Properly designed the fans may need to be operated only
during periods as high ambient sand peak loads.

4. Air-flow characterized cooling tower:

 COUNTERFLOW: in the counterflow towers, the air moves vertically
upward through the fill, counter to the downward fall of water.

 CROSSFLOW: The crossflow towers have a fill configuration through,

which the air flows horizontally, across the downward fall of water.

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5. Construction- characterized cooling tower.
 Field-erected: The field-erected cooling towers are those on which the
primary construction activity takes place at the site of ultimate use
 Factory-assembled: The factory-assembled cooling towers undergo
virtually complete assembly at their point of manufacture, whereupon there
are shipped to the site in as a few sections as mode of transportation will
permit.

6. Shape characterized cooling tower:

 RECTILINEAR: These towers are constructed in cellular fashion, increasing

linearly to the length and numbers of cells necessary to accomplish a special
thermal performance.

 ROUND MECHANICAL DRAFT: Are towers as the name implies, are

essentially round in plan configuration, with fans clustered as close
practicable around the center point of the tower.

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7. Cooling tower based on method of heat transfer:

 Dry cooling towers: Dry cooling towers operate

by transferring heat through a surface that separates
the working fluid from ambient air. This operates
on the principle of heat transfer by a heat exchanger
with extended fins. The fan is driven by an electric
motor. Hence, dry cooling towers don’t consume
any water.

 Wet cooling towers or Open Circuit cooling

towers: These are the most popular cooling towers
because they are cost-effective and renewable. They
use water to cool the facility and the heat transfer is
measured by the decrease in the process temperature
and a corresponding increase in both the moisture
content and the wet bulb temperature of the air
passing through the cooling tower.

 Fluid cooling towers or closed circuit cooling

towers: In closed circuit cooling towers, often water
is mixed with glycol to form a fluid. This fluid
circulates in a coil throughout the tower and is not
directly exposed to the air. They are typically used
where the surface needs to be clean and free of
contaminants.

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Q2/ Which temperature is greater, web bulb temperature, or dry bulb
temperature?, and why?

Answer/
Of course dry bulb temperature is greater.
Because:
Dry bulb temperature usually referred to as "air temperature" and greater, because
the air temperature is indicated by a thermometer not affected by the moisture of
the air. As shown at Fig (A).
But, wet bulb temperature is affected by moisture content of air, and the adiabatic
evaporation of water from the thermometer bulb, As shown at Fig (B).

Fig (A) Fig (B)

For that always than wet bulb temperature lower than dry bulb temperature.
Dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature will be equal, when humidity rate
is 100%, because no water will evaporate.

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Q3/ If the Twb = 30 OC and Tdb = 30 OC, what is the Relative Humidity?

Answer/

By using psychometric chart, at Twb = 30 OC and Tdb = 30 OC:

𝑇𝑑𝑏 = 30℃

The Relative Humidity is 𝟏𝟎𝟎%, because no water will evaporate at 100% RH, so
𝑻𝒅𝒓𝒚,𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒃 = 𝑻𝒘𝒆𝒕,𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒃 = 𝟑𝟎℃ .

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Q4/ what are the error sources occurring in this experiment and the
procedure to reduce it?
Answer/
Error in our experiment was wrong wrote reading and because at first and second
reading we got wrong value of height of water in tank. Maybe before steady state
we wrote temperature and it have affect over results.
And we can't say wrong with device because it was created by a company and the
student did not create it.
So, If we want reduce error source we shall write reading after 5min and at steady
state and correctly. And measure height of water in tank (h) correctly because in
this experiment the source of error was wrong wrote value of (h).

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 Q5/ check whether the right side of this equation equals the left-hand side. Then discuss
your results?
𝐐̇ – 𝐏 = 𝚫𝐇̇ + 𝚫𝐊̇𝐄
Answer/
𝐐̇ – 𝐏 = 𝚫𝐇̇ + 𝚫𝐊̇𝐄 Note: (ΔK̇E = 0)

𝐐̇ – 𝐏 = 𝚫𝐇̇

𝚫𝐇̇𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 = 𝐐̇ – 𝐏 𝚫𝐇̇𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 = 𝚫𝐇̇𝑬𝒙𝒊𝒕 − 𝚫𝐇̇𝑬𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒚

ΔḢ 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 0.5kW – (−0.1𝑘𝑊 ) ΔḢ𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = ΔḢ = 𝑚̇𝑎 ℎ𝐵 − 𝑚̇𝑎 ℎ𝐴 − 𝑚̇𝐸 ℎ𝐸

𝚫𝐇̇𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝐤𝐖 𝜟𝑯̇𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 = 𝒎̇𝒂 (𝒉𝑩 − 𝒉𝑨 ) − 𝒎̇𝑬 𝒉𝑬

𝛥𝐻̇𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 0.054938 (62.1 − 50) − 0.00024373(97.356)

𝜟𝑯̇𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟏𝒌𝑾

𝐐̇ – 𝐏 = 𝒎̇𝒂 (𝒉𝑩 − 𝒉𝑨 ) − 𝒎̇𝑬 𝒉𝑬

𝟎. 𝟔𝒌𝑾 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟏𝒌𝑾

𝜟𝑯̇𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 − 𝜟𝑯̇𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍
𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = | | × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝜟𝑯̇𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍
𝟎. 𝟔 − 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟏
𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = | | × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟎. 𝟔
𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = 6.8%

No. ∆𝑯̇𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 ∆𝑯̇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 Error %

1 0.6 0.359 40%
2 0.6 0.392 34.6%
3 0.6 0.667 11.16%
4 0.6 0.653 8.83%
5 0.6 0.668 11.3%
6 0.6 0.641 6.8%

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In our results as we seen at table, the different between them is less. At reading 1
and 2 the value of ∆𝐻̇𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 is decrease and the reason of decreases them is wrong
write value of height of water in tank. Mistake was in our reading and it was
affected on all results.

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Q6/ Check whether the evaporation rate equal makes up rate. Discuss your results.

Answer/
To see different between evaporation rate and makeup rate, we shall find error
between them:
𝑴𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒖𝒑 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 − 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = | | × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒖𝒑 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆
0.0002437 − 0.00030215
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | × 100
0.0002437
𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟗𝟖%

No. Makeup Rate Evaporation Rate Error%

1 0.0018019 0.00022986 87.2%

2 0.0019511 0.00027071 86.12%

3 0.0002565 0.00033476 30.51%

4 0.0004650 0.00031698 31.83%

5 0.0003078 0.00029988 2.57%

6 0.0002437 0.00030215 23.98%

As shown in table the error between evaporation rate and make up is very high at
reading 1 and 2, the reasons of increase error are wrong write values of height of
water in tank. When we used ℎ = 9.2𝑐𝑚 it was wrong because it must be have less
value to reduce error between them. Same way for reading (2) ℎ = 9.2𝑐𝑚 it also
must be have less value to reduce error. Because the makeup rate must be equal to
evaporation rate. Reason of decrease and increase between them value is wrong
wrote value height of water in tank and it must be correctly. It depends on the
values of height of water in tank. As we seen the evaporation rate and makeup rate
have no different between them values because value of height is correctly.

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